Martin Wulf Gerdes

• Subedi, Sarala Ghimire; Celik, Turgay; Gerdes, Martin & Omlin, Christian Walter Peter (2026). Looking Ahead When It Is Safe: An Uncertainty-Aware Paradigm for Blood Glucose Prediction with Dynamic Horizon Control. Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction. 8(6). doi: 10.3390/make8060145. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Reliable time-series forecasting under rapidly changing conditions remains a critical challenge across many domains, particularly in healthcare, where physiological signals are inherently dynamic and uncertain. Blood glucose level prediction exemplifies this challenge, as accurate and timely forecasts are essential for effective diabetes management, yet traditional approaches rely on fixed prediction horizons and single-point estimates, which may yield unreliable decisions under rapidly changing physiological conditions. In this work, we propose a novel approach for adaptive horizon selection, applied to BGL prediction, employing a deep learning model. It employs evidential learning-based uncertainty quantification that decompose uncertainty into epistemic and aleatoric. Each set of models is trained to predict blood glucose levels at different future time steps, each providing both a point prediction and an associated uncertainty measure. At inference time, it dynamically balances predictive accuracy and reliability by selecting the longest horizon whose predicted uncertainty remains below a predefined threshold. This enables confidence-based horizon selection, using longer prediction horizons during stable periods and switching to shorter horizons when uncertainty signals critical glucose events requiring immediate intervention. This uncertainty-aware prediction approach promotes transparency by exposing confidence levels alongside predictions. Applicable to time-series forecasting tasks broadly, the proposed framework demonstrates encouraging potential, and when applied to BGL prediction as a representative clinical case, shows particular promise for supporting glycemic management through calibrated uncertainty estimation, offering a more transparent and interpretable alternative to fixed-horizon models toward trustworthy decision support in diabetes care.

• Subedi, Sarala Ghimire; Celik, Turgay; Gerdes, Martin & Omlin, Christian Walter Peter (2026). Personalized Blood Glucose Prediction Using Physiology- Informed Machine Learning. Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction. 8(4). doi: 10.3390/make8040096. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Prinz, Andreas; Riegler, Michael & Martinez, Santiago (2024). Semantic representation and comparative analysis of physical activity sensor observations using MOX2-5 sensor in real and synthetic datasets: a proof-of-concept-study. Scientific Reports. 14(1), p. 1–21. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55183-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Fernandes, Fara Aninha; Ge, Mouzhi; Chaltikyan, Georgi; Gerdes, Martin & Omlin, Christian Walter Peter (2024). Preparing for downstream tasks in artificial intelligence for dental radiology: a baseline performance comparison of deep learning models. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. ISSN 0250-832X. 54(2), p. 149–162. doi: 10.1093/dmfr/twae056. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives To compare the performance of the convolutional neural network (CNN) with the vision transformer (ViT), and the gated multilayer perceptron (gMLP) in the classification of radiographic images of dental structures. Methods Retrospectively collected two-dimensional images derived from cone beam computed tomographic volumes were used to train CNN, ViT, and gMLP architectures as classifiers for four different cases. Cases selected for training the architectures were the classification of the radiographic appearance of maxillary sinuses, maxillary and mandibular incisors, the presence or absence of the mental foramen, and the positional relationship of the mandibular third molar to the inferior alveolar nerve canal. The performance metrics (sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, and f1-score) and area under the curve (AUC)—receiver operating characteristic and precision-recall curves were calculated. Results The ViT with an accuracy of 0.74-0.98, performed on par with the CNN model (accuracy 0.71-0.99) in all tasks. The gMLP displayed marginally lower performance (accuracy 0.65-0.98) as compared to the CNN and ViT. For certain tasks, the ViT outperformed the CNN. The AUCs ranged from 0.77 to 1.00 (CNN), 0.80 to 1.00 (ViT), and 0.73 to 1.00 (gMLP) for all of the four cases. Conclusions The ViT and gMLP exhibited comparable performance with the CNN (the current state-of-the-art). However, for certain tasks, there was a significant difference in the performance of the ViT and gMLP when compared to the CNN. This difference in model performance for various tasks proves that the capabilities of different architectures may be leveraged.

• Martinez, Santiago; Mbabazi, Pamela S.; Sebitloane, Motshedisi H.; Vwalika, Bellington; Mocumbi, Sibone & Galappaththi-Arachchige, Hashini Nilushika [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2024). The WHO atlas for female-genital schistosomiasis: Co-design of a practicable diagnostic guide, digital support and training. PLOS Global Public Health. 4:e0002249(3), p. 1–25. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002249. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Up to 56 million young and adult women of African origin suffer from Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS). The transmission of schistosomiasis happens through contact with schistosomiasis infested fresh water in rivers and lakes. The transmission vector is the snail that releases immature worms capable of penetrating the human skin. The worm then matures and mates in the blood vessels and deposits its eggs in tissues, causing urogenital disease. There is currently no gold standard for FGS diagnosis. Reliable diagnostics are challenging due to the lack of appropriate instruments and clinical skills. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends “screen-and-treat” cervical cancer management, by means of visual inspection of characteristic lesions on the cervix and point-of-care treatment as per the findings. FGS may be mistaken for cervical cancer or sexually transmitted diseases. Misdiagnosis may lead to the wrong treatment, increased risk of exposure to other infectious diseases (human immunodeficiency virus and human papilloma virus), infertility and stigmatisation. The necessary clinical knowledge is only available to a few experts in the world. For an appropriate diagnosis, this knowledge needs to be transferred to health professionals who have minimal or non-existing laboratory support. Co-design workshops were held with stakeholders (WHO representative, national health authority, FGS experts and researchers, gynaecologists, nurses, medical doctors, public health experts, technical experts, and members of the public) to make prototypes for the WHO Pocket Atlas for FGS, a mobile diagnostic support tool and an e-learning tool for health professionals. The dissemination targeted health facilities, including remote areas across the 51 anglophone, francophone and lusophone African countries. Outcomes were endorsed by the WHO and comprise a practical diagnostic guide for FGS in low-resource environments.

