Polyxeni Vasilakopoulou

• Zimmer, Markus Philipp; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Grisot, Miria & Niemimaa, Marko Ilmari (2026). Embracing contrarian thinking: value-reflexive research for a better world. European Journal of Information Systems. ISSN 0960-085X. 35(2), p. 165–177. doi: 10.1080/0960085x.2026.2648981. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Scientific progress relies on contrarian thinking that questions assumptions shaping how scholars frame, study, or theorize phenomena. Unexamined, such assumptions perpetuate the same views, practices, and explanations, building entrenched research trajectories that limit scholarly debate on understanding the world. If we are interested in a healthy Information Systems (IS) discipline that contributes to a better world, we require precisely this openness to different understandings of the world. Therefore, for this special issue, we invited original submissions that embrace contrarian thinking and engage in value-reflexivity when investigating and theorizing about digital phenomena. In this editorial, we synthesize previous work to define contrarian thinking and link it to value-reflexivity. We then present how the special issue articles embrace such thinking through value-reflexivity. Our contribution to IS research is twofold: first, we illustrate the importance of such thinking for triggering and upholding vigorous debate on phenomena, research methods, and theory; second, we invite and encourage scholars to embrace contrarian thinking through value-reflexivity. By bringing contrarian thinking through value-reflexivity into explicit consideration, we hope to foster the boldness required for new, and even radical ideas for IS research to thrive and contribute to a better world.

• Grøder, Charlotte Husom; Schmager, Stefan; Parmiggiani, Elena; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Pappas, Ilias & Papavlasopoulou, Sofia (2026). Responsible AI in Information Systems Education: Impact of Experiential Learning in Practice. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. 38(1), p. 83–116. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Responsible Artificial Intelligence (RAI) is an emerging concern for public and private organizations. It is also gaining traction within the Information Systems (IS) discourse. RAI is predicated on AI technologies' ethical, transparent, and accountable deployment, aligning with societal values, norms, and expectations. The conundrum facing IS education is the integration of the expanding RAI concerns and research into pedagogical strategies that introduce students to this nascent subject. One way to provide students with practical and comprehensive educational experiences is by engaging them in experiential learning, which emphasizes active and reflective engagement with real-world problems. However, research on IS education focusing on RAI is currently limited. We ask: How can experiential learning support students’ understanding of Responsible AI? We draw on an empirical, qualitative study of the design, implementation, and evaluation of a course on RAI applied to the context of public welfare services. The study was conducted over two semesters (2022 and 2023) with 49 students in total. We adopt an experiential learning paradigm and propose a course design that fosters multidisciplinary, problem-oriented learning about RAI. Our protocol promotes continuous learning by building an arena for the students to reflect on the learning process and growing awareness of RAI.

• Akbarighatar, Pouria; Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2025). Responsible AI in Action: Assessing Variations in Perspectives Between C-Level Managers and AI Developers. In Brooks, Laurence; Li, Honglei & Papagiannidis, Savvas (Ed.), Proceedings of the 30th UK Academy for Information Systems (UKAIS) International Conference. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781739087524. p. 242–261. doi: https:/www.ukais.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/UKAIS-2025-full-proceedings-ver1.pdf. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Organizations worldwide embrace Artificial Intelligence (AI) initiatives across diverse fields, from healthcare to transportation. While AI may offer significant benefits, there are also concerns related to issues such as bias, privacy, transparency, reliability, and accountability. Responsible AI (RAI) frameworks and principles have emerged to address these issues. However, operationalizing RAI remains a challenge. In this paper, we report findings from a survey of C-level managers and AI developers from Europe and North America. We explore the perceptions of these different practitioner groups and identify areas of consensus and divergence. The results suggest that organizations may face challenges in effectively actualize the RAI, due to diverging perspectives. By highlighting these challenges and insights, this study contributes a nuanced understanding of the dynamics influencing real-world RAI and can contribute to better intraorganizational communication and collaboration.

• Pappas, Ilias. O. & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2025). Human Value Alignment in AI. In Xu, Wei (Eds.), Handbook of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence. Springer. ISSN 9789819784400. p. 1–33. doi: 10.1007/978-981-97-8440-0_7-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Value alignment in artificial intelligence (AI) involves designing, developing, and governing AI systems that are aligned with human values while avoiding harmful or unintended consequences. This chapter explores the theoretical foundations, historical development, and contemporary approaches to AI value alignment, highlighting the interplay between design, technical, and regulatory perspectives. It provides an overview of established value theories and frameworks and highlights the connection with contemporary guidelines for responsible AI. It also examines technical (how to inscribe values in AI) and normative (what values to inscribe in AI) challenges, related to the inherent diversity of values across cultures and stakeholders, the difficulty of operationalizing abstract values into concrete AI behaviors, and the limitations of existing alignment techniques. The chapter provides an overview of implementation approaches falling under three overarching categories: design-based, technical, and regulatory. The chapter concludes with insights into current trends and research opportunities, emphasizing the need for continuous refinement of alignment methodologies. This requires interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers, industry practitioners, and policymakers to design and develop effective, innovative, and value-aligned AI systems.

• Tveita, Leif Jonas; Kotsialos, Apostolos & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2025). Human-AI Collaboration for Case Management: Exemplars, Required Capabilities and Transition Management. Procedia Computer Science. 256, p. 166–173. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2025.02.109. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper presents insights for effectively deploying Human - Artificial Intelligence (AI) collaboration in the context of case management. Through an empirical study involving public sector organizations and case management enterprise systems providers, the research identifies specific tasks well-suited for augmenting human capabilities with AI. Additionally, the study points to capabilities required for organizations involved including regulators and suggests tactics for successful transition management. The findings highlight the potential of AI for efficiency improvements while emphasizing the importance of human involvement for trustworthy outcomes. By identifying opportunities for increasing automation while maintaining human control, this study contributes to both research and practice in the field of Human - AI collaboration.

• Kotsialos, Apostolos & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2025). AI Alignment as Infrastructuring: Sociotechnical Deliberations in the Age of AI. Reports of the European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies. doi: 10.48340/IHC2025_PD013. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into healthcare in-frastructures, the challenge of ensuring AI alignment—designing systems that act in ac-cordance with human values and intentions—has gained urgency. This conceptual paper examines the rise of technical approaches to AI alignment, with a focus on Inverse Rein-forcement Learning (IRL), a method for inferring human preferences. While such tech-niques can facilitate alignment, they also come with the risk of reducing alignment to an optimization problem, overlooking the contextual, contested, and evolving nature of values in practice. Nowhere is this more evident than in healthcare, a complex sociotechnical ar-rangement where values such as equity, privacy, and efficiency are frequently in tension. The paper argues for a shift from computational takes on alignment to infrastructuring—an ongoing, relational process of negotiation, adaptation, and engagement. By reframing alignment as an embedded and dynamic sociotechnical activity, the paper calls for inter-disciplinary research and the development of techniques that support technology-enabled but also deliberative, responsive, and practice-oriented approaches to AI alignment in health infrastructures. This perspective foregrounds the limits of demonstration-based methods like IRL and calls for more interdisciplinary research and efforts into integrating technical approaches with deliberative processes and governance mechanisms.

• Akbarighatar, Pouria; Pappas, Ilias; Purao, Sandeep Ramakant & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2025). Enacting Responsible AI: A Configurational Analysis of AI Principles in Practice. Information Systems Frontiers. ISSN 1387-3326. doi: 10.1007/s10796-025-10618-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Responsible AI (RAI) entails developing, using, and governing AI in a human-centred way to ensure its trustworthiness and alignment with human values. Organizations attempt to enact RAI through guiding principles that aim to minimize threats such as bias and privacy violations and enhance outcomes such as transparency and fairness. In the empirical study we report in this paper, we share insights about how AI experts view RAI principles, including relationships among them, these principles, and the enactment of RAI principles. Employing a sequential mixed-methods approach, we analyse survey data from 135 AI experts from Europe and America using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), complemented by follow-up interviews. Our analysis identifies five equifinal combinations of RAI principles associated with high overall RAI enactment. The findings reveal the crucial role of accountability and safety-reliability principles and highlight the contextual variability of other principles. This research contributes a nuanced understanding of RAI enactment, moving beyond individual principles to demonstrate their complex interplay and their contextual dependencies in achieving responsible AI practices.

