Martin Wulf Gerdes

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Prinz, Andreas; Riegler, Michael & Martinez, Santiago (2024). Semantic representation and comparative analysis of physical activity sensor observations using MOX2-5 sensor in real and synthetic datasets: a proof-of-concept-study. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 14(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55183-6.
• Fernandes, Fara Aninha; Chaltikyan, Georgi; Gerdes, Martin & Omlin, Christian Walter Peter (2023). Bias – The Achilles Heel of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. Journal of applied interdisciplinary research. ISSN 2940-8199. s. 90–101. doi: 10.25929/5qxh-nt21.
• Ghimire Subedi, Sarala; Martinez, Santiago; Hartvigsen, Gunnar & Gerdes, Martin (2023). Augmented Reality enhanced device usage training tool for in-home health-self-monitoring by pregnant women. Reports of the European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies. ISSN 2510-2591. doi: 10.48340/ihc2023_p015. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Virtual care comprising virtual visits and monitoring via audio or video has the potential to reduce access barriers to care and has been successfully implemented in prenatal care. It reduces the frequency of in-person visits and increases self-care skills. However, the knowledge and competence in handling monitoring equipment at home directly influences satisfaction and engagement with the system and the quality of the information provided to healthcare professionals. Therefore, providing ad-hoc training to end-users would help develop confidence in using devices at home correctly. This paper proposes an augmented reality (AR) application to guide and train pregnant women to use monitoring devices. The aim is to instruct pregnant women to use the monitoring devices and follow the video guidelines for handling them correctly. It validates pregnant women's encouragement and ability to self-care for their pregnancy.

• Ghimire Subedi, Sarala; Martinez, Santiago; Hartvigsen, Gunnar & Gerdes, Martin (2023). Virtual prenatal care: A systematic review of pregnant women's and healthcare professionals' experiences, needs, and preferences for quality care. International Journal of Medical Informatics. ISSN 1386-5056. 170. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104964. Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Exploitation of telehealth in prenatal care has the potential to reduce the access barrier to care and empower women to participate in their own care. This review aims to assess the practical implications of virtual prenatal care and identify the needs and experiences associated with it. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane. The keywords used were “pregnancy”, “virtual visit”, “prenatal”, and others. The search included all relevant studies published from 2011 to 2021 written in English. Articles mentioning virtual prenatal care incorporating synchronous communication between pregnant women and health care professionals were included. Those unrelated to prenatal care or employing asynchronous means of virtual care were excluded. The review was structured following the PRISMA guidelines. Different quality appraisal methods such as JBI, CASP, NOS, and Cochrane were used to assess the methodological quality of the literature. The data were then analyzed based on the categorization of the studies. Results: Overall, 2863 articles were identified, of which 19 met the inclusion criteria after removing duplicates, screening of abstracts, and full text—four articles identified from hand-searching were incorporated, making a total of 23 eligible articles for the review. The studies’ findings revealed the preference for implementing costeffective virtual care based on the resource set, technological literacy, and consistent accessibility. Further, no significant differences in clinical outcomes were observed between two modes of care, virtual and in-person. The higher satisfaction by pregnant women and healthcare professionals indicated the continuity of the care. In addition, the hybrid model of virtual prenatal care integrated with traditional in-person care was acceptable to both low-risk and high-risk pregnant women. Virtual prenatal care substantially reduced travel time and absences from work, drops in clinic wait time and no-show rate, limited the risk of exposure during a pandemic, and increased self-accountability. Conclusion: Virtual prenatal care offers predominant advantages over in-person when it is carefully designed with the inclusion of pregnant women and healthcare professionals’ needs. Evidence showed that providing adequate technology training, proper instruction, and guidelines for initial setup and assurance of a reliable and accessible system is vital in increasing access to care.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Pahari, Nibedita; Gerdes, Martin & Bajpai, Ram (2022). Analyze the Effect of Healthy Behavior on Weight Change and Its Conceptual Use in Digital Behavioral Intervention, 2022 IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application & Services (HealthCom). IEEE conference proceedings. ISSN 978-1-6654-8016-1. s. 222–228. doi: 10.1109/HealthCom54947.2022.9982785. Vis sammendrag