• Subedi, Sarala Ghimire; Celik, Turgay; Gerdes, Martin & Omlin, Christian Walter Peter (2024). Deep learning for blood glucose level prediction: How well do models generalize across different data sets? PLOS ONE. 19(9). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310801. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Deep learning-based models for predicting blood glucose levels in diabetic patients can facilitate proactive measures to prevent critical events and are essential for closed-loop control therapy systems. However, selecting appropriate models from the literature may not always yield conclusive results, as the choice could be influenced by biases or misleading evaluations stemming from different methodologies, datasets, and preprocessing techniques. This study aims to compare and comprehensively analyze the performance of various deep learning models across diverse datasets to assess their applicability and generalizability across a broader spectrum of scenarios. Commonly used deep learning models for blood glucose level forecasting, such as feed-forward neural network, convolutional neural network, long short-term memory network (LSTM), temporal convolutional neural network, and self-attention network (SAN), are considered in this study. To evaluate the generalization capabilities of each model, four datasets of varying sizes, encompassing samples from different age groups and conditions, are utilized. Performance metrics include Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Difference (MAD), and Coefficient of Determination (CoD) for analytical asssessment, Clarke Error Grid (CEG) for clinical assessments, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test for statistical analysis, and generalization ability evaluations to obtain both coarse and granular insights. The experimental findings indicate that the LSTM model demonstrates superior performance with the lowest root mean square error and highest generalization capability among all other models, closely followed by SAN. The ability of LSTM and SAN to capture long-term dependencies in blood glucose data and their correlations with various influencing factors and events contribute to their enhanced performance. Despite the lower predictive performance, the FFN was able to capture patterns and trends in the data, suggesting its applicability in forecasting future direction. Moreover, this study helps in identifying the optimal model based on specific objectives, whether prioritizing generalization or accuracy.

• Vicuna, Fernando Antonio Portilla; Gerdes, Martin; Reichert, Frank & Chaltikyan, Georgi (2024). Reference Information Model and Interoperable Architecture for Digital Health Twins: A Position Paper. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 316, p. 344–345. doi: 10.3233/SHTI240414. Full text in Research Archive
• Subedi, Sarala Ghimire; Martinez, Santiago; Hartvigsen, Gunnar & Gerdes, Martin (2023). Augmented Reality enhanced device usage training tool for in-home health-self-monitoring by pregnant women. Reports of the European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies. doi: 10.48340/ihc2023_p015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Virtual care comprising virtual visits and monitoring via audio or video has the potential to reduce access barriers to care and has been successfully implemented in prenatal care. It reduces the frequency of in-person visits and increases self-care skills. However, the knowledge and competence in handling monitoring equipment at home directly influences satisfaction and engagement with the system and the quality of the information provided to healthcare professionals. Therefore, providing ad-hoc training to end-users would help develop confidence in using devices at home correctly. This paper proposes an augmented reality (AR) application to guide and train pregnant women to use monitoring devices. The aim is to instruct pregnant women to use the monitoring devices and follow the video guidelines for handling them correctly. It validates pregnant women's encouragement and ability to self-care for their pregnancy.

• Subedi, Sarala Ghimire; Martinez, Santiago; Hartvigsen, Gunnar & Gerdes, Martin (2023). Virtual prenatal care: A systematic review of pregnant women's and healthcare professionals' experiences, needs, and preferences for quality care. International Journal of Medical Informatics. ISSN 1386-5056. 170. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104964. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Exploitation of telehealth in prenatal care has the potential to reduce the access barrier to care and empower women to participate in their own care. This review aims to assess the practical implications of virtual prenatal care and identify the needs and experiences associated with it. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane. The keywords used were “pregnancy”, “virtual visit”, “prenatal”, and others. The search included all relevant studies published from 2011 to 2021 written in English. Articles mentioning virtual prenatal care incorporating synchronous communication between pregnant women and health care professionals were included. Those unrelated to prenatal care or employing asynchronous means of virtual care were excluded. The review was structured following the PRISMA guidelines. Different quality appraisal methods such as JBI, CASP, NOS, and Cochrane were used to assess the methodological quality of the literature. The data were then analyzed based on the categorization of the studies. Results: Overall, 2863 articles were identified, of which 19 met the inclusion criteria after removing duplicates, screening of abstracts, and full text—four articles identified from hand-searching were incorporated, making a total of 23 eligible articles for the review. The studies’ findings revealed the preference for implementing costeffective virtual care based on the resource set, technological literacy, and consistent accessibility. Further, no significant differences in clinical outcomes were observed between two modes of care, virtual and in-person. The higher satisfaction by pregnant women and healthcare professionals indicated the continuity of the care. In addition, the hybrid model of virtual prenatal care integrated with traditional in-person care was acceptable to both low-risk and high-risk pregnant women. Virtual prenatal care substantially reduced travel time and absences from work, drops in clinic wait time and no-show rate, limited the risk of exposure during a pandemic, and increased self-accountability. Conclusion: Virtual prenatal care offers predominant advantages over in-person when it is carefully designed with the inclusion of pregnant women and healthcare professionals’ needs. Evidence showed that providing adequate technology training, proper instruction, and guidelines for initial setup and assurance of a reliable and accessible system is vital in increasing access to care.