• Schmager, Stefan; Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2025). Human-Centered AI Design Principles for the Public Service Domain: An Action Design Research Study. In Bui, Tung (Eds.), Proceedings of the 58th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Hilton Waikoloa Village, January 7-10, 2025. University of Hawai'i at Manoa. ISSN 9780998133188. p. 5509–5518. doi: 10.24251/HICSS.2025.661. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Most existing design and development guidelines for Human-Centered AI primarily cater to a commercial context, they are not tailored to the specific needs of public services. This paper presents an Action Design Research study proposing public service-specific design principles for Human-Centered AI. The design principles are informed by multiple iterations of empirical research with citizens and public service employees acknowledging the multi-stakeholder nature of Human-Centered AI. The study recognizes an evolving understanding towards prioritizing human values and well-being in AI technologies. Furthermore, it considers the relationship between technology features in the public sector and citizens' needs to ensure that AI systems are developed with a commitment to fostering public trust and welfare. The study contributes to theory and practice by advancing the scholarly discourse on Human-Centered AI and informing AI strategies and implementations within the public sector.

• Schmager, Stefan; Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2025). Understanding Human-Centred AI: a review of its defining elements and a research agenda. Behaviour and Information Technology. ISSN 0144-929X. 44(15), p. 3771–3810. doi: 10.1080/0144929X.2024.2448719. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have ushered in a new era of innovative applications, while also prompting concerns regarding risks and adverse consequences. In light of the growing interest in comprehending AI's impact on society and its alignment with human values and needs, Human-Centred Artificial Intelligence (HCAI) has emerged as a potential approach to address questions and concerns. In this Systematic Literature Review, we aim to contribute to conceptual clarity around the definition, conceptualisation, and implementation of HCAI. The first part of our review addresses how HCAI is defined in the existing literature, culminating in a novel comprehensive HCAI definition. Subsequently, we delve into the identified constituent elements of HCAI, namely ‘purpose’, ‘values’, and ‘properties’. Purposes include augmentation, AI autonomy, and automation. Values relate to ethics, safety, and performance. Properties cover oversight, comprehension, and integrity. The third part of the review explores Human-Centred Design processes, methods, and tools and their applicability for HCAI. In conclusion, we discuss the characteristics and critiques of HCAI and provide a research agenda. This literature review contributes to advancing the discourse on HCAI, thus enhancing human welfare and societal well-being.

• Schmager, Stefan; Gupta, Samrat; Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2024). Designing for AI Transparency in Public Services: A User-Centred Study of Citizens’ Preferences. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 14720, p. 237–253. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-61315-9_17. Full text in Research Archive
• Schmager, Stefan; Pappas, Ilias & Vasilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2024). Citizens-Focused Design Principles for Human-Centered AI in Public Services, AMCIS 2024 Proceedings. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781958200117. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies undergo rapidly increasing integration in all areas of everyday life, including healthcare, employment, and public services. To reconcile abstract theoretical concepts with the practical realities of AI development and deployment in the public sector, this study formulates Human-Centered AI (HCAI) design principles, recognizing the unique aspects of the public sector. The study argues for bespoke AI design and implementation strategies that prioritize societal needs over commercial interests and incorporate citizen perspectives into the design principles. The study employs Action Design Research and draws from Social Contract Theory, aiming to advance the dialogue on responsible AI practices within the public sector. These principles offer valuable insights for both academics and practitioners, bridging the gap between theory and practice, enriching the information systems discipline, and fostering a deeper understanding of a socially responsible AI design and deployment in public services.

• Shollo, Arisa & Vasilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2024). Beyond Risk Mitigation: Practitioner Insights on Responsible AI as Value Creation. In Avital, Michael; Karahanna, Elena & Themistocleous, Marinos (Ed.), ECIS 2024 Proceedings. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781958200100. Full text in Research Archive
• Akbarighatar, Pouria; Pappas, Ilias; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Purao, Sandeep Ramakant (2024). Responsible AI Principles: Findings from an Empirical Study on Practitioners' Perceptions. In Laurence, Brooks; Angelopoulos, Spyros; Pan, Yu-Chun & Zamani, Efpraxia D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 29th UK Academy for Information Systems (UKAIS) International Conference. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781739087517. Full text in Research Archive
• Wang, Fredrik Wilhelm Butler; Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2024). Operationalizing Algorithmic Fairness: Empirical Study and Framework Proposal. In Laurence, Brooks; Angelopoulos, Spyros; Pan, Yu-Chun & Zamani, Efpraxia D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 29th UK Academy for Information Systems (UKAIS) International Conference. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781739087517. Full text in Research Archive
• Schmager, Stefan; Grøder, Charlotte Husom; Parmiggiani, Elena; Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2024). Exploring citizens' stances on AI in public services: A social contract perspective. Data & Policy. 6. doi: 10.1017/dap.2024.13. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper explores citizens’ stances toward the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in public services in Norway. Utilizing a social contract perspective, the study analyzes the government–citizen relationship at macro, meso, and micro levels. A prototype of an AI-enabled public welfare service was designed and presented to 20 participants who were interviewed to investigate their stances on the described AI use. We found a generally positive attitude and identified three factors contributing to this: (a) the high level of trust in government (macro level); (b) the balanced value proposition between individual and collective needs (meso level); and (c) the reassurance provided by having humans in the loop and providing transparency into processes, data, and model’s logic (microlevel). The findings provide valuable insights into citizens’ stances for socially responsible AI in public services. These insights can inform policy and guide the design and implementation of AI systems in the public sector by foregrounding the government–citizen relationship.

• Lanamäki, Arto; Väyrynen, Karin; Hietala, Heidi; Parmiggiani, Elena & Vasilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2024). Not Inevitable: Navigating Labor Displacement and Reinstatement in the Pursuit of AI for Social Good. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 55, p. 831–845. doi: 10.17705/1CAIS.05531. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fear of job displacement in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) era echoes long-standing concerns about machines replacing human work. This paper critically examines dominant narratives around AI and its impact on jobs, challenging technology-deterministic predictions of widespread job loss. We introduce two key concepts: the 'reinstatement effect,' which suggests AI can create new jobs by generating demand for new activities, and 'human-technology augmentation,' which emphasizes AI’s potential to enhance human capabilities. Together, these perspectives provide a comprehensive view of AI’s influence on jobs. At the core of our argument is the focus on social good and the importance of regulation in shaping AI’s future impact on jobs.

• Paparova, Dragana; Aanestad, Margunn; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Bahus, Marianne (2023). Data governance spaces: The case of a national digital service for personal health data. Information and organization. ISSN 1471-7727. 33(1). doi: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2023.100451. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper investigates data governance empirically by conducting a retrospective study of the ten-year evolution of a national digital service for personal health data in Norway. We show how data governance unfolds over time as data become shared and itinerant across multiple actors. Building on our findings, we introduce the concept of data governance spaces to refer to the authorized relationships among multiple actors, which specify the boundaries of decision-making authority, rights, roles, and responsibilities around data processing. We contribute to the literature on data governance by distinguishing between a) authority multiplication, where data are handed over to other actors to serve diverse purposes triggering horizontal dynamics, and b) actor subordination, where authorities delegate data handling for uniform purposes triggering vertical dynamics. Overall, the paper extends prior research by showing how data governance unfolds beyond intra-, or inter-organizational boundaries and shifts attention to data’s pivotal role, and the purposes for which data are collected, shared or used across multiple actors

• Ajer, Anne Kristin Sortehaug; Hustad, Eli; Olsen, Dag Håkon & Vasilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Institutional Work for Enterprise Architecture. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 53, p. 278–298. doi: 10.17705/1CAIS.05311. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Enterprise architecture (EA) is a systematic approach used for designing and implementing changes in technological systems and processes to improve organizational performance and align technology with business. This paper unpacks the process through which EA moves from strategic-level endorsement to diffusion across organizations. The insights provided are based on a longitudinal case study within the Norwegian hospital sector. An institutional work lens is adopted to analyze the purposeful activities carried out to introduce EA in Norwegian hospitals providing a granular view on diffusion. The paper provides a rich description of the institutional work employed by the key actors involved mapping them to different turns in EA’s trajectory. Drawing from this analysis, we contribute to Information Systems literature with a conceptual model that illustrates how institutional work can mitigate the challenges of moving from the strategic-level endorsement of novelty to its diffusion and institutionalization smoothing downturns along the way. The findings indicate ways to facilitate the introduction of EA within complex organizations, providing insights for practitioners involved in EA initiatives, and advancing extant EA research through an institutional perspective.