  The gradual increase of negative behavior in humans because of physical inactivity, unhealthy habit, and improper nutrition expedites the growth of lifestyle diseases. Proper lifestyle management may help to reach personal weight goals or maintain a normal weight range with optimization of health behaviors (physical activity, diet, and habits). This study conceptualizes a method to integrate the proposed mathematical model in a digital intervention strategy targeting obesity as a study case. We verify our proposed model with simulated data and compare it with related models based on the defined constraints. We express the mathematical model as a function of activity, habit, and nutrition with the first order law of thermodynamics, basal metabolic rate (BMR), total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), and body-mass-index (BMI) to establish a link between health behavior and weight change. We have used revised Harris-Benedict formulas (HB) for BMR and TDEE calculations. The proposed model showed a strong relationship between health behavior and weight change. The adoption of BMR and TDEE measures following the revised HB formula has outperformed the classical Wishnofsky’s rule (3500 kcal. ≈ 1 lb. or 7700 kcal ≈ 1 Kg.), and the models proposed by Toumasis et al., Azzeh et al., and Mickens et al. with an average standard deviation (σ) of ±2.26, ±2.67, ±2.432, and ±2.29 respectively. This study helped us to understand the impact of healthy behavior on weight change with a mathematical model and its importance in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Pahari, Nibedita & Meena, Yogesh Kumar (2022). ProHealth eCoach: user-centered design and development of an eCoach app to promote healthy lifestyle with personalized activity recommendations. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 22. doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-08441-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Regular physical activity (PA), healthy habits, and an appropriate diet are recommended guidelines to maintain a healthy lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle can help to avoid chronic diseases and long-term illnesses. A monitoring and automatic personalized lifestyle recommendation system (i.e., automatic electronic coach or eCoach) with considering clinical and ethical guidelines, individual health status, condition, and preferences may successfully help participants to follow recommendations to maintain a healthy lifestyle. As a prerequisite for the prototype design of such a helpful eCoach system, it is essential to involve the end-users and subject-matter experts throughout the iterative design process. Methods: We used an iterative user-centered design (UCD) approach to understend context of use and to collect qualitative data to develop a roadmap for self-management with eCoaching. We involved researchers, non-technical and technical, health professionals, subject-matter experts, and potential end-users in design process. We designed and developed the eCoach prototype in two stages, adopting diferent phases of the iterative design process. In design workshop 1, we focused on identifying end-users, understanding the user’s context, specifying user requirements, designing and developing an initial low-fdelity eCoach prototype. In design workshop 2, we focused on maturing the low-fdelity solution design and development for the visualization of continuous and discrete data, artifcial intelligence (AI)-based interval forecasting, personalized recommendations, and activity goals. Results: The iterative design process helped to develop a working prototype of eCoach system that meets end-user’s requirements and expectations towards an efective recommendation visualization, considering diversity in culture, quality of life, and human values. The design provides an early version of the solution, consisting of wearable technology, a mobile app following the “Google Material Design” guidelines, and web content for self-monitoring, goal setting, and lifestyle recommendations in an engaging manner between the eCoach app and end-users. Conclusions: The adopted iterative design process brings in a design focus on the user and their needs at each phase. Throughout the design process, users have been involved at the heart of the design to create a working.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Khatiwada, Pankaj & Prinz, Andreas (2022). SFTSDH: Applying Spring Security Framework with TSD-Based OAuth2 to Protect Microservice Architecture APIs. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 10, s. 41914–41934. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3165548. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) combines medical devices and applications that use network technologies to connect healthcare information systems (HIS). IoMT is reforming the medical industry by adopting information and communication technologies (ICTs). Identity verification, secure collection, and exchange of medical data are essential in health applications. In this study, we implemented a hybrid security solution to secure the collection and management of personal health data using Spring Framework (SF), Services for Sensitive Data (TSD) as a service platform, and Hyper-Text-Transfer-Protocol (HTTP (H)) security methods. The adopted solution (SFTSDH = SF + TSD + H) instigated the following security features: identity brokering, OAuth2, multifactor authentication, and access control to protect the Microservices Architecture Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), following the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Moreover, we extended the adopted security solution to develop a digital infrastructure to facilitate the research and innovation work in the electronic health (eHealth) section, focusing on solution validation with theoretical evaluation and experimental testing. We used a web engineering security methodology to achieve and explain the adopted security solution. As a case study, we designed and implemented electronic coaching (eCoaching) prototype system and deployed the same in the developed infrastructure to securely record and share personal health data. Furthermore, we compared the test results with related studies qualitatively for the efficient evaluation of the implemented security solution. The SFTSDH implementation and configuration in the prototype system have effectively secured the eCoach APIs from an attack in all the considered scenarios. The eCoach prototype with the SFTSDH solution effectively sustained a load of (≈) 1000 concurrent users in the developed digital health infrastructure. In addition, we performed a qualitative comparison among the following security solutions: SF security, third-party security, and SFTSDH, where SFTSDH showed a promising outcome.

• Ghimire Subedi, Sarala; Martinez, Santiago & Gerdes, Martin (2022). Self-imperative Care of Pregnancy using IoT Solutions. I Henriksen, André; Gabarron, Elia & Vimarlund, Vivian (Red.), Proceedings of the 18th Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics. Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings. ISSN 978-91-7929-344-4. s. 64–68. Vis sammendrag

  Typically, routine prenatal care includes several in-person visits with healthcare professionals by pregnant women, where fetal and maternal assessments are performed. This paper proposes an architectural framework for prenatal care using non-invasive, simple, and low-cost internet of things (IoT) monitoring system. The aim is to design an IoT-based architecture that serves as a fundamental system for self-imperative care in regular pregnancy check-ups in the comfort of the home that offers routine prenatalscreening tests. The system provides easy access to care regardless of the location and internet availability. We implemented preliminary architecture with simulated sensor data for blood pressure monitoring.

• Balaji, Saishashank; Sanfilippo, Filippo; Gerdes, Martin & Prattichizzo, Domenico (2022). A Perspective on Intervention Approaches for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. I Sanfilippo, Filippo; Granmo, Ole-Christoffer; Yildirim Yayilgan, Sule & Bajwa, Imran Sarwar (Red.), Intelligent Technologies and Applications: 4th International Conference, INTAP 2021, Grimstad, Norway, October 11–13, 2021, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. ISSN 978-3-031-10524-1. s. 132–143. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-10525-8_11. Vis sammendrag