• Fernandes, Fara Aninha; Chaltikyan, Georgi; Gerdes, Martin & Omlin, Christian Walter Peter (2023). Bias – The Achilles Heel of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. Journal of applied interdisciplinary research. ISSN 2940-8199. p. 90–101. doi: 10.25929/5qxh-nt21. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Khatiwada, Pankaj & Prinz, Andreas (2022). SFTSDH: Applying Spring Security Framework with TSD-Based OAuth2 to Protect Microservice Architecture APIs. IEEE Access. 10, p. 41914–41934. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3165548. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) combines medical devices and applications that use network technologies to connect healthcare information systems (HIS). IoMT is reforming the medical industry by adopting information and communication technologies (ICTs). Identity verification, secure collection, and exchange of medical data are essential in health applications. In this study, we implemented a hybrid security solution to secure the collection and management of personal health data using Spring Framework (SF), Services for Sensitive Data (TSD) as a service platform, and Hyper-Text-Transfer-Protocol (HTTP (H)) security methods. The adopted solution (SFTSDH = SF + TSD + H) instigated the following security features: identity brokering, OAuth2, multifactor authentication, and access control to protect the Microservices Architecture Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), following the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Moreover, we extended the adopted security solution to develop a digital infrastructure to facilitate the research and innovation work in the electronic health (eHealth) section, focusing on solution validation with theoretical evaluation and experimental testing. We used a web engineering security methodology to achieve and explain the adopted security solution. As a case study, we designed and implemented electronic coaching (eCoaching) prototype system and deployed the same in the developed infrastructure to securely record and share personal health data. Furthermore, we compared the test results with related studies qualitatively for the efficient evaluation of the implemented security solution. The SFTSDH implementation and configuration in the prototype system have effectively secured the eCoach APIs from an attack in all the considered scenarios. The eCoach prototype with the SFTSDH solution effectively sustained a load of (≈) 1000 concurrent users in the developed digital health infrastructure. In addition, we performed a qualitative comparison among the following security solutions: SF security, third-party security, and SFTSDH, where SFTSDH showed a promising outcome.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Pahari, Nibedita; Gerdes, Martin & Bajpai, Ram (2022). Analyze the Effect of Healthy Behavior on Weight Change and Its Conceptual Use in Digital Behavioral Intervention, 2022 IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application & Services (HealthCom). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781665480161. p. 222–228. doi: 10.1109/HealthCom54947.2022.9982785. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The gradual increase of negative behavior in humans because of physical inactivity, unhealthy habit, and improper nutrition expedites the growth of lifestyle diseases. Proper lifestyle management may help to reach personal weight goals or maintain a normal weight range with optimization of health behaviors (physical activity, diet, and habits). This study conceptualizes a method to integrate the proposed mathematical model in a digital intervention strategy targeting obesity as a study case. We verify our proposed model with simulated data and compare it with related models based on the defined constraints. We express the mathematical model as a function of activity, habit, and nutrition with the first order law of thermodynamics, basal metabolic rate (BMR), total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), and body-mass-index (BMI) to establish a link between health behavior and weight change. We have used revised Harris-Benedict formulas (HB) for BMR and TDEE calculations. The proposed model showed a strong relationship between health behavior and weight change. The adoption of BMR and TDEE measures following the revised HB formula has outperformed the classical Wishnofsky’s rule (3500 kcal. ≈ 1 lb. or 7700 kcal ≈ 1 Kg.), and the models proposed by Toumasis et al., Azzeh et al., and Mickens et al. with an average standard deviation (σ) of ±2.26, ±2.67, ±2.432, and ±2.29 respectively. This study helped us to understand the impact of healthy behavior on weight change with a mathematical model and its importance in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

• Subedi, Sarala Ghimire; Martinez, Santiago & Gerdes, Martin (2022). Self-imperative Care of Pregnancy using IoT Solutions. In Henriksen, André; Gabarron, Elia & Vimarlund, Vivian (Ed.), Proceedings of the 18th Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics. Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings. ISSN 9789179293444. p. 64–68. doi: 10.3384/ecp187011. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Typically, routine prenatal care includes several in-person visits with healthcare professionals by pregnant women, where fetal and maternal assessments are performed. This paper proposes an architectural framework for prenatal care using non-invasive, simple, and low-cost internet of things (IoT) monitoring system. The aim is to design an IoT-based architecture that serves as a fundamental system for self-imperative care in regular pregnancy check-ups in the comfort of the home that offers routine prenatalscreening tests. The system provides easy access to care regardless of the location and internet availability. We implemented preliminary architecture with simulated sensor data for blood pressure monitoring.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Pahari, Nibedita & Meena, Yogesh Kumar (2022). ProHealth eCoach: user-centered design and development of an eCoach app to promote healthy lifestyle with personalized activity recommendations. BMC Health Services Research. 22. doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-08441-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Regular physical activity (PA), healthy habits, and an appropriate diet are recommended guidelines to maintain a healthy lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle can help to avoid chronic diseases and long-term illnesses. A monitoring and automatic personalized lifestyle recommendation system (i.e., automatic electronic coach or eCoach) with considering clinical and ethical guidelines, individual health status, condition, and preferences may successfully help participants to follow recommendations to maintain a healthy lifestyle. As a prerequisite for the prototype design of such a helpful eCoach system, it is essential to involve the end-users and subject-matter experts throughout the iterative design process. Methods: We used an iterative user-centered design (UCD) approach to understend context of use and to collect qualitative data to develop a roadmap for self-management with eCoaching. We involved researchers, non-technical and technical, health professionals, subject-matter experts, and potential end-users in design process. We designed and developed the eCoach prototype in two stages, adopting diferent phases of the iterative design process. In design workshop 1, we focused on identifying end-users, understanding the user’s context, specifying user requirements, designing and developing an initial low-fdelity eCoach prototype. In design workshop 2, we focused on maturing the low-fdelity solution design and development for the visualization of continuous and discrete data, artifcial intelligence (AI)-based interval forecasting, personalized recommendations, and activity goals. Results: The iterative design process helped to develop a working prototype of eCoach system that meets end-user’s requirements and expectations towards an efective recommendation visualization, considering diversity in culture, quality of life, and human values. The design provides an early version of the solution, consisting of wearable technology, a mobile app following the “Google Material Design” guidelines, and web content for self-monitoring, goal setting, and lifestyle recommendations in an engaging manner between the eCoach app and end-users. Conclusions: The adopted iterative design process brings in a design focus on the user and their needs at each phase. Throughout the design process, users have been involved at the heart of the design to create a working.