• Akbarighatar, Pouria; Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Practices for Responsible AI: Findings from Interviews with Experts. In Midha, Vishal & Animesh, Animesh (Ed.), The 29th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS). Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781958200056. Full text in Research Archive
• Akbarighatar, Pouria; Pappas, Ilias & Vasilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). A sociotechnical perspective for responsible AI maturity models: Findings from a mixed-method literature review. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights. 3(2). doi: 10.1016/j.jjimei.2023.100193. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in various industries, it becomes crucial for organizations to enhance their capabilities and maturity in adopting AI responsibly. This paper employs a mixed-method approach that combines topic modeling with manual content analysis to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on AI maturity and readiness. The review encompasses an extensive corpus of 1451 papers, identifying the main themes and topics within this body of literature. Based on these findings, a subset of papers was selected and further analyzed to identify AI capabilities utilizing a sociotechnical lens. This further analysis led to the identification of foundational and responsible AI (RAI) capabilities. These capabilities have been integrated in a sociotechnical framework of capabilities for AI maturity models providing valuable insights for organizations and AI service providers and a basis for further research.

• Kotsialos, Apostolos & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Fleet management enterprise systems and traffic control synergies: a literature review and research agenda. Procedia Computer Science. 219, p. 529–536. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2023.01.321. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Synergies between fleet management enterprise systems and traffic control systems for information sharing and collaborative planning can contribute to significant improvements to operational efficiency, safety and environmental impact. This paper provides a synthesis of the extant body of research on synergies between fleet management and traffic control systems identifying five key topics in prior research and suggesting research directions. The findings are based on a systematic literature review and topic modelling with the use of natural language processing (Latent Dirichlet Allocation). The five topics identified are related to: hazardous goods transportation, environment and emissions, position tracking and navigation technologies, traffic management and fleet operations´ optimization. The two most frequent topics link to social responsibility (minimizing accidents during hazardous goods transportation and minimizing environmental impact) indicating the relevance of this area of research to sustainability. Despite the strong potential for synergies between intelligent transportation systems and enterprise fleet management systems, the review identified a paucity of research on the coordination between real-time fleet management and traffic control measures (e.g. ramp metering, route guidance, variable speed limits and signal control).

• Eriksson, Christer; Olsen, Kristian Mareno Matre; Schmager, Stefan; Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Human-AI Collaboration in Public Services: The Case of Sick Leave Case Handling. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 14316, p. 41–53. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-50040-4_4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This research paper explores Human-AI Collaboration in public services, focusing on the needs and understanding of AI among caseworkers in a public welfare organisation dealing with sick leave cases. Conducting a foresight study with 19 caseworkers we identify roles that AI systems can take contributing to improved services for citizens, more fulfilling everyday work for caseworkers and more efficient use of public resources. Our research delves into the entirety of tasks involved in sick leave case handling expanding beyond the digital touchpoints between humans and AI. It goes beyond human-AI interaction to encompass the broader scope of collaboration between humans and machines as joint cognitive systems and suggests thinking of AI as a collaborator that undertakes specific roles.

• Intaraphasuk, Kantasit; Erdvik, Magnus; Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Establishing a Health Data Marketplace: Insights from Stakeholder Interviews. Reports of the European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies. 7(4). doi: 10.48340/ihc2023_pd018. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study explores the potential establishment of a Health Data Marketplace in the Norwegian e-health sector by extending the capabilities of an existing health data platform. The findings are based on the analysis of interviews with key heathcare actors and point to key requisites for extending the data platform to a marketplace: developing a suitable Business Model, ensuring Data Standardization and Regualtory Compliance, providing Transparency and building Trust.

• Erdvik, Magnus; Intaraphasuk, Kantasit; Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Establishing a Health Data Marketplace: A Framework for Success. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 14316. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-50040-4_17. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study outlines essential elements needed to develop a Health Data Marketplace (HDM) by building upon an existing data platform in Norway. A comprehensive framework is proposed that accounts for technical, legal, financial, and additional considerations. The results highlight the pivotal roles of key HDM actors - Marketplace Operators, Marketplace Users, and Legal Authorities - and emphasize critical enablers such as Data Standardization, Interoperability, Integration, Security, Trust, and Legal Frameworks. Such a marketplace has the potential to catalyze the effective, secure, and ethical use of health data, contributing to enhanced healthcare outcomes, research, and innovation.

• Ellefsen, Erlend Kristian Brøvig; Foss, Ole Kristoffer & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Enhancing Smartwatches through Value-Sensitive Design: Fostering Immediate Usefulness and Value Sensitization. Reports of the European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies. doi: 10.48340/ihc2023_p017. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This research employs Value-Sensitive Design (VSD) to investigate the user values associated with smartwatch use, with the objective of integrating these values into the design process. The study aims to provide insights that balance technical opportunities with ethical design responsibilities. An empirical investigation was performed collecting data through interviews with smartwatch users, developing a novel smartwatch prototype and organizing iterative feedback sessions. A key finding is that several of the values deemed important by researchers have limited significance for actual users emphasizing the need for designers to accommodate immediate user needs and also, introduce novel features to raise awareness. Future research directions include interventionist approaches to explore end-user customization options to accommodate individual needs and evolving user preferences.

• Pappas, Ilias; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Kruse, Leona Chandra & Purao, Sandeep (2023). Practicing Effective Stakeholder Engagement for Impactful Research. IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society. 4(3), p. 248–254. doi: 10.1109/TTS.2023.3296991. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Scholars acknowledge that achieving societal impact should be a key aim of research. However, societal impact usually becomes tangible only long after research completion, so that scholars can hardly report its evidence in a research article, if it is to be published in a timely manner. Interventionist research methods that involve engagement with stakeholders to generate solutions for real-world problem situations can provide a path towards direct societal impact. We argue that achieving such impact requires effective engagement with careful attention to the timing of engagement and inclusiveness of stakeholders – drawing on examples from our own research projects. Our analyses suggest that the research team needs to make choices to structure engagement efforts across research phases spanning problem definition, solution design, and solution evaluation. These choices define a space of possibilities that a research team can navigate based on considerations of access, research setting, research approach, and researcher expertise. We map these to three specific interventionist research approaches: Action Research, Clinical Research, and Action Design Research to highlight the alternatives. The paper concludes by pointing out that interventionist approaches can create favorable conditions but require the judicious exercise of choices by the research team to generate outcomes with direct societal impact.