  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 1 in 160 children globally. Autism is characterised by abnormalities in communication, social interactions and behavioural challenges. Sensory processing difficulties affect two-thirds of children with autism. This causes anxiety and typically leads to repetitive behaviour referred to as problem behaviours. Stereotypy and aggression are some of the most frequently observed problem behaviours. Behavioural interventions may help manage symptoms and develop cognitive skills, thus promoting a child’s participation in social activities. A growing body of literature suggests that technological advancements in mobile health (mHealth) systems can be utilised to develop various intervention modalities. The central goal is to help children with ASD adapt to their surroundings by managing their problem behaviours. A promising possibility is to monitor physiological signals with wearable sensors to anticipate the onset of problem behaviour and provide intervention through wearable assistive devices. This paper presents a new perspective to manage problem behaviour and concept guidelines for a potential mHealth framework to deliver vibrotactile and thermal stimuli for sensory-based intervention.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Prinz, Andreas & Martinez, Santiago (2021). A Comparative Study to Analyze the Performance of Advanced Pattern Recognition Algorithms for Multi-Class Classification. I Tavares, J. M. R. S.; Chakrabarti, S.; Bhattacharya, A. & Ghatak, S. (Red.), Emerging Technologies in Data Mining and Information Security. Springer. ISSN 978-981-15-9773-2. s. 111–124. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-9774-9_11.
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Prinz, Andreas & Martinez, Santiago (2021). Comparing Performance of Ensemble-Based Machine Learning Algorithms to Identify Potential Obesity Risk Factors from Public Health Datasets. I Hassanien, Aboul Ella; Bhattacharyya, Siddhartha; Chakrabati, Satyajit; Bhattacharya, Abhishek & Dutta, Soumi (Red.), Emerging Technologies in Data Mining and Information Security. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer. ISSN 978-981-15-9926-2. s. 253–269. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-9927-9_26.
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Shahaab, Ali; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Khatiwada, Pankaj (2021). Leveraging Technology for Healthcare and Retaining Access to Personal Health Data to Enhance Health and Well-being. I Bhattacharyya, Siddhartha (Red.), Recent Trends in Computational Intelligence Enabled Research. Elsevier. ISSN 978-0-12-822844-9. s. 367–376. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-822844-9.00044-X.
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Prinz, Andreas (2021). Human Coaching Methodologies for Automatic Electronic Coaching (eCoaching) as Behavioral Interventions with Information and Communication Technology: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research. ISSN 1438-8871. 23(3). doi: 10.2196/23533. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2021). Digital interventions on healthy lifestyle management: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research. ISSN 1438-8871. 23(11). doi: 10.2196/26931. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2021). An Automatic Ontology-Based Approach to Support Logical Representation of Observable and Measurable Data for Healthy Lifestyle Management: Proof-of-Concept Study . Journal of Medical Internet Research. ISSN 1438-8871. 23(4), s. 1–28. doi: 10.2196/24656.
• Muaaz, Muhammad; Chelli, Ali; Gerdes, Martin & Pätzold, Matthias Uwe (2021). Wi-Sense: a passive human activity recognition system using Wi-Fi and convolutional neural network and its integration in health information systems. Annales des télécommunications. ISSN 0003-4347. doi: 10.1007/s12243-021-00865-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Khatiwada, Pankaj; Bhusal, Hari; Chatterjee, Ayan & Gerdes, Martin (2020). A Proposed Access Control-Based Privacy Preservation Model to Share Healthcare Data in Cloud. IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking, and Communications. ISSN 2160-4886. s. 40–47. doi: 10.1109/WiMob50308.2020.9253414.
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2020). Development of a Smart e-Coach Recommendation System for Obesity. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 270, s. 1259–1260. doi: 10.3233/SHTI200391.
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2020). Statistical Explorations and Univariate Timeseries Analysis on COVID-19 Datasets to Understand the Trend of Disease Spreading and Death. Sensors. ISSN 1424-8220. 20(11). doi: 10.3390/s20113089. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2020). Identification of Risk Factors Associated with Obesity and Overweight - A Machine Learning Overview. Sensors. ISSN 1424-8220. 20(9). doi: 10.3390/s20092734. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Prinz, Andreas; Martinez, Santiago & Medin, Anine Christine (2020). Reference Design Model for a Smart e-Coach Recommendation System for Lifestyle Support Based on ICT Technologies. I Sendra, Sandra; Murata, Yoshitoshi; Civit-Masot, Javier & Rajh, Arian (Red.), eTELEMED 2020, The Twelfth International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine. International Academy, Research and Industry Association (IARIA). ISSN 978-1-61208-763-4. s. 52–58. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33574.47689. Vis sammendrag

  As acknowledged by the World Health Organization (WHO), the demographic development shows that by 2030, 8 out of the 10 foremost causes of death will be connected to risk conditions of lifestyle diseases, regardless of gender. Chronic illness associated with modifiable lifestyle factors will be accountable for the highest death worldwide. Health behavior change should be given priority to avoid serious reparations. An Electronic Coach (e-Coach) system can empower people to achieve a healthy lifestyle with early risk predictions and appropriate tailored lifestyle recommendations. Research in eHealth has the potential to provide methods in order to improve personal healthcare with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). An Electronic Health (e-Health) virtual coaching recommendation system can monitor people and convey the appropriate recommendations in context with enough time to prevent, ameliorate the living with non-communicable or lifestyle diseases. This paper addresses the potential of selected emerging information and communication technologies to make e-Health systems smarter, more collaborative and more efficient. As a result of the analysis, a reference design is discussed here to develop and validate the performance of a smart e-Coach system utilizing ICT, Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to provide individual lifestyle recommendations aiming at a healthier lifestyle to prevent obesity and overweight. The healthcare sector is still looking for collaborative, user-friendly, optimized, cost-effective, reliable systems for health e-Coaching with contextual, tailored lifestyle recommendations and our current research is focused on its implementation and validation, considering obesity and overweight as a case study.

• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2020). Teaching Methods in a Health and Social Informatics Master Program, Proceedings from the 2019 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI'19). IEEE conference proceedings. ISSN 978-1-7281-5584-5. s. 888–891. doi: 10.1109/CSCI49370.2019.00169.
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2019). eHealth Initiatives for The Promotion of Healthy Lifestyle and Allied Implementation Difficulties, 2019 International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob). IEEE conference proceedings. ISSN 978-1-7281-3316-4. s. 7–14. doi: 10.1109/WiMOB.2019.8923324.
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Jortveit, Jarle & Fensli, Rune Werner (2019). A Decision-support Algorithm for Self-management of Anticoagulation Therapy Used in a Smartphone Application, Proceedings from 2019 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC2019). IEEE conference proceedings. ISSN 978-1-7281-2999-0. s. 1077–1080. doi: 10.1109/ISCC47284.2019.8969693. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2019). Evaluering av pedagogiske metoder og organisering på et masterkurs i teknologiforståelse for helseinformatikk. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748.
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2018). Curriculum Development of a Health Informatics Master Course in Understanding Technology. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 255, s. 227–231. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-921-8-227. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Education in health informatics is an important contribution to the digital transformation in health care services, and there is a need to combine health and technology competencies. Traditional ways with separation of health sciences and computer science have shortcomings, and there is need for individuals with a holistic view and relevant education background for improving the technology-supported clinical work processes. This paper presents how the curriculum was organised in a course in “Understanding Technology”, which was a part of a Master's Programme in Health Informatics. The course targeted different aspects of technology for students with a diverse background, and it was organised with the aim to provide the students with theoretical technical insights and apply the knowledge through problem-solving and practical use. The course was decentralised and had a student-centred teaching approach over one semester.

• Abomhara, Mohamed Ali Saleh; Smaradottir, Berglind; Køien, Geir Myrdahl & Gerdes, Martin (2018). Sharing with care multidisciplinary teams and secure access to electronic health records. I Zwiggelaar, Reyer; Gamboa, Hugo; Fred, Ana & Bermúdez i Badia, Sergi (Red.), Proceedings of the 11th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies Vol 5 Healthinf2018. SciTePress. ISSN 978-989-758-281-3. s. 379–386. doi: 10.5220/0006562403790386. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Tjondronegoro, Dian (2017). Conceptualization of a Personalized eCoach for Wellness Promotion, Proceedings of the 11th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth 2017) . Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ISSN 978-1-4503-6363-1. s. 365–374. doi: 10.1145/3154862.3154930.
• Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Smaradottir, Berglind; Fensli, Rune Werner & Jortveit, Jarle (2017). Warfarin Guide: Co-design of a Mobile Computer-Assisted Anticoagulant Therapy. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 245, s. 1222–1222. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-830-3-1222. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Patients with some types of cardiovascular disease are prescribed anticoagulation therapy with Warfarin in order to control the ability of blood clotting. This work presents a co-designed mobile application, called Warfarin Guide, for a computer-assisted anticoagulant therapy. The application addresses the challenges that unexperienced patients may find when having to remember to regularly check their INR values and make temporary adjustments for INR value fluctuations that are not easy to interpret without direct medical advice.

• Gerdes, Martin; Gallefoss, Frode & Fensli, Rune Werner (2017). The EU project “United4Health”: Results and experiences from automatic health status assessment in a Norwegian telemedicine trial system. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. ISSN 1357-633X. 25(1), s. 46–53. doi: 10.1177/1357633X17735558. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2016). The EU-project United4Health: User-centred design of an information system for a Norwegian telemedicine service. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. ISSN 1357-633X. 22(7), s. 422–429. doi: 10.1177/1357633X15615048.
• Gerdes, Martin; Reichert, Frank; Nytun, Jan Pettersen & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Reference Design for Smart Collaborative Telehealth and Telecare Services based on IoT Technologies. I Arabnia, Hamid R.; Deligiannidis, Leonidas & Tran, Qouc-Nam (Red.), 2015 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence. IEEE conference proceedings. ISSN 978-1-4673-9795-7. s. 817–820. doi: 10.1109/CSCI.2015.135.
• Abomhara, Mohamed Ali Saleh; Gerdes, Martin & Køien, Geir Myrdahl (2015). A STRIDE-Based Threat Model for Telehealth Systems. Norsk Informasjonssikkerhetskonferanse (NISK). ISSN 1893-6563.
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). User-Centered Design of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application Experiences from the EU-project United4Health . International Journal On Advances in Software. ISSN 1942-2628. 8(3 & 4), s. 350–360. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Recent health reforms in Norway have produced changes at all levels of the health sector, bringing to light a need for technology solutions explicitly designed for enhancing end-user collaboration. Telemedicine technology can support in this context new services that enable communication across local borders, optimizing resources and increasing cost effectiveness. This study focuses on the user-centered design, iterative development and evaluation of the user interface of a mobile application for a new telemedicine service for remote monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. The tablet device application was developed based on information gathered in a workshop and group interviews where the end-users, e.g., patients and health professionals, described their preferred way of interacting with the telemedicine technology. User evaluations showed positive results on the ease of use and user satisfaction regarding the interaction with the application. Application’s user interface refinements were made iteratively through several end-users’ evaluations, resulting in a fully developed system suitable for remote monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Furthermore, the process led to the deployment of a telemedicine system, adopted by the partners of the project United4Health as part of the 7th Framework Programme for Research of the European Union.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). Usability evaluation of a COPD remote monitoring application. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 210, s. 845–849. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-512-8-845.
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Reichert, Frank & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Telemedicine and Cooperative Remote Healthcare Services: COPD Field Trial. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 210, s. 455–457. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-512-8-455.
• Gerdes, Martin & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). End-to-end Security and Privacy Protection for Co-operative Access to Health and Care Data in a Telehealth Trial System for Remote Supervision of COPD-Patients, SHI 2015 - Proceedings of the 13th Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics, June 15-17, Tromsø, Norway. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISSN 978-91-7685-985-8. s. 25–32.
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). Usability Evaluation of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application. I Cornet, Ronald; Stoicu-Tivadar, Lăcrămioara; Hörbst, Alexander; Parra Calderón, Carlos Luis; Andersen, Stig Kjær & Hercigonja-Szekeres, Mira (Red.), Digital Healthcare Empowering Europeans, Proceedings of MIE2015. IOS Press. ISSN 978-1-61499-511-1. s. 845–849. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-512-8-845. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Telemedicine applications have the potential to enhance patient’s safety at home by remote monitoring of chronic diseases. Telemedicine involves the interaction between multiple user groups through a system, making the usability aspect of such system crucial for the continuous, efficient and satisfactory use of the application. The main objective of this study was to carry out a usability evaluation in the field of a telemedicine application for remote monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients to improve the application’s user interface before system deployment. A field trial was performed with six COPD patients at their homes, continuously using the system’s application on a tablet for seven days. The usability evaluation identified 23 usability problems related to users’ interactions and system’s functionality. These problems were solved with the refinement of the system through an iterative application development process. The outcome of the study was the improved telemedicine application that was adopted by the partners of the FP7 EU project United4Health.

• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Reichert, Frank & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Telemedicine and Cooperative Remote Healthcare Services: COPD Field Trial. I Cornet, Ronald; Stoicu-Tivadar, Lăcrămioara; Hörbst, Alexander; Parra Calderón, Carlos Luis; Andersen, Stig Kjær & Hercigonja-Szekeres, Mira (Red.), Digital Healthcare Empowering Europeans, Proceedings of MIE2015. IOS Press. ISSN 978-1-61499-511-1. s. 455–457. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-512-8-455. Vis sammendrag

  The introduction of sustainable telemedicine solutions throughout Europe requires the development of secure, flexible and expandable systems and the evaluation of their operation in real-world settings such as field trials. This paper describes a system for a remote monitoring and care support field trial with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. By following a user-centred-development and Privacy by Design approach, the needs of all involved user groups could be addressed, while fulfilling, at the same time, national requirements with emphasis in security and privacy protection. The solution covers specific applications and services for COPD patients and their remote care takers, but allows the generalization of its applicability to other patient groups.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). User Interface Development of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application A User-centred Design Process . I Miller, Leslie & Culén, Alma Leora (Red.), ACHI 2015, The Eighth International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions. ThinkMind. ISSN 978-1-61208-382-7. s. 57–62. Vis sammendrag

  The Norwegian Health sector is undergoing changes at all levels due to recent health reforms. Services traditionally offered by specialized health care are being transferred to primary health care managed by municipalities. In this context, telemedicine technology is introduced to facilitate new services that support communication across local borders, optimizing resources and increasing cost effectiveness. This study focuses on the user-centred design, iterative development and evaluation of the user interface of a mobile application to be used in a new telemedicine service for remote monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms. The research is a result of the cooperation between a municipality and a hospital as part of the European Commission project United4Health. Through a user-centred design approach, the tablet device application was developed based on information gathered in a workshop and group interviews where the end-users, patients and health professionals, described their preferred way of interacting with the telemedicine technology. User evaluations reported positive results on the ease of use and user satisfaction with the interaction with the application. Iterative application’s user interface refinements were made through several end-users’ evaluations, resulting in a fully developed system suitable for remote monitoring.

• Gerdes, Martin; Trinugroho, Dafferianto & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). "Security, reliability and usability of mHealth environments". I Sasan, Adibi (Red.), "Mobile Health - A Technology Road Map". Springer. ISSN 978-3-319-12816-0. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-12817-7_43.
• Amjad, Mohammad Mahdi Mahdavi; Rasta, Kamyar; Gerdes, Martin & Fensli, Rune Werner (2014). An Approach Towards Information Quality Management of Electronic Health Records, 2014 Proceedings of the International Conference on Health Informatics. SciTePress. ISSN 978-989-758-010-9. s. 270–275. doi: 10.5220/0004752402700275. Vis sammendrag

  Electronic Health Records (EHR) management systems, have gained attention in many countries as public organizations working in health domain (such as hospitals and municipalities) use them to lift the quality of health care. EHRs are considered as the basis for establishing Health Information Service (HIS) systems. In spite of remarkable advantages of EHRs, the lack of quality metrics can reduce the efficiency of high level systems that are based on them. Particularly, it is smart to design a mechanism to assure the quality of data generated by sensors. In this paper, we propose an architecture in which EHRs are enriched with metadata to provide the information quality. Our architecture emphasizes on the quality of EHRs since we believe that the quality aspect of health records has not been contemplated in many commercial systems. We utilize some quality dimensions to produce the total quality metric. Moreover, we show that this architecture can provide quality-based systems with more appropriate inputs.

• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind & Fensli, Rune Werner (2014). End-to-End Infrastructure for Usability Evaluation of eHealth Applications and Services. I Moe, Carl Erik & Fossum, Mariann (Red.), Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics; August 22; 2014; Grimstad; Norway. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISSN 978-91-7519-241-3. s. 53–59. Vis sammendrag

  eHealth technologies are widely used in collaborative health care services involving multiple different user groups. A very important aspect of the design and development of such applications is the ease-of-use and user-friendliness of the user interface for the end-users. Usability testing is performed in a simulation or real environment to ensure that the system is adapted to the specific needs of the different end-users and to evaluate the interaction between users and system. The aim of this paper is to present an infrastructure for end-to-end usability testing of eHealth technologies in a controlled environment simulating both the Point-of-Care and the Health and Care Service Provider. The primary focus is on the requirements and technical aspects of the test infrastructure itself, but on top of that also a trial project is presented where the proposed usability testing infrastructure has been used and validated

• Fensli, Marthe M. Fosse; Thygesen, Elin; Gerdes, Martin & Fensli, Rune Werner (2014). Need for Telecare for Home Residents with Dementia: Potential Solutions - Based on the Experiences of Close Relatives and Healthcare Professionals. I Moe, Carl Erik & Fossum, Mariann (Red.), Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics; August 22; 2014; Grimstad; Norway. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISSN 978-91-7519-241-3. s. 61–68.
• Trinugroho, Dafferianto; Gerdes, Martin; Amjad, Mohammad Mahdi Mahdavi; Reichert, Frank & Fensli, Rune Werner (2013). A REST-Based Publish/Subscribe Platform to Support Things-to-Services Communications. I Gaol, Ford Lumban; Hidayat, Iswahyudi & Susanto, Erwin (Red.), 19th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC 2013). IEEE conference proceedings. ISSN 978-1-4673-6048-7. s. 321–326. doi: 10.1109/apcc.2013.6765964. Vis sammendrag