• Balaji, Saishashank; Sanfilippo, Filippo; Gerdes, Martin & Prattichizzo, Domenico (2022). A Perspective on Intervention Approaches for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. In Sanfilippo, Filippo; Granmo, Ole-Christoffer; Yayilgan, Sule Yildirim & Bajwa, Imran Sarwar (Ed.), Intelligent Technologies and Applications: 4th International Conference, INTAP 2021, Grimstad, Norway, October 11–13, 2021, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. ISSN 9783031105241. p. 132–143. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-10525-8_11. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 1 in 160 children globally. Autism is characterised by abnormalities in communication, social interactions and behavioural challenges. Sensory processing difficulties affect two-thirds of children with autism. This causes anxiety and typically leads to repetitive behaviour referred to as problem behaviours. Stereotypy and aggression are some of the most frequently observed problem behaviours. Behavioural interventions may help manage symptoms and develop cognitive skills, thus promoting a child’s participation in social activities. A growing body of literature suggests that technological advancements in mobile health (mHealth) systems can be utilised to develop various intervention modalities. The central goal is to help children with ASD adapt to their surroundings by managing their problem behaviours. A promising possibility is to monitor physiological signals with wearable sensors to anticipate the onset of problem behaviour and provide intervention through wearable assistive devices. This paper presents a new perspective to manage problem behaviour and concept guidelines for a potential mHealth framework to deliver vibrotactile and thermal stimuli for sensory-based intervention.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2021). Digital interventions on healthy lifestyle management: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR). ISSN 1439-4456. 23(11). doi: 10.2196/26931. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Digital interventions have tremendous potential to improve well-being and health care conveyance by improving adequacy, proficiency, availability, and personalization. They have gained acknowledgment in interventions for the management of a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, we are reviewing existing conceptual frameworks, digital intervention approaches, and associated methods to identify the impact of digital intervention on adopting a healthier lifestyle. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of digital interventions on weight management in maintaining a healthy lifestyle (eg, regular physical activity, healthy habits, and proper dietary patterns). Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review to search the scientific databases (Nature, SpringerLink, Elsevier, IEEE Xplore, and PubMed) that included digital interventions on healthy lifestyle, focusing on preventing obesity and being overweight as a prime objective. Peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2020 were included. We used the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and a framework for an evidence-based systematic review. Furthermore, we improved the review process by adopting the Rayyan tool and the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles. Results: Our initial searches identified 780 potential studies through electronic and manual searches; however, 107 articles in the final stage were cited following the specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. The identified methods for a successful digital intervention to promote a healthy lifestyle are self-monitoring, self-motivation, goal setting, personalized feedback, participant engagement, psychological empowerment, persuasion, digital literacy, efficacy, and credibility. In this study, we identified existing conceptual frameworks for digital interventions, different approaches to provide digital interventions, associated methods, and execution challenges and their impact on the promotion of healthy lifestyle management. Conclusions: This systematic literature review selected intervention principles (rules), theories, design features, ways to determine efficient interventions, and weaknesses in healthy lifestyle management from established digital intervention approaches. The results help us understand how digital interventions influence lifestyle management and overcome the existing shortcomings. It serves as a basis for further research with a focus on designing, developing, testing, and evaluating the generation of personalized lifestyle recommendations as a part of digital health interventions.