• Zimmer, Markus Philipp; Vasilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Grisot, Miria & Niemimaa, Marko Ilmari (2023). Criticality and Values in Digital Transformation Research: Insights from a Workshop. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 53, p. 964–983. doi: 10.17705/1CAIS.05341. Full text in Research Archive
• Kempton, Alexander Moltubakk; Parmiggiani, Elena & Vasilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Accountability in Managing Artificial Intelligence: State of the Art and a way forward for Information Systems Research, Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems ECIS 2023. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781958200087. Full text in Research Archive
• Schmager, Stefan; Grøder, Charlotte Husom; Parmiggiani, Elena; Pappas, Ilias & Vasilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). What do citizens think of AI adoption in public services? Exploratory research on citizen attitudes through a social contract lens. In NN, NN (Eds.), 56th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2023). ScholarSpace. ISSN 9780998133164. p. 4472–4481. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by the public sector has the potential to improve service delivery. However, the risks related to AI are significant and citizen concerns have halted several AI initiatives. In this paper we report findings from an empirical study on citizens´ attitudes towards AI use in public services in Norway. We found a generally positive attitude and identified three factors contributing to this: a) the high level of trust in government; b) the reassurance provided by having humans in the loop; c) the perceived transparency into processes, data used for AI models and models´ inner workings. We interpret these findings through the lens of social contract theory and show how the introduction of AI in public services is subject to the social contract power dynamics. Our study contributes to research by foregrounding the government-citizen relationship and has implications for public sector AI practice.

• Akbarighatar, Pouria; Pappas, Ilias & Vasilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS: A HIERARCHICAL FRAMEWORK OF RESPONSIBLE AI PRINCIPLES, Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems ECIS 2023. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781958200087. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Haug, Arve; Salvesen, Leif Martin & Pappas, Ilias (2022). Developing human/AI interactions for chat-based customer services: lessons learned from the Norwegian government. European Journal of Information Systems. ISSN 0960-085X. doi: 10.1080/0960085X.2022.2096490. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Advancements in human/AI interactions led to smartification of public services via the use of chatbots. Here, we present findings from a clinical inquiry research project in a key public service organisation in Norway. In this project, researchers and practitioners worked together to generate insights on the action possibilities offered to human service agents by chatbots and the potential for creating hybrid human/AI service teams. The project sensitised service agents to discover affordances based on their actual practices, rather than on the predefined use of chatbots. The different affordances identified can be useful for practitioners who design and deploy chatbot-based services. The action possibilities afforded by chatbots provide new ways for service agents and chatbots to work as a team addressing citizens’ needs. Drawing from the whole research process, we offer three lessons learned from the Norwegian Government on human/AI partnerships, theory-based interventions, and institutionalised collaborative research that can be useful for researchers that want to engage with practice and organisations that want to evolve their technology use, stimulate innovation, and engage with research.

• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Pappas, Ilias (2022). AI/Human Augmentation: A Study on Chatbot – Human Agent Handovers. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. ISSN 1868-4238. 660, p. 118–123. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-17968-6_8. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The combination of chatbots with live chats supported by human agents creates a new type of man-machine coordination problem. Prior research on chatbot interactions has focused mostly on the interaction between end users and chatbots and there is limited research on the interaction between human chat agents and chatbots. This study aims to fill this gap contributing to the body of research on coordinating humans and artificial conversational agents by addressing the Research Question: How can the handover between chatbots and chat employees be handled to ensure good user experience? The study aims to contribute to the emerging discipline of Human-Centered AI providing insights on how to create AI-enabled systems that amplify and augment human abilities while preserving human control by identifying key aspects that need to be considered when integrating chatbots in live chat workflows.

• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Parmiggiani, Elena; Shollo, Arisa & Grisot, Miria (2022). Responsible AI: Concepts, critical perspectives and an Information Systems research agenda. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. 34(2), p. 89–112. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Being responsible for Artificial Intelligence (AI) harnessing its power while minimising risks for individuals and society is one of the greatest challenges of our time. A vibrant discourse on Responsible AI is developing across academia, policy making and corporate communications. In this editorial, we demonstrate how the different literature strands intertwine but also diverge and propose a comprehensive definition of Responsible AI as the practice of developing, using and governing AI in a human-centred way to ensure that AI is worthy of being trusted and adheres to fundamental human values. This definition clarifies that Responsible AI is not a specific category of AI artifacts that have special properties or can undertake responsibilities, humans are ultimately responsible for AI, for its consequences and for controlling AI development and use. We explain how the four papers included in this special issue manifest different Responsible AI practices and synthesise their findings into an integrative framework that includes business models, services/products, design processes and data. We suggest that IS Research can contribute socially relevant knowledge about Responsible AI providing insights on how to balance instrumental and humanistic AI ou

• Tisland, Ingvild; Sodefjed, Marthe Løvsland; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Pappas, Ilias (2022). The Role of Quality, Trust, and Empowerment in Explaining Satisfaction and Use of Chatbots in e-government. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 13454, p. 279–291. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-15342-6_22. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  With technology advancements within the field of AI there has been an increased interest in chatbots used for e-government services. Despite this increased interest, there is a knowledge gap in terms of what contributes to the satisfaction with e-government chatbots. To fill this gap, this study investigates factors affecting the satisfaction and use of chatbots from a citizen perspective. To this end, this study builds on the Information Systems success model, by exam- ining the role of key critical antecedents (i.e., information quality, system quality, service quality) and extends it by considering the role citizens’ trusting beliefs and perceived empowerment when using e-government chatbots, in order to explain citizens’ satisfaction and intention to use chatbots. A model that captures the mul- tidimensional and interdependent nature of chatbot success is suggested and tested on data collected from 105 users of e-government chatbots in Norway. The find- ings indicate that information and service quality positively influence the degree of trusting beliefs by the citizens while all three quality dimensions positively influence empowerment perceived by citizens. The degree of trusting beliefs and empowerment positively affect satisfaction, while satisfaction positively affects intention to use. This study identifies the impact of quality dimensions on trusting beliefs and empowerment and is the first study to investigate both empowerment and trusting beliefs in the context of e-government chatbots.

• Agudelo-Londoño, Sandra; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Aanestad, Margunn (2022). MiPrescription as the information infrastructure backbone in the Colombian healthcare system. International Journal of Electronic Healthcare. ISSN 1741-8453. 12(2), p. 126–138. doi: 10.1504/IJEH.2022.122085. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Implementing national public healthcare information infrastructures are often challenging, this is even more so in the global south. In this paper we offer an analysis of a successful development and introduction of a national healthcare information system. The MIPRES was developed by the Colombian Ministry of Health as a web application for the prescription of high-cost technologies (drugs and devices), but over time grew to become the backbone of a renewed digital healthcare information infrastructure. Through a qualitative empirical study, informed by information infrastructure theory, we document the emergence and evolution of MIPRES and analyse both the contextual conditions and strategic choices that led to its success.

• Grøder, Charlotte Husom; Schmager, Stefan; Parmiggiani, Elena; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Pappas, Ilias & Papavlasopoulou, Sofia (2022). Educating about Responsible AI in IS: Designing a course based on Experiential Learning. In BohMann, Tilo; Hui, Kai-Lung & Venkatesh, Viswanath (Ed.), ICIS 2022 Proceedings. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781958200032. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Responsible AI (RAI) is an emerging topic in the Information Systems (IS) literature. RAI entails ensuring ethical, transparent, and accountable use of AI technologies in line with societal values, expectations, and norms. The challenge for research on IS education at university level is to accompany the growing research on RAI with approaches to educate students about this emerging theme. Research on IS education on responsible AI remains scarce to date, however. We ask: How can we design a course to educate students about responsible AI? We build on earlier research and an experiential learning-based approach to propose a course design promoting students’ multidisciplinary, problem-based learning about RAI applied to the case of public welfare services. Our study is based on participatory observations of student groups and group interviews after a project, acting as an arena where the students could reflect on the learning process and evolving awareness of RAI.

