She has written a doctoral thesis on how children have experienced being heard in the Norwegian child welfare system. The system has an overall principle that measures taken should be in the best interests of the child, which is linked to the child's right to be heard.
Strømland's research reveals that child welfare system has difficulty listening to children. She discovered that there are no guidelines for conversations with children that ensure their voices are heard.
"Norway has been convicted several times in the European Court of Human Rights in child welfare cases. Many of the cases are due to poor documentation, so it’s strange that they haven’t developed guidelines for ensuring that children are heard. They must be able to document this," says Strømland.
In her research, she looked at a range of different child welfare institutions. The practice varies greatly from place to place in Norway.
Follow this link to read the thesis.
No clear instructions
"Today, it is largely up to each social worker's discretion whether children and young people are heard. The guidelines of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child are not being followed. Children's social workers don't have any clear instructions on what to consider when talking to children," says Strømland.
She emphasises that she has great confidence that most social workers exercise their discretion in a good way. But without clear guidelines and documentation, the child welfare system is doing itself a disservice.
"This undermines the rule of law and the principle of equal treatment. Parents don’t know what is being considered and practices between offices differ. This is not in the best interests of the children," says Strømland.
Capability approach
In her doctoral work, she examined how the child welfare system can change how children are heard by drawing on the ideas of philosopher Martha Nussbaum and her 'capability approach'. These are conditions that a human being must have actual access to and control over in order to live a good and dignified life.
The conditions are: life, bodily health, bodily integrity, senses, imagination and thought, emotions, practical reason, affiliation, other species, play, and control over one's environment.
Today, there is no foundation or guidelines for when social workers speak to children. With a common understanding and foundation, the child welfare system can increase predictability for both children and employees.
Clearer guidelines will enable child welfare services to provide more equal treatment in cases, while giving each children’s social worker a framework based on human rights.
"The capability approach is closely linked to human rights. With this as a foundation for ensuring the best interests of the child, the child protection service can make better assessments and safeguard their basic human rights. There is still room for social workers to exercise discretion," says Strømland.
Shielding children from their own history
Norway has been convicted in over 20 child welfare cases in the European Court of Human Rights from 1996 to 2024. Strømland hopes the agency can understand that it needs to change its practices. She found, among other things, that social workers shield children from relevant information about their own case, especially where the child has been subject to severe neglect, violence or abuse.
Sometimes this is done to avoid re-traumatising the child, but it also deprives them of the opportunity to talk about what they have experienced and what they want for the future.
"They must listen to the children. This doesn't mean that children should have the final say, but they must ensure that the child is heard. The capability approach can be helpful in this, along with the current legislation," says Monica Strømland.