• Muaaz, Muhammad; Chelli, Ali; Gerdes, Martin & Pätzold, Matthias Uwe (2021). Wi-Sense: a passive human activity recognition system using Wi-Fi and convolutional neural network and its integration in health information systems. Annales des télécommunications. ISSN 0003-4347. 77. doi: 10.1007/s12243-021-00865-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Shahaab, Ali; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Khatiwada, Pankaj (2021). Leveraging Technology for Healthcare and Retaining Access to Personal Health Data to Enhance Health and Well-being. In Bhattacharyya, Siddhartha (Eds.), Recent Trends in Computational Intelligence Enabled Research. Elsevier. ISSN 9780128228449. p. 367–376. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-822844-9.00044-X. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Prinz, Andreas & Martinez, Santiago (2021). Comparing Performance of Ensemble-Based Machine Learning Algorithms to Identify Potential Obesity Risk Factors from Public Health Datasets. In Hassanien, Aboul Ella; Bhattacharyya, Siddhartha; Chakrabati, Satyajit; Bhattacharya, Abhishek & Dutta, Soumi (Ed.), Emerging Technologies in Data Mining and Information Security. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer. ISSN 9789811599262. p. 253–269. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-9927-9_26. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Prinz, Andreas & Martinez, Santiago (2021). A Comparative Study to Analyze the Performance of Advanced Pattern Recognition Algorithms for Multi-Class Classification. In Tavares, J. M. R. S.; Chakrabarti, S.; Bhattacharya, A. & Ghatak, S. (Ed.), Emerging Technologies in Data Mining and Information Security. Springer. ISSN 9789811597732. p. 111–124. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-9774-9_11. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Prinz, Andreas (2021). Human Coaching Methodologies for Automatic Electronic Coaching (eCoaching) as Behavioral Interventions with Information and Communication Technology: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR). ISSN 1439-4456. 23(3). doi: 10.2196/23533. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2021). An Automatic Ontology-Based Approach to Support Logical Representation of Observable and Measurable Data for Healthy Lifestyle Management: Proof-of-Concept Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR). ISSN 1439-4456. 23(4), p. 1–28. doi: 10.2196/24656. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2020). Identification of Risk Factors Associated with Obesity and Overweight - A Machine Learning Overview. Sensors. 20(9). doi: 10.3390/s20092734. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Prinz, Andreas; Martinez, Santiago & Medin, Anine Christine (2020). Reference Design Model for a Smart e-Coach Recommendation System for Lifestyle Support Based on ICT Technologies. In Sendra, Sandra; Murata, Yoshitoshi; Civit-Masot, Javier & Rajh, Arian (Ed.), eTELEMED 2020, The Twelfth International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine. International Academy, Research and Industry Association (IARIA). ISSN 9781612087634. p. 52–58. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33574.47689. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As acknowledged by the World Health Organization (WHO), the demographic development shows that by 2030, 8 out of the 10 foremost causes of death will be connected to risk conditions of lifestyle diseases, regardless of gender. Chronic illness associated with modifiable lifestyle factors will be accountable for the highest death worldwide. Health behavior change should be given priority to avoid serious reparations. An Electronic Coach (e-Coach) system can empower people to achieve a healthy lifestyle with early risk predictions and appropriate tailored lifestyle recommendations. Research in eHealth has the potential to provide methods in order to improve personal healthcare with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). An Electronic Health (e-Health) virtual coaching recommendation system can monitor people and convey the appropriate recommendations in context with enough time to prevent, ameliorate the living with non-communicable or lifestyle diseases. This paper addresses the potential of selected emerging information and communication technologies to make e-Health systems smarter, more collaborative and more efficient. As a result of the analysis, a reference design is discussed here to develop and validate the performance of a smart e-Coach system utilizing ICT, Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to provide individual lifestyle recommendations aiming at a healthier lifestyle to prevent obesity and overweight. The healthcare sector is still looking for collaborative, user-friendly, optimized, cost-effective, reliable systems for health e-Coaching with contextual, tailored lifestyle recommendations and our current research is focused on its implementation and validation, considering obesity and overweight as a case study.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2020). Statistical Explorations and Univariate Timeseries Analysis on COVID-19 Datasets to Understand the Trend of Disease Spreading and Death. Sensors. 20(11). doi: 10.3390/s20113089. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2020). Development of a Smart e-Coach Recommendation System for Obesity. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 270, p. 1259–1260. doi: 10.3233/SHTI200391. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2020). Teaching Methods in a Health and Social Informatics Master Program, Proceedings from the 2019 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI'19). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781728155845. p. 888–891. doi: 10.1109/CSCI49370.2019.00169. Full text in Research Archive
• Khatiwada, Pankaj; Bhusal, Hari; Chatterjee, Ayan & Gerdes, Martin (2020). A Proposed Access Control-Based Privacy Preservation Model to Share Healthcare Data in Cloud. IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking, and Communications. ISSN 2160-4886. p. 40–47. doi: 10.1109/WiMob50308.2020.9253414. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2019). Evaluering av pedagogiske metoder og organisering på et masterkurs i teknologiforståelse for helseinformatikk. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2019). eHealth Initiatives for The Promotion of Healthy Lifestyle and Allied Implementation Difficulties, 2019 International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781728133164. p. 7–14. doi: 10.1109/WiMOB.2019.8923324. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Jortveit, Jarle & Fensli, Rune Werner (2019). A Decision-support Algorithm for Self-management of Anticoagulation Therapy Used in a Smartphone Application, Proceedings from 2019 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC2019). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781728129990. p. 1077–1080. doi: 10.1109/ISCC47284.2019.8969693. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2018). Curriculum Development of a Health Informatics Master Course in Understanding Technology. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 255, p. 227–231. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-921-8-227. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Education in health informatics is an important contribution to the digital transformation in health care services, and there is a need to combine health and technology competencies. Traditional ways with separation of health sciences and computer science have shortcomings, and there is need for individuals with a holistic view and relevant education background for improving the technology-supported clinical work processes. This paper presents how the curriculum was organised in a course in “Understanding Technology”, which was a part of a Master's Programme in Health Informatics. The course targeted different aspects of technology for students with a diverse background, and it was organised with the aim to provide the students with theoretical technical insights and apply the knowledge through problem-solving and practical use. The course was decentralised and had a student-centred teaching approach over one semester.