• Ajer, Anne Kristin Sortehaug; Hustad, Eli & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2021). Enterprise architecture operationalization and institutional pluralism: The case of the Norwegian Hospital sector. Information Systems Journal. ISSN 1350-1917. 31(4), p. 610–645. doi: 10.1111/isj.12324. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Enterprise architecture (EA) is a systematic way of designing, planning, and implementing process and technology changes to address the complexity of information system (IS) landscapes. EA is operationalized when architecture visions move towards realization through concrete projects. We report a case study on the dynamics of operationalizing EA in the Norwegian hospital sector by exploring different EA project trajectories. Our empirical context is an institutionally pluralistic setting where multiple logics coexist. We show that the distinct logic of EA is added to the institutional context and we find that tensions among existing medical, technical, and managerial logics and EA principles and assumptions emerge. We contribute to the under‐researched topic of EA operationalization by suggesting a model that demonstrates how the meeting of multiple institutional logics can lead to varying degrees of differentiation or even disassociation from EA visions during decision‐taking in projects. Furthermore, we advance extant research on IS projects' implementation in institutionally pluralistic settings by providing an empirical account of actors' interactions and project leadership arrangements that contribute to the persistence of coexisting logics in a dynamic equilibrium.

• Mygland, Morten Johan; Schibbye, Morten; Pappas, Ilias & Vasilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2021). Affordances in Human-Chatbot Interaction: A Review of the Literature. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 12896, p. 3–17. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-85447-8_1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract. The present study advances our understanding of human-AI interactions, by identifying and analyzing chatbot affordances in prior research. The results of this review consolidate research findings on chatbots’ affordances, which must be taken into consideration when chatbot-based services are designed and deployed. Specifically, the review of state-of-the-art literature led to the identification of nine high level affordances: Human Like Conversing, Assistance Provision, Facilitation, Distilling Information, Enriching Information, Context Identification, Personalization, Fostering Familiarity and Ensuring Privacy. Our contribution is twofold. First, we map the chatbot affordances identified in prior research and group them in higher-level, overarching affordances through a thematic analysis. Furthermore, we identify areas for future research providing a foundation for researchers aiming to engage with the research area

• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Hustad, Eli (2021). Bridging Digital Divides: a Literature Review and Research Agenda for Information Systems Research. Information Systems Frontiers. ISSN 1387-3326. 25. doi: 10.1007/s10796-020-10096-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Extant literature has increased our understanding of the multifaceted nature of the digital divide, showing that it entails more than access to information and communication resources. Research indicates that digital inequality mirrors to a significant extent offline inequality related to socioeconomic resources. Bridging digital divides is critical for sustainable digitalized societies. Ιn this paper, we present a literature review of Information Systems research on the digital divide within settings with advanced technological infrastructures and economies over the last decade (2010–2020). The review results are organized in a concept matrix mapping contributing factors and measures for crossing the divides. Building on the results, we elaborate a research agenda that proposes [1] extending established models of digital inequalities with new variables and use of theory, [2] critically examining the effects of digital divide interventions, and [3] better linking digital divide research with research on sustainability.

• Kempton, Alexander Moltubakk & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2021). Accountability, Transparency and Explainability in AI for Healthcare. Reports of the European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies. doi: 10.18420/ihc2021_018. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The multiplicity of actors and the opacity of technologies involved in data management, algorithm crafting and systems´ development for the deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare create governance challenges. This study analyzes extant AI governance research in the context of healthcare focusing on accountability, transparency and explainability. We find that a significant part of this body of research lacks conceptual clarity and that the relationship between accountability, transparency and explainability is not fully explored. We also find that papers written back in the 1980s, identify and discuss many of the issues that are currently discussed. Up to today, most published research is only conceptual and brings contributions in the form of frameworks and guidelines that need to be further investigated empirically.

• Farshchian, Babak A.; Grisot, Miria; Hochwarter, Stefan; Islind, Anna Sigridur; Mikalsen, Marius & Parmiggiani, Elena [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Platform-Supported Cooperative Work. Reports of the European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies. doi: 10.18420/ecscw2021-wsmc04. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract. Platformization is transforming the way work is organized in a variety of businesses. The CSCW literature contains substantial amount of research on platforms, but this research to date has mainly been focusing on two-sided global platforms such as social media, on-demand labor, and crowdsourcing platforms. In many European countries, platformization of traditional organizations, both private and public, is well underway and accelerated by the pandemic. Platformization as a process can affect how we design systems –i.e. the platform itself and its peripheral applications and customizations –and how we use platforms for collaboration. Through this workshop we want to engage academics and practitioners in a discussion of the platformization of collaborative work in organizations. Topics include but are not limited to platform design and development, platformization processes, and platforms and work practice evolution. The socio-technical nature of platforms indicates that working across disciplines has become crucial for platform research. We therefore invite participants from all relevant disciplines.

• Flovik, Sondre; Moudnib, Robin Amir Rondestvedt & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2021). Determinants of Blockchain Technology Introduction in Organizations: an Empirical Study among Experienced Practitioners. Procedia Computer Science. 2021(181 ), p. 664–670. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.216. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Blockchain is expected to enable new types of interorganizational relationships, new approaches to governance and new approaches to settlement and clearing processes. Neverthless, although the interest on blockchain is on the rise, there are not many blockchain implementations in organizations and there is limited empirical research investigating the reasons for this. This paper contributes to filling this gap by investigating the following research question: what are the impeding and motivating factors for organizational blockchain adoption? Data were collected through a survey based on pairwise comparisons of key factors identified in the literature. The data collected were analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) which is a structured approach for deriving priorities among diverse elements. The results provide insights about the issues that matter the most for practitioners and show that infrastructural qualities (reliability, transparency, immutability) matter more than characteristics related to blockchain´s transformative potential (automation of transactions, decentralization). Furthermore, the results for impeding factors indicate that the most prominent concerns relate to maturity and scalability.

• Ajer, Anne Kristin Sortehaug; Hustad, Eli; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2021). Strengthening the Use of Enterprise Architecture: an Institutional Work Perspective, Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) 2021. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781733632560. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The organisational adoption and use of Enterprise Architecture (EA) are pursued by enterprises aiming to improve their digital services and overall performance by aligning IT with processes. Nevertheless, despite the increasing interest in EA, it is still not widely used. Prior research provides explanations of institutional elements enabling or inhibiting EA adoption and use but does not provide concrete suggestions on facilitating EA adoption. This paper suggests different types of institutional work that can strengthen the use of EA, addressing central challenges met by EA initiatives. Specifically, the paper presents evidence from a longitudinal case study on the introduction of EA in the hospital sector in Norway. We show how institutional work can mitigate the inherent challenges of EA initiatives and thereby speed-up and strengthen the use of EA in organisations.

• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2020). Sociotechnical Approach for Accountability by Design in AI Systems. In Newell, Sue; Pouloudi, Nancy & Heck, Eric van (Ed.), Proceedings of the 28th European Conferenceon Information Systems (ECIS), Marrakech, Morocco/Online, 15 - 17 June 2020. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781733632515. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The resurgence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) raises concerns related to the risk of introducing opaque solutions and deferring responsibility to black-boxed systems. This paper suggests re-contextualising extant sociotechnical design principles to deliver AI-infused systems that enhance human agency without removing human responsibility. Specifically, Cherns´ principles for regulating variance, boundaries and authority and Clegg´s principles for coordinating tasks, processes and attitudes are used. These principles are introduced in an empirical study within a public service organization in Norway that is exploring artificial intelligence to deliver more efficient services to citizens while being committed to doing it responsibly. The design principles can support practitioners engaged in the introduction of AI in organisations, and serve researchers that aim to conceptualize and develop processes for accountability by design.

• Hustad, Eli; Sørheller, Vegard Uri; Jørgensen, Emeli Høvik & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2020). Moving enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to the cloud: the challenge of infrastructural embeddedness. International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management. ISSN 2182-7796. 8(1), p. 5–20. doi: 10.12821/ijispm080101. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cloud enterprise resource planning (ERP) solutions allow organizations to support and coordinate key business processes by leveraging virtualization. Nevertheless, moving ERPs to the cloud is not straightforward, and organizational cloud ERP initiatives raise multiple concerns. We conducted an in-depth systematic review of relevant research literature and identified six key concerns related to cloud ERP implementation: a) the introduction of new ERP work arrangements, launch b) the migration of legacy data, c) the assurance of compliance with extant rules and regulations for security, d) the continuous alignment between ERP functionality and business processes, e) the ongoing integration between ERPs and the rest of the organization’s application portfolio, and f) the establishment of adequate reliability levels. The identified concerns are associated with both transition management and operations supported by cloud ERPs. All the identified concerns are also related to the need to achieve infrastructural embeddedness. This need sets ERPs apart from other types of cloud-based applications, such as office automation solutions that do not have as many dependencies and exchanges with other systems and repositories within an organization’s information infrastructure. We argue that the challenge of embeddedness has different implications for organizations of different sizes, and we call for further empirical research.