  The term “Internet of Things” has been used widely in recent years, bringing up a grand idea of connecting physical objects with one another through both wired and wireless networks. Maturity of the Internet Protocol has pushed 21st century communications between devices to go all-IP, which includes everyday objects. Many new services are deployed in the “cloud”, utilising the Internet infrastructure and the Web, and information from everyday objects can play an important role. This paper presents an information integration platform which enables everyday objects to communicate with Internet services based on event-driven service-oriented architecture paradigm. A proof-of-concept prototype that has been developed is also described, and two application scenarios within healthcare domain are presented as well.

• Gerdes, Martin; Trinugroho, Dafferianto & Fensli, Rune Werner (2013). Aspects of Standardisation for Point-of-Care Solutions and Remote Home Monitoring Services. I Bellika, Johan Gustav; Bygholm, Ann; Dencker, Mette; Fossum, Mariann; Galster, Gert; Hartvigsen, Gunnar; Heljesen, Ole; Karlsson, Daniel; Koch, Sabine & Moe, Carl Erik (Red.), Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics 2013. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISSN 978‐91‐7519‐518‐6. s. 19–24. Vis sammendrag

  The health care services are focusing on seamless healthcare and defining typical patient flow conditions, where a close follow-up from the patient’s home after hospital treatment can be important in order to avoid read missions. In several international projects different technological solutions have been developed with the aim of obtaining an international standardized solution from end-to-end perspective in the information chain, where vital signs data are measured in the patient’s home and transmitted to the hospital specialist. This is, however, a complex task without any clear recommendations, which leads to local variations in the implementations and to island solutions. The consequence will be no or limited interoperability of systems across organizations and local boundaries of services. In this paper we will highlight different levels of standards and give some recommendations for future research, based on a typical scenario for a remote home monitoring situation.

• Trinugroho, Dafferianto; Rasta, Kamyar; Nguyen, Trinh Hoang; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Reichert, Frank (2012). A LOCATION-INDEPENDENT REMOTE HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM UTILISING ENTERPRISE SERVICE BUS. IADIS International Journal on WWW/Internet. ISSN 1645-7641. 10(2), s. 88–106. Vis sammendrag

  Telehealth has been widely used in recent years to provide healthcare services at a distance. It supports eliminating space barriers and improves access to healthcare services, as well as alleviates cost burden of healthcare services by moving non-urgent treatments from healthcare premises to patients’ homes. This is currently feasible to achieve by employing portable on-body wireless sensors for reading vital signs within Wireless Body Area Networks, and Internet technologies. This information is then forwarded to a back-end server, and responsible personnel (doctors, nurses, family members etc.) are notified in a real-time manner. However, patients may leave their homes for some walks and their vital information is still needed to be monitored remotely by their care providers. Thus, indoor-outdoor scenarios should also be considered by the end-to-end system. This paper presents an architecture for a location-independent remote health monitoring system by utilising Enterprise Service Bus for centralised data integration from different data sources. A prototype, which has been implemented as a proof-of-concept, is also presented.

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• Balaji, Saishashank; Sanfilippo, Filippo; Gerdes, Martin & Prattichizzo, Domenico (2021). A Perspective on Intervention Approaches for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Vis sammendrag

  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1 in 160 children globally. Autism is characterised by abnormalities in communication, social interactions and behavioural challenges. Sensory processing disorders (SPD) affect two-thirds of children with autism. This causes anxiety and typically leads to repetitive behaviour referred to as problem behaviours; stereotypy and aggression are some of the most frequently observed problem behaviours in children with autism. Behavioural interventions may help reduce symptoms, develop cognitive capacity, and improve the child's ability to participate in social activities. A growing body of literature suggests that technological advancements in mobile health (mHealth) services may provide effective interventions to address the core symptoms of autism. One of the central challenges is to help children with ASD adapt to their surroundings by mitigating their problem behaviours. One of the most promising possibilities is to monitor physiological signals with wearable sensors to anticipate the onset of interfering behaviour and provide intervention through wearable assistive devices. This paper presents a new perspective on state-of-the-art intervention technologies in managing problem behaviour and discusses potential proactive intervention methods. We present a novel mHealth framework for behavioural interventions with the proactive use of wearable devices for empathic multi-modal auditory-visual-tactile feedback.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2020). A Statistical Study to Analyze the Impact of External Weather Change on Chronic Pulmonary Infection in South Norway with Machine Learning Algorithms. In Intelligent Technologies and Applications.
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2019). Experiences from teaching informatics to students with health background.
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2019). Teaching Methods in a Health and Social Informatics Master Program.
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2019). Evaluering av pedagogiske metoder og organisering på et helseinformatikk masterkurs i Teknologiforståelse .
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2019). Evaluering av pedagogiske metoder og organisering på et helseinformatikk masterkurs i Teknologiforståelse .
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Jortveit, Jarle & Fensli, Rune Werner (2019). A Decision-support Algorithm for Self-management of Anticoagulation Therapy Used in a Smartphone Application.
• Martinez, Santiago; Gerdes, Martin; Kumar C., Santhosh; Kumar, Anand; Gill, Steve & Loudon, Gareth (2018). eHealth activists: the lifeline for remote rural villages in India.
• Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Thygesen, Elin & Fensli, Rune Werner [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Teaching High School Students eHealth through Role-play and Laboratory Simulation. Medicinsk Informatika. ISSN 1330-1799. 14, s. 35–36.
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2018). Curriculum Development of a Health Informatics Master Course in Understanding Technology.
• Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Thygesen, Elin & Fensli, Rune Werner [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Teaching High School Students eHealth through Roleplay and Laboratory Simulation. Vis sammendrag