• Abomhara, Mohamed Ali Saleh; Smaradottir, Berglind; Køien, Geir Myrdahl & Gerdes, Martin (2018). Sharing with care multidisciplinary teams and secure access to electronic health records. In Zwiggelaar, Reyer; Gamboa, Hugo; Fred, Ana & Badia, Sergi Bermúdez i (Ed.), Proceedings of the 11th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies Vol 5 Healthinf2018. SciTePress. ISSN 9789897582813. p. 379–386. doi: 10.5220/0006562403790386. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Ensuring patient privacy and improving patient care quality are two of the most significant challenges faced by healthcare systems around the world. This paper describes the importance and challenges of effective multidisciplinary team treatment and the sharing of patient healthcare records in healthcare delivery. At present, electronic health records are used to create, manage and share patient healthcare information efficiently and effectively. The security and privacy concerns with sharing and the proper use of protected health information need to be highlighted. Additionally, an access control solution is presented, which is suitable for collaborative healthcare systems to address concerns with information sharing and information access. In this access control model, the multidisciplinary team is classified based on Belbin’s team role theory to ensure that access rights are adapted dynamically to the actual needs of healthcare professionals and to guarantee confidentiality as well as protect the privacy of sensitive patient information.

• Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Tjondronegoro, Dian (2017). Conceptualization of a Personalized eCoach for Wellness Promotion, Proceedings of the 11th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth 2017). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ISSN 9781450363631. p. 365–374. doi: 10.1145/3154862.3154930. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Gallefoss, Frode & Fensli, Rune Werner (2017). The EU project “United4Health”: Results and experiences from automatic health status assessment in a Norwegian telemedicine trial system. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. ISSN 1357-633X. 25(1), p. 46–53. doi: 10.1177/1357633X17735558. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease require help in daily life situations to increase their individual perception of security, especially under worsened medical conditions. Unnecessary hospital (re-)admissions and home visits by doctors or nurses shall be avoided. This study evaluates the results from a two-year telemedicine field trial for automatic health status assessment based on remote monitoring and analysis of a long time series of vital signs data from patients at home over periods of weeks or months. Methods After discharge from hospital treatment for acute exacerbations, 94 patients were recruited for follow-up by the trial system. The system supported daily measurements of pulse and transdermal peripheral capillary oxygen saturation at patients' homes, a symptom-specific questionnaire, and provided nurses trained to use telemedicine ("telenurses") with an automatically generated health status overview of all monitored patients. A colour code (green/yellow/red) indicated whether the patient was stable or had a notable deterioration, while red alerts highlighted those in most urgent need of follow-up. The telenurses could manually overwrite the status level based on the patients' conditions observed through video consultation. Results Health status evaluation in 4970 telemonitor datasets were assessed retrospectively. The automatic health status determination (subgroup of 33 patients) showed green status at 46% of the days during a one-month monitoring period, 28% yellow status, and 19% red status (no data reported at 7% of the days). The telenurses manually downrated approximately 10% of the red or yellow alerts. Discussion The evaluation of the defined real-time health status assessment algorithms, which involve static rules with personally adapted elements, shows limitations to adapt long-term home monitoring with adequate interpretation of day-to-day changes in the patient's condition. Thus, due to the given sensitivity and specificity of such algorithms, it seems challenging to avoid false high alerts.

• Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Smaradottir, Berglind; Fensli, Rune Werner & Jortveit, Jarle (2017). Warfarin Guide: Co-design of a Mobile Computer-Assisted Anticoagulant Therapy. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 245, p. 1222–1222. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-830-3-1222. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Patients with some types of cardiovascular disease are prescribed anticoagulation therapy with Warfarin in order to control the ability of blood clotting. This work presents a co-designed mobile application, called Warfarin Guide, for a computer-assisted anticoagulant therapy. The application addresses the challenges that unexperienced patients may find when having to remember to regularly check their INR values and make temporary adjustments for INR value fluctuations that are not easy to interpret without direct medical advice.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2016). The EU-project United4Health: User-centred design of an information system for a Norwegian telemedicine service. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. ISSN 1357-633X. 22(7), p. 422–429. doi: 10.1177/1357633X15615048. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). User Interface Development of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application A User-centred Design Process. In Miller, Leslie & Culén, Alma Leora (Ed.), ACHI 2015, The Eighth International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions. ThinkMind. ISSN 9781612083827. p. 57–62. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Health sector is undergoing changes at all levels due to recent health reforms. Services traditionally offered by specialized health care are being transferred to primary health care managed by municipalities. In this context, telemedicine technology is introduced to facilitate new services that support communication across local borders, optimizing resources and increasing cost effectiveness. This study focuses on the user-centred design, iterative development and evaluation of the user interface of a mobile application to be used in a new telemedicine service for remote monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms. The research is a result of the cooperation between a municipality and a hospital as part of the European Commission project United4Health. Through a user-centred design approach, the tablet device application was developed based on information gathered in a workshop and group interviews where the end-users, patients and health professionals, described their preferred way of interacting with the telemedicine technology. User evaluations reported positive results on the ease of use and user satisfaction with the interaction with the application. Iterative application’s user interface refinements were made through several end-users’ evaluations, resulting in a fully developed system suitable for remote monitoring.

• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Reichert, Frank & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Telemedicine and Cooperative Remote Healthcare Services: COPD Field Trial. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 210, p. 455–457. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-512-8-455. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The introduction of sustainable telemedicine solutions throughout Europe requires the development of secure, flexible and expandable systems and the evaluation of their operation in real-world settings such as field trials. This paper describes a system for a remote monitoring and care support field trial with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. By following a user-centred-development and Privacy by Design approach, the needs of all involved user groups could be addressed, while fulfilling, at the same time, national requirements with emphasis in security and privacy protection. The solution covers specific applications and services for COPD patients and their remote care takers, but allows the generalization of its applicability to other patient groups.

• Gerdes, Martin & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). End-to-end Security and Privacy Protection for Co-operative Access to Health and Care Data in a Telehealth Trial System for Remote Supervision of COPD-Patients, SHI 2015 - Proceedings of the 13th Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics, June 15-17, Tromsø, Norway. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISSN 9789176859858. p. 25–32. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Reichert, Frank & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Telemedicine and Cooperative Remote Healthcare Services: COPD Field Trial. In Cornet, Ronald; Stoicu-Tivadar, Lăcrămioara; Hörbst, Alexander; Calderón, Carlos Luis Parra; Andersen, Stig Kjær & Hercigonja-Szekeres, Mira (Ed.), Digital Healthcare Empowering Europeans, Proceedings of MIE2015. IOS Press. ISSN 9781614995111. p. 455–457. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-512-8-455. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The introduction of sustainable telemedicine solutions throughout Europe requires the development of secure, flexible and expandable systems and the evaluation of their operation in real-world settings such as field trials. This paper describes a system for a remote monitoring and care support field trial with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. By following a user-centred-development and Privacy by Design approach, the needs of all involved user groups could be addressed, while fulfilling, at the same time, national requirements with emphasis in security and privacy protection. The solution covers specific applications and services for COPD patients and their remote care takers, but allows the generalization of its applicability to other patient groups.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). Usability Evaluation of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application. In Cornet, Ronald; Stoicu-Tivadar, Lăcrămioara; Hörbst, Alexander; Calderón, Carlos Luis Parra; Andersen, Stig Kjær & Hercigonja-Szekeres, Mira (Ed.), Digital Healthcare Empowering Europeans, Proceedings of MIE2015. IOS Press. ISSN 9781614995111. p. 845–849. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-512-8-845. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Telemedicine applications have the potential to enhance patient’s safety at home by remote monitoring of chronic diseases. Telemedicine involves the interaction between multiple user groups through a system, making the usability aspect of such system crucial for the continuous, efficient and satisfactory use of the application. The main objective of this study was to carry out a usability evaluation in the field of a telemedicine application for remote monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients to improve the application’s user interface before system deployment. A field trial was performed with six COPD patients at their homes, continuously using the system’s application on a tablet for seven days. The usability evaluation identified 23 usability problems related to users’ interactions and system’s functionality. These problems were solved with the refinement of the system through an iterative application development process. The outcome of the study was the improved telemedicine application that was adopted by the partners of the FP7 EU project United4Health.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). Usability evaluation of a COPD remote monitoring application. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 210, p. 845–849. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-512-8-845. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). The EU-project United4Health: user-centred design and evaluation of a collaborative information system for a Norwegian telehealth service. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 216, p. 892–892. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-564-7-892. Full text in Research Archive
• Abomhara, Mohamed Ali Saleh; Gerdes, Martin & Køien, Geir Myrdahl (2015). A STRIDE-Based Threat Model for Telehealth Systems. Norsk Informasjonssikkerhetskonferanse (NISK). ISSN 1893-6563. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Trinugroho, Dafferianto & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). "Security, reliability and usability of mHealth environments". In Sasan, Adibi (Eds.), "Mobile Health - A Technology Road Map". Springer. ISSN 9783319128160. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-12817-7_43. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Reichert, Frank; Nytun, Jan Pettersen & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Reference Design for Smart Collaborative Telehealth and Telecare Services based on IoT Technologies. In Arabnia, Hamid R.; Deligiannidis, Leonidas & Tran, Qouc-Nam (Ed.), 2015 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781467397957. p. 817–820. doi: 10.1109/CSCI.2015.135. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). User-Centered Design of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application Experiences from the EU-project United4Health. International Journal On Advances in Software. 8(3 & 4), p. 350–360. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Recent health reforms in Norway have produced changes at all levels of the health sector, bringing to light a need for technology solutions explicitly designed for enhancing end-user collaboration. Telemedicine technology can support in this context new services that enable communication across local borders, optimizing resources and increasing cost effectiveness. This study focuses on the user-centered design, iterative development and evaluation of the user interface of a mobile application for a new telemedicine service for remote monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. The tablet device application was developed based on information gathered in a workshop and group interviews where the end-users, e.g., patients and health professionals, described their preferred way of interacting with the telemedicine technology. User evaluations showed positive results on the ease of use and user satisfaction regarding the interaction with the application. Application’s user interface refinements were made iteratively through several end-users’ evaluations, resulting in a fully developed system suitable for remote monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Furthermore, the process led to the deployment of a telemedicine system, adopted by the partners of the project United4Health as part of the 7th Framework Programme for Research of the European Union.