• Hustad, Eli; Bekkevik, Frode Mathias; Holm, Ole Reidar & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2020). Employee Information Security Practices: A Framework and Research Agenda. International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications. 12(2). doi: 10.4018/IJESMA.2020040101. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Employee information security practices are pivotal to prevent, detect, and respond to security incidents. This paper synthesizes insights from research on challenges related to employee information security practices and measures to address them. The challenges identified are associated to idiosyncratic aspects of communities and individuals within organizations (culture and personal characteristics) and to systemic aspects of organizations (procedural and structural arrangements). The measures identified aim to enhance systemic capabilities and to adapt security mechanisms to the idiosyncratic characteristics and are categorized as: (a) measures of training and awareness, (b) measures of organizational support, (c) measures of rewards and penalties. Further research is needed to explore the dynamics related to how challenges emerge, develop, and get addressed over time and also, to explore the interplay between systemic and idiosyncratic aspects. Additionally, research is needed on the role of security managers and how it can be reconfigured to suit flatter organizations

• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Grisot, Miria (2020). Effectual tactics in digital intrapreneurship: A process model. Journal of strategic information systems. ISSN 0963-8687. 29(3). doi: 10.1016/j.jsis.2020.101617. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Uncertainty and the pursuit of new ventures are intricately linked. Digital technologies open up new ways for uncertainty handling in the pursuit of novelty. In this paper, we develop a process model that traces the dynamics among uncertainty, digitally enabled tactics, and organizational novelty. The model points to the potential of technologies that are evocative, disposable, and responsive for venturing in complex, uncertainty-ridden contexts. Our research builds on extant conceptualizations of complexity in innovation journeys, in conjunction with perspectives on effectual entrepreneurial tactics. Empirically, we investigate uncertainty handling through a longitudinal case study on an in-house venture for the introduction of novel electronic services for patients in a major university hospital. Our research provides insight into the processes through which intrapreneurs handle uncertainty by leveraging the potential of digital technologies. The paper offers theoretical implications for the digital intrapreneurship literature.

• Aanestad, Margunn & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2019). Innovation Readiness in Healthcare Information Infrastructures: Key Resources to Enable Collaborative Digital Innovation. In Granja, Conceição & Solvoll, Terje (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17th Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics 2019. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISSN 9789179299576. p. 61–66. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper describes key requirements for digital innovation readiness in the public healthcare sector. Collaborative innovation models, where internal and external innovators contribute their ideas and solutions put certain requirements to the organization and ICT infrastructure of health organizations. To explore these requirements, we conducted an empirical case study of a collaborative digital innovation project from its concept stage towards implementation. Our study identifies key technical and organizational resources needed to facilitate innovation, and it therefore has implications for what resources and capabilities need to become part of the healthcare information infrastructure to enable collaborative digital innovation.

• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Grisot, Miria & Aanestad, Margunn (2019). Between Personal and Common: the Design of Hybrid Information Spaces. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). ISSN 0925-9724. 28(6), p. 1011–1038. doi: 10.1007/s10606-017-9304-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Grisot, Miria & Aanestad, Margunn (2019). Friction forces and patient-centredness: Understanding how established logics endure during infrastructure transformation. Health Informatics Journal. ISSN 1460-4582. 25(2), p. 361–371. doi: 10.1177/1460458217712053. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  n this article, we examine three cases of e-health solutions for patients in Norway. For the analysis of the three cases, we focused on friction forces that come into play when different established arrangements need to change to accommodate novelty. We argue that the design of new technologies was shaped by friction related to institutionalised practices, regulatory regimes and entrenched patient roles. These friction forces connect the past with the present, come into action when aiming for novelty and result to the perpetuation of constituents of the past during change processes. Specifically, the e-health solutions under study were strongly influenced by established healthcare provision logics. All three initiatives expanded the healthcare information infrastructure towards the patients with as little disruption to established arrangements as possible.

• Agudelo-Londoño, Sandra; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Aanestad, Margunn (2019). “MIPRES grew like a snowball and took us with it”: Evolution of a health information infrastructure. Reports of the European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies. doi: 10.18420/ihc2019_017. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Øvrelid, Egil & Aanestad, Margunn (2019). Expanding hospital infrastructures: boundary resources for peripheral actors. Reports of the European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies. doi: 10.18420/ihc2019_011. Full text in Research Archive
• Aanestad, Margunn; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Øvrelid, Egil (2019). Collaborative Innovation in Healthcare: Boundary Resources for Peripheral Actors, Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems - Information Systems - the Heart of Innovation Ecosystems, ICIS 2019. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9780996683197. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Realizing the potential of digital technologies in hospital care requires collaborative innovation among multiple actors both within and beyond hospitals. Our research investigates the question: what does it take to foster collaborative innovation within a traditionally siloed and closed health information infrastructure? Empirical findings are derived from three cases, which we analyze by focusing on how innovation relates to interfaces with hospitals’ information infrastructures. We draw on literature on digital platforms and innovation ecosystems and focus on the notion of boundary resources to characterize these innovation interfaces. While this notion has mainly addressed the concerns of platform owners for ‘securing’ and ‘resourcing’ their platforms, our analysis also points to resources related to peripheral actors’ needs, specifically ‘discovering’ and ‘vesting’ resources. Discovering resources assist innovators in making sense of possibilities and limitations, while vesting resources relate to value appropriation. These resources are crucial for collaborative innovation in existing hospital information infrastructures.

• Hustad, Eli; Hansen, June Lithell; Skaiaa, Andreas & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2019). Digital Inequalities: A Review of Contributing Factors and Measures for Crossing the Divide. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 11701 LNCS, p. 505–519. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-29374-1_41. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Aanestad, Margunn (2019). Communal data work: Data sharing and re-use in clinical genetics. Health Informatics Journal. ISSN 1460-4582. 25(3), p. 511–525. doi: 10.1177/1460458219833117. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this article, we examine work with communal data in the context of clinical genetic testing. Drawing from prior research on digital research infrastructures and from the analysis of our empirical data on genetic testing, we describe how data generated in laboratories distributed all over the world are shared and re-used. Our research findings point to six different human-driven activities related to expanding, disambiguating, sanitizing and assessing the relevance, validity and combinability of data. We contribute to research within Health Informatics with a framework that foregrounds human-driven activities for data interoperability.

• Ajer, Anne Kristin Sortehaug; Hustad, Eli & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2019). Enterprise Architecture in Hospitals: Resolving Incongruence Issues. In Ohno-Machado, Lucila & Séroussi, Brigitte (Ed.), Health and Wellbeing e-Networks for All - Proceedings of the 17th World Congress on Medical and Health Informatics. IOS Press. ISSN 9781643680033. p. 659–663. doi: 10.3233/SHTI190305. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Enterprise Architecture allows addressing technologies and processes in a holistic way and mirrors choices related to process standardization and data integration. It has the potential to address long-standing problems in health information systems related to fragmented IT portfolios, immature IT infrastructures, and silo-structured organizing.Nevertheless, uptake of Enterprise Architecture in hospitals has been slow. To understand the issues related to this slow uptake we have undertaken an interview study with architects and managers. The issues identified reveal a level of incongruence between healthcare as a domain and the practice of EA. Specifically, by analyzing the experiences of architects and managers we identified four different areas of such incongruence that create the need to reconcile a) Bottom-up vs. Top-down Planning b) Clinical vs. Systems´ knowledge, c) Local vs. Global Arrangements and d) Patient Safety vs. Patient Privacy. Building on prior related research we propose ways for resolving the incongruence issues identified.