  The transformation and digitalisation of health and care services foresees a need for recruitment of young individuals having a combination of health- and computer science knowledge to contribute in the workforces of the future. At the University of Agder in Norway there has been an eHealth Centre since year 2010 [1], where both already implemented and proposed eHealth services can be simulated and tested. In the project High School Students as Co-researchers in eHealth, experienced researchers allowed high school students to be enrolled in a project course to actively play and test an eHealth scenario. This paper aims at sharing the experiences on how the pilot of a class consisting of 10 high school students at the age of 17-19 years, were taught eHealth through role-play and simulation in the eHealth Centre. The research question stated was: How to introduce high school students to eHealth research and services in a life-long learning perspective?

• Abomhara, Mohamed Ali Saleh; Smaradottir, Berglind; Køien, Geir Myrdahl & Gerdes, Martin (2018). Sharing With Care- Multidisciplinary Teams and Secure Access to Electronic Health Records.
• Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Tjondronegoro, Dian (2017). Conceptualization of a Personalized eCoach for Wellness Promotion. Vis sammendrag

  Evidence-based health promotion programs implement clinical practice guidelines built upon results of clinical trials with a definite number of participants, collected during a specific period of time. Wearable technologies allow for continuous observation of wellness parameters of multiple citizens, combined with monitoring of activities and context parameters involved in citizens’ wellness. A statistical inference model can describe the relation between multidimensional activities and context parameters, the wellness of an individual and a comparable reference group, utilizing machine learning techniques and knowledge from continuous observations of multiple citizens. This paper presents a holistic concept of a coach system, namely eCoach, that combines specialized medical evidence available from randomized control trials, with individual and reference knowledge to create and reinforce wellness-based recommendations. The eCoach adapts these recommendations in a continuous personalized coaching dialog addressing citizen’s needs and preferences.

• Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Smaradottir, Berglind; Fensli, Rune Werner & Jortveit, Jarle (2017). Warfarin Guide: Co-design of a Mobile Computer-Assisted Anticoagulant Therapy.
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). The EU-project United4Health: user-centred design and evaluation of a collaborative information system for a Norwegian telehealth service. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 216, s. 892–892. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-564-7-892.
• Gerdes, Martin; Reichert, Frank; Nytun, Jan Pettersen & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Future telehealth and telecare reference dDesign based on IoT technologies: from remote monitoring to smart collaborative services with decision support. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 216, s. 891–891. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-564-7-891.
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). The EU-project United4Health: User-Centred Design and Evaluation of a Collaborative Information System for a Norwegian Telehealth Service.
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). User Interface Development of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application- A User-centred Design Process.
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). Usability Evaluation of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application.
• Gerdes, Martin (2015). Reference Design for Smart Collaborative Telehealth and Telecare Services based on IoT Technologies.
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). The EU-project United4Health: User-Centred Design and Evaluation of a Collaborative Information System for a Norwegian Telehealth Service. I Sarkar, Indra Neil; Georgiou, Andrew & de Azevedo Marques, Paulo Mazzoncini (Red.), MEDINFO 2015: eHealth-enabled Health. IOS Press. ISSN 978-1-61499-563-0. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-564-7-892. Vis sammendrag

  This study presents the user-centred design and evaluation process of a Collaborative Information System (CIS), developed for a new Telehealth service for remote monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after hospital discharge. The CIS was designed based on the information gathered in a workshop, where target end-users described the context of use, a Telehealth workflow and their preferred ways of interaction with the solution. Evaluation of the iterative refinements were made through user tests, semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire. A field trial reported results on the ease of use and user satisfaction during the interaction with the fully developed system. The implemented CIS was successfully deployed within the secured Norwegian Health Network. The research was a result of cooperation between international partners within the EU FP7 project United4Health.

• Gerdes, Martin; Reichert, Frank; Nytun, Jan Pettersen & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Future Telehealth and Telecare Reference Design based on IoT Technologies: From Remote Monitoring to Smart Collaborative Services with Decision Support. I Sarkar, Indra Neil; Georgiou, Andrew & de Azevedo Marques, Paulo Mazzoncini (Red.), MEDINFO 2015: eHealth-enabled Health. IOS Press. ISSN 978-1-61499-563-0. s. 891–891. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-564-7-891. Vis sammendrag

  Health and Biomedical Informatics is a rapidly evolving multidisciplinary field; one in which new developments may prove crucial in meeting the challenge of providing cost-effective, patient-centered healthcare worldwide. This book presents the proceedings of MEDINFO 2015, held in São Paulo, Brazil, in August 2015. The theme of this conference is ‘eHealth-enabled Health’, and the broad spectrum of topics covered ranges from emerging methodologies to successful implementations of innovative applications, integration and evaluation of eHealth systems and solutions. Included here are 178 full papers and 248 poster abstracts, selected after a rigorous review process from nearly 800 submissions by 2,500 authors from 59 countries. The conference brings together researchers, clinicians, technologists and managers from all over the world to share their experiences on the use of information methods, systems and technologies to promote patient-centered care, improving patient safety, enhancing care outcomes, facilitating translational research and enabling precision medicine, as well as advancing education and skills in Health and Biomedical Informatics. This comprehensive overview of Health and Biomedical Informatics will be of interest to all those involved in designing, commissioning and providing healthcare, wherever they may be.

• Gerdes, Martin (2015). End-to-end Security and Privacy Protection for Co-operative Access to Health and Care Data in a Telehealth Trial System for Remote Supervision of COPD-Patients.
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). User-Centred Design of an Information System for a Norwegian Telehealth Service.
• Gerdes, Martin (2015). End-2-End System for Telehealth and Telecare Support of Home-based Patients.
• Gerdes, Martin (2015). End-2-End System for Telehealth and Telecare Support of Home-based Patients.
• Gerdes, Martin (2015). End-2-End System for Telehealth and Telecare Support of Home-based Patients.
• Gerdes, Martin; Reichert, Frank; Nytun, Jan Pettersen & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Future Telehealth and Telecare Reference Design based on IoT Technologies: From Remote Monitoring to Smart Collaborative Services with Decision Support.
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Reichert, Frank & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Telemedicine and Cooperative Remote Healthcare Services: COPD Field Trial.
• Fensli, Rune Werner; Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth & Thygesen, Elin (2014). Samhandling på tvers med fokus på sikker implementering, avklaring av databehandlingsansvar og varige driftsløsninger.
• Gerdes, Martin; Amjad, Mohammad Mahdi Mahdavi; Rasta, Kamyar & Fensli, Rune Werner (2014). An Approach towards Information Quality Management of Electronic Health Records.
• Gerdes, Martin & Fensli, Rune Werner (2014). The Norwegian COPD pilot implementation - Secured and Sustainable Collaborative Services (Special Session on United4Health).
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2014). Demonstration of United4Health telemedicine application for home-monitoring of COPD-symptoms.
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind & Fensli, Rune Werner (2014). End-to-end Infrastructure for Usability Evaluation of eHealth Applications and Services. Vis sammendrag

  eHealth technologies are widely used in collaborative health care services involving multiple different user groups. A very important aspect of the design and development of such applications is the ease-of-use and user-friendliness of the user interface for the end-users. Usability testing is performed in a simulation or real environment to ensure that the system is adapted to the specific needs of the different end-users and to evaluate the interaction between users and system. The aim of this paper is to present an infrastructure for end-to-end usability testing of eHealth technologies in a controlled environment simulating both the Point-of-Care and the Health and Care Service Provider. The primary focus is on the requirements and technical aspects of the test infrastructure itself, but on top of that also a trial project is presented where the proposed usability testing infrastructure has been used and validated

• Fensli, Rune Werner; Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin & Trinugroho, Dafferianto (2013). Tester ut e-helse på UiA. [TV]. http://www.nrk.no/sorlandet/tester-ut-e-helse-pa-uia-1.10894.
• Fensli, Rune Werner; Trinugroho, Dafferianto & Gerdes, Martin (2013). mPasient med åpen informasjonsstruktur for fremtidens trygghetsalarmer og hjemmeboende pasienter.
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Trinugroho, Dafferianto & Gerdes, Martin (2013). Framtidens eldreomsorg i eget hjem.
• Gerdes, Martin (2013). Connected Personal eHealth Service Infrastructure - smart, user-friendly, expandable, safe and reliable -.
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth & Trinugroho, Dafferianto (2013). Demonstration of telehealth and telecare applications in the UiA eHealth center, with focus on technology and usability testing of remote diagnosis solutions.
• Gerdes, Martin (2013). Aspects of Standardisation for Point-of-Care Solutions and Remote Home Monitoring Services.
• Gerdes, Martin & Fensli, Rune Werner (2019). Holistic System Design for Distributed National eHealth Services. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 978-82-7117-922-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The dynamic development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Human-Computer-Interaction (HCI), Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), drive the ongoing Digital Revolution, that creates the ground for an Information Society. The Digital Age or Information Age affects all aspects of social organization, including particularly the health sector. eHealth systems and services utilizing information and communication technologies (ICT) have the potential to increase the efficiency of professional and informal caretakers when monitoring the healthcare status and assistance needs of patients and their relatives. Patients with chronic diseases and age related medical conditions receive support through technologies that allow them to live independently and securely with a high quality of life (QoL). Independent from the public health systems, further services and applications are emerging to promote individual fitness and wellness goals to maintain a healthy life style. This study covers the design, development and evaluation of a reference solution for integrated eHealth services and applications targeting remote monitoring and decision support in telehealth and telecare. The design of the proposed system is based on a holistic view, providing for the definition of Reference Requirements. Furthermore, the Reference Design as well as the development of a proof-of-concept trial system have followed a User Centered Design (UCD) process, involving all user groups in the trial system’s design and testing. The proposed solution seeks for the empowerment of citizens to carry out monitoring and self-assessment of their health and well-being over longer periods of time, and by that to contribute to their independence and self-management of health and wellness at their point-of-care. It includes an end-to-end eHealth system architecture, and outlines a solution to connect citizens’ point-of-care with formal and informal caregivers through a common, secure and reliable health information services infrastructure. The underlying reference requirements include functional, operational and socio-economic requirements, legal, ethical and regulatory policies, relevant emerging technologies, and interdependencies between the different requirement domains for its development and verification. The required logical functionalities, protocols for information exchange and graphical interfaces for user interaction have been implemented in a trial system, covering applications and services for monitored citizens, healthcare professionals, and for the health information service infrastructure. The components have been tested first in an academic test environment as part of the UCD process. Results have led to a successful deployment and integration of the system in the Norwegian Health Network for a 2-year-field trial, including more than 100 patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), a municipality-operated telehealth service and medical specialists in a hospital. The validation of the proposed reference design considers aspects of the design methodology, the reference requirements and their elicitation methodology, the acceptance of the proposed solution by the different user groups, and the quality of the support provided to the healthcare professionals. The UCD process has implicitly been validated, as it was utilized in the system development from the initial design to the routine operation of the trial system. The evaluation of some important performance indicators (interoperability, cooperation aspects and applicability of standards for the information exchange through communication protocols between the different system domains; security and access control technologies; the accuracy of the automatic healthcare status assessment; potential advantages and efficiency gains achievable through the evaluation of continuous remote monitoring data; usability and user acceptance) ...

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