• Gerdes, Martin; Reichert, Frank; Nytun, Jan Pettersen & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Future telehealth and telecare reference dDesign based on IoT technologies: from remote monitoring to smart collaborative services with decision support. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 216, p. 891–891. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-564-7-891. Full text in Research Archive
• Fensli, Marthe M. Fosse; Thygesen, Elin; Gerdes, Martin & Fensli, Rune Werner (2014). Need for Telecare for Home Residents with Dementia: Potential Solutions - Based on the Experiences of Close Relatives and Healthcare Professionals. In Moe, Carl Erik & Fossum, Mariann (Ed.), Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics; August 22; 2014; Grimstad; Norway. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISSN 9789175192413. p. 61–68. Full text in Research Archive
• Amjad, Mohammad Mahdi Mahdavi; Rasta, Kamyar; Gerdes, Martin & Fensli, Rune Werner (2014). An Approach Towards Information Quality Management of Electronic Health Records, 2014 Proceedings of the International Conference on Health Informatics. SciTePress. ISSN 9789897580109. p. 270–275. doi: 10.5220/0004752402700275. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Electronic Health Records (EHR) management systems, have gained attention in many countries as public organizations working in health domain (such as hospitals and municipalities) use them to lift the quality of health care. EHRs are considered as the basis for establishing Health Information Service (HIS) systems. In spite of remarkable advantages of EHRs, the lack of quality metrics can reduce the efficiency of high level systems that are based on them. Particularly, it is smart to design a mechanism to assure the quality of data generated by sensors. In this paper, we propose an architecture in which EHRs are enriched with metadata to provide the information quality. Our architecture emphasizes on the quality of EHRs since we believe that the quality aspect of health records has not been contemplated in many commercial systems. We utilize some quality dimensions to produce the total quality metric. Moreover, we show that this architecture can provide quality-based systems with more appropriate inputs.

• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind & Fensli, Rune Werner (2014). End-to-End Infrastructure for Usability Evaluation of eHealth Applications and Services. In Moe, Carl Erik & Fossum, Mariann (Ed.), Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics; August 22; 2014; Grimstad; Norway. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISSN 9789175192413. p. 53–59. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  eHealth technologies are widely used in collaborative health care services involving multiple different user groups. A very important aspect of the design and development of such applications is the ease-of-use and user-friendliness of the user interface for the end-users. Usability testing is performed in a simulation or real environment to ensure that the system is adapted to the specific needs of the different end-users and to evaluate the interaction between users and system. The aim of this paper is to present an infrastructure for end-to-end usability testing of eHealth technologies in a controlled environment simulating both the Point-of-Care and the Health and Care Service Provider. The primary focus is on the requirements and technical aspects of the test infrastructure itself, but on top of that also a trial project is presented where the proposed usability testing infrastructure has been used and validated

• Trinugroho, Dafferianto; Gerdes, Martin; Amjad, Mohammad Mahdi Mahdavi; Reichert, Frank & Fensli, Rune Werner (2013). A REST-Based Publish/Subscribe Platform to Support Things-to-Services Communications. In Gaol, Ford Lumban; Hidayat, Iswahyudi & Susanto, Erwin (Ed.), 19th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC 2013). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781467360487. p. 321–326. doi: 10.1109/apcc.2013.6765964. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The term “Internet of Things” has been used widely in recent years, bringing up a grand idea of connecting physical objects with one another through both wired and wireless networks. Maturity of the Internet Protocol has pushed 21st century communications between devices to go all-IP, which includes everyday objects. Many new services are deployed in the “cloud”, utilising the Internet infrastructure and the Web, and information from everyday objects can play an important role. This paper presents an information integration platform which enables everyday objects to communicate with Internet services based on event-driven service-oriented architecture paradigm. A proof-of-concept prototype that has been developed is also described, and two application scenarios within healthcare domain are presented as well.

• Gerdes, Martin; Trinugroho, Dafferianto & Fensli, Rune Werner (2013). Aspects of Standardisation for Point-of-Care Solutions and Remote Home Monitoring Services. In Bellika, Johan Gustav; Bygholm, Ann; Dencker, Mette; Fossum, Mariann; Galster, Gert; Hartvigsen, Gunnar; Heljesen, Ole; Karlsson, Daniel; Koch, Sabine & Moe, Carl Erik (Ed.), Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics 2013. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISSN 9789175195186. p. 19–24. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The health care services are focusing on seamless healthcare and defining typical patient flow conditions, where a close follow-up from the patient’s home after hospital treatment can be important in order to avoid read missions. In several international projects different technological solutions have been developed with the aim of obtaining an international standardized solution from end-to-end perspective in the information chain, where vital signs data are measured in the patient’s home and transmitted to the hospital specialist. This is, however, a complex task without any clear recommendations, which leads to local variations in the implementations and to island solutions. The consequence will be no or limited interoperability of systems across organizations and local boundaries of services. In this paper we will highlight different levels of standards and give some recommendations for future research, based on a typical scenario for a remote home monitoring situation.

• Trinugroho, Dafferianto; Rasta, Kamyar; Nguyen, Trinh Hoang; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Reichert, Frank (2012). A LOCATION-INDEPENDENT REMOTE HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM UTILISING ENTERPRISE SERVICE BUS. IADIS International Journal on WWW/Internet. ISSN 1645-7641. 10(2), p. 88–106. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Telehealth has been widely used in recent years to provide healthcare services at a distance. It supports eliminating space barriers and improves access to healthcare services, as well as alleviates cost burden of healthcare services by moving non-urgent treatments from healthcare premises to patients’ homes. This is currently feasible to achieve by employing portable on-body wireless sensors for reading vital signs within Wireless Body Area Networks, and Internet technologies. This information is then forwarded to a back-end server, and responsible personnel (doctors, nurses, family members etc.) are notified in a real-time manner. However, patients may leave their homes for some walks and their vital information is still needed to be monitored remotely by their care providers. Thus, indoor-outdoor scenarios should also be considered by the end-to-end system. This paper presents an architecture for