• Grisot, Miria; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Aanestad, Margunn (2018). Dealing with Tensions in Technology Enabled Healthcare Innovation: Two Cases from the Norwegian Healthcare Sector. In Hoholm, Thomas; Rocca, Antonella La & Aanestad, Margunn (Ed.), Controversies in Healthcare Innovation. Service, Technology and Organization. Palgrave Macmillan. ISSN 9781137557797. p. 109–132. doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-55780-3_5. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Pesaljevic, Aleksandra & Aanestad, Margunn (2018). Polycentric governance of interorganizational systems: managerial and architectural arrangements. In Bednar, P; Frank, Ulrich & Kautz, Karlheinz (Ed.), European Conference on Information Systems: Beyond Digitization - Facets of Socio-Technical Change ECIS 2018 Proceedings. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781861376671. Full text in Research Archive
• Osnes, Karoline Bergstøl; Olsen, Julie Roaldsøy; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Hustad, Eli (2018). ERP Systems in Multinational Enterprises: A literature Review of Post-implementation Challenges. Procedia Computer Science. 138, p. 541–548. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.074. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Skorve, Espen & Aanestad, Margunn (2018). Enabling openness of valuable information resources: Curbing data subtractability and exclusion. Information Systems Journal. ISSN 1350-1917. 29(4), p. 768–786. doi: 10.1111/isj.12191. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper we investigate how data openness can be made possible in communal settings. We adopt a utility perspective that foregrounds the use value of data, conceptualizing them as “goods.” On the basis of this conceptualization we explore 2 key goods' attributes: subtractability and exclusion. Our theoretical basis is built upon concepts from the theory of the commons, power theorizing, and notions related to data and information. Empirically, we investigate openness in the genetics domain through a longitudinal study of the evolving communal infrastructure for data related to 2 genes influencing women's susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2). We follow the continuously shifting “topology” of the BRCA information infrastructure and trace the multiple repositories that are put in place and the different arrangements for data collection, curation/quality assurance, access, and control that are tried out. In our analysis, we illustrate the actors' strategies for curbing the subtractability and exclusion attributes of data. We then propose a theoretically informed and empirically grounded framework that can guide understanding and action taking to enable data openness.

• Sørheller, Vegard Uri; Jørgensen, Emeli Høvik; Hustad, Eli & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2018). Implementing cloud ERP solutions: a review of sociotechnical concerns. Procedia Computer Science. 138, p. 470–477. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.065. Full text in Research Archive
• Bekkevik, Frode Mathias; Holm, Ole Reidar; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Hustad, Eli (2018). Information Security Practices in Organizations: A Literature Review on Challenges and Related Measures. In Kourouthanassis, Panos; Markopoulos, Panos; Pateli, Adamantia; Pouloudi, Nancy; Pucihar, Andreja & Cunha, João Vieira da (Ed.), Digital and social transformation for a better society - Proceedings of the Twelfth Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS 2018). Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9789607260611. doi: 10.20944/preprints201906.0286.v1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper reports a systematic literature review that explores challenges related to information security practices in organizations and the ways these challenges are managed to avoid security breaches. We focused on empirical evidence from extant research studies and identified four general challenges re-lated to: (1) security rules and procedures, (2) individual and personal risks, (3) culture and security awareness, and (4) organizational and power relations. To manage these risks, nine measures were prominent in the selected studies. Training and organizational collaboration across the hierarchical levels were widely used to enhance the security culture. In addition, awareness campaigns for the work-force, as well as continuously measuring and improving security initiatives were highly recommended. Our literature review points to the socio-technical aspects of information security. Although many or-ganizations have both administrative and technical infrastructures in place, they must also think about employee attitudes, knowledge, and behavior. Information systems research towards this direction needs to be further developed. More qualitative studies are needed for exploring how to develop a culture of security awareness and for gaining insights on how security rules and training courses can become more appealing and accessible.

• Nygård, Henriette; Broen, Monika Lundh; Hustad, Eli & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2018). Early Warning Systems in a Digitalisation Era: Key Characteristics and Directions for Future Research. In Kourouthanassis, Panos; Markopoulos, Panos; Pateli, Adamantia; Pouloudi, Nancy; Pucihar, Andreja & Cunha, João Vieira da (Ed.), Digital and social transformation for a better society - Proceedings of the Twelfth Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS 2018). Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9789607260611. Full text in Research Archive
• Ajer, Anne Kristin Sortehaug; Hustad, Eli & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2018). Enterprise Architects’ Logics across Organizational Levels: A Case Study in the Norwegian Hospital Sector. In Kourouthanassis, Panos; Markopoulos, Panos; Pateli, Adamantia; Pouloudi, Nancy; Pucihar, Andreja & Cunha, João Vieira da (Ed.), Digital and social transformation for a better society - Proceedings of the Twelfth Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS 2018). Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9789607260611. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper, we report about a multilevel case study on the introduction of enterprise architecture (EA) in the Norwegian hospital sector. We utilize institutional logics as a theoretical lens, focusing on the enterprise architects’ logics that are underexplored in information systems research. We have collected empirical evidence at national (macro), regional (meso), and local (micro) levels. The findings are classified into nine categories with illustrative statements from the informants, demonstrating their reasoning about the contributions of EA. Furthermore, we identify tensions between enterprise architects and managers and between enterprise architects and medical actors, which indicate the co-existence of multiple competing institutional logics. The most prominent tension is the paradox of EA—demands for local flexibility and autonomy at the micro level versus the predefined rules and standardization that EA imposes across all levels — which makes the institutionalizing process challenging. The enterprise architect logics demonstrate similarities and differences across the various levels, indicating heterogeneity. We conclude this paper with a suggested persona of the enterprise architect, which illustrates the empirical findings.

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• Babb, Phylicia Esther; Baloutsos, Stratos; Polyviou, Ariana & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2025). Metaverse governance: A literature review exploring ethical considerations. Full text in Research Archive
• Babb, Phylicia Esther; Baloutsos, Stratos; Polyviou, Ariana & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2025). Public Sector in the Metaverse: Rethinking Governance in Decentralised Ecosystems. Full text in Research Archive
• Babb, Phylicia Esther; Baloutsos, Stratos; Polyviou, Ariana & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2025). Metaverse Governance and Compliance for Public Sector Participation. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2025). Reclaiming Critical Ground: Doctoral Research in the Age of AI Infrastructures. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Aanestad, Margunn; Ben­feldt, Olivia & Honigsberg, Sarah (2025). Panel Discussion: Information Systems Research and AI: A Time to Rethink Our Role. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2025). AI4Users: fra mål til resultater. Full text in Research Archive
• Dwivedi, Yogesh K.; Jeyaraj, Anand; Hughes, Laurie; Davies, Gareth H.; Ahuja, Manju & Albashrawi, Mousa Ahmed [Show all 90 contributors for this article] (2024). “Real impact”: Challenges and opportunities in bridging the gap between research and practice – Making a difference in industry, policy, and society. International Journal of Information Management. ISSN 0268-4012. doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102750. Full text in Research Archive
• Schmager, Stefan & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2024). The Citizens´ Right to Know: Empirical Insights for Human Centered AI Transparency. Full text in Research Archive
• Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2024). Human AI Teaming. Full text in Research Archive
• Schmager, Stefan & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2024). Depunctualizing and Punctualizing AI: A Critical Approach to Transparency and AI Blackboxes within Information Infrastructures. Full text in Research Archive
• Parmiggiani, Elena; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Pappas, Ilias (2024). Reconfiguring human-AI collaboration: integrating chatbots in welfare services. In Constantiou, Ioanna; Joshi, Mayur & Stelmaszak, Marta (Ed.), Research Handbook on Artificial Intelligence and Decision Making in Organizations. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781803926209. p. 97–111. doi: 10.4337/9781803926216.00013. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  European public agencies increasingly adopt Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based chatbots. However, research on this topic is limited to an understanding of chatbots as interfaces between citizens and caseworkers. We performed a qualitative study of the design and deployment of the chatbot Selma by a public Labor and Welfare agency (LWA) in a Scandinavian country. We illustrate how Selma has gradually transformed the relationship between citizens and caseworkers. Selma has evolved from a communication channel between citizens and the public agency to an agent that coordinates with citizens and co-workers at the agency. We show how caseworkers’ decisions about Selma’s features impact the (re)organization of the caseworkers’ tasks to also include chatbot training. We suggest that making decisions about how AI is designed and deployed is intertwined with how decisions are made with AI. We conclude by discussing the implications of our study for human-AI collaboration in the public sector.

• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2024). Human AI Teaming Presentation to Skatteetaten Agder. Full text in Research Archive
• Akbarighatar, Pouria; Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2024). Are AI practitioners ready for AI Fairness? The need for Institutional Work for Early Prioritization of Fairness in AI Practices. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2024). Human AI Teaming Presentation to NAV Agder. Full text in Research Archive
• Schmager, Stefan; Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Defining Human-Centered AI: a Comprehensive Review of HCAI Literature. Full text in Research Archive
• Kempton, Alexander Moltubakk; Parmiggiani, Elena & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Accountability in Managing Artificial Intelligence: State of the Art and a way forward for Information Systems Research. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Accountability by Design in AI Systems. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This presentation is focused on Accountability by Design in AI Systems providing both a conceptual framing and empirical insights. It highlights the need for a proactive approach to AI Accountability and examines real-world initiatives in Scandinavia highlighting challenges and also productive ways to operationalize Accountability in AI Systems.

• Akbarighatar, Pouria; Pappas, Ilias & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Justice as Fairness: a hierarchical framework of Responsible AI principles. Full text in Research Archive
• Dinopoulou, Vaia; Sehidou, Marina; Kotsialos, Apostolos & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Digital Learning and 3D Printing Integration in Schools: Analyzing Teachers’ Experiences. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Pappas, Ilias (2022). Human Centred AI in public service provision. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Pappas, Ilias (2022). Human Centred AI: Human-AI Partnerships for the Public Interest. Full text in Research Archive
• Flak, Leif Skiftenes; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Hofmann, Sara; Lyngstad, Cathrine Pihl & Kongsvild, Ragnhild (2022). Human centered digital transformation. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Pappas, Ilias (2022). Ansvarlig AI - Responsible AI. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2022). Human Centered AI. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Jonsson, K.; Muller, Sune Dueholm & Pirkkalainen, Henri (2021). Editorial for the second issue of volume 33. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Jonsson, K.; Muller, Sune Dueholm & Pirkkalainen, Henri (2021). Editorial for the first issue of volume 33. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. Full text in Research Archive
• Ojala, Arto; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Jonsson, K. & Muller, Sune Dueholm (2020). Editorial for the first issue of volume 32. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. 32(1), p. 1–1. Full text in Research Archive
• Ojala, Arto; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Jonsson, K. & Muller, Sune Dueholm (2020). Editorial for the second issue of volume 32. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. 32(2), p. 1–1. Full text in Research Archive
• Grisot, Miria; Kempton, Alexander Moltubakk & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2019). Reshaping Boundaries in Digital Diagnostics. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Remote diagnostic systems extend the flows of information and knowledge across boundaries. Such systems not only have the potential to spawn new forms of boundary-spanning involving novel interactions among previously unconnected actors, but also to alter existing boundaries as they alter the frequency, and intensity of existing interactions. Remote diagnostic systems enable monitoring and diagnosis at a distance. Remote diagnostics are introduced in different domains ranging from the energy sector, manufacturing and transportation to healthcare. The introduction of remote diagnostics in healthcare is especially interesting as these rapidly evolving digital technologies are driving the emergence of new forms of care and new organizational arrangements. These technological innovations are contributing to further transformations of a domain where the introduction of technologies is reconfiguring occupational boundaries.

• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2019). Artificial Intelligence Autonomy in Organisations: a two-dimensional framework. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Although autonomy is a key characteristic of AI technologies, very few IS research papers on AI are explicit about technology autonomy. Autonomy relates to the ability of the technology to learn and develop apt behaviours for currently unforeseen contexts and also, to the magnitude of action-potential delegated to the technology. Technologies may be allowed to act independently, or under supervision, or only under specific constraints. Both dimensions of autonomy are important and need to be further unpacked. Computers that can learn without being explicitly programmed are frequently using machine learning models that are opaque and difficult for people to understand. Furthermore, action taking frequently includes utility judgements under unclear circumstances. The dimensions of autonomy bring forward the need for addressing different aspects of AI accountability during technology design and when defining the organisational arrangements for its appropriation.

• Aanestad, Margunn & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2019). Public interests and value creation around global genetic data platforms. Full text in Research Archive
• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Aanestad, Margunn (2019). Understanding the conjunction between “the byte” and “the gene”: an infrastructural perspective on bio data. Full text in Research Archive
• Bergquist, Magnus; Henriksen, Helle Zinner; Ojala, Arto & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2018). Editorial for the first issue of volume 30. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. 30(1), p. 1–1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bergquist, Magnus; Henriksen, Helle Zinner; Ojala, Arto & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2018). Editorial for the second issue of volume 30. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. 30(2), p. 1–1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bergquist, Magnus; Henriksen, Helle Zinner; Ojala, Arto & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2018). SJIS Mission: Topical areas and research approaches. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. 30(2), p. 4–4. Full text in Research Archive
• Ajer, Anne Kristin Sortehaug; Hustad, Eli & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2020). Institutional perspective on introducing enterprise architecture : The case of the Norwegian hospital sector. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 9788271179731. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The findings from this thesis point to the incongruence between the characteristics of EA and the healthcare domain as specific tensions among the EA logic and different professional logics as a source of deviation. The incongruence comes from the long-term plan-driven EA approach versus healthcare traditions and needs for ad-hoc initiatives. Other themes stem from the EA logic of process standardisation, which poses challenges in gaining acceptance and trust that the processes dinscribe appropriate clinical knowledge and provide support for local variations. Moreover, the EA vision of data integration across organisational units and across IS has implications for concerns about privacy and protection of sensitive data, but this can collide with the healthcare view on patient safety and the need for mission-critical data. This dissertation makes several contributions to research and practice. First, it augments the EA research stream by offering rich insights and specific implications related to challenges of EA institutionalisation in healthcare. A description of the enterprise architects’ logics and the EA logic supplements the EA knowledge base. Likewise, it presents a model of a predicted evolution of the EA initiatives through the phases of optimism, resistance, decline and finally, reconsolidation of the most persistent ones, unless firm mandates are established from the start. Furthermore, the study provides a model that illustrates how coexisting institutional logics maintain their distinct character while allowing compromises that shape EA operationalisation. The model shows a set of scenarios for settling tensions in project decisions. In these scenarios, EA is foregrounded, blended with other available institutional logics or suppressed. Second, this dissertation contributes to an enhanced theoretical and empirical understanding of EA institutionalisation, where regulative, normative and culturalcognitive elements create and maintain EA as an institution, and unsurprisingly, the organisational response impedes the institutionalisation process. The organisational response can be explained by selective activated institutional logics among the actors. However, with targeted institutional work from the actors that want EA to be institutionalised, the process can be reinforced. This thesis also offers some practical suggestions at the national policy level. First, financial arrangements should be assessed to encourage broader involvement from the sub-organisations. Second, through active ownership, they can address the need for enhanced EA understanding and should secure the education of the actors, not the least at the executive level, together with the targeted hires. Furthermore, the need for organisational changes related to EA is under-communicated. The thesis also makes practical suggestions to deal with the challenges, the incongruence and the consequent tensions, mainly by finding solutions that balance between the institutional logics of EA and of healthcare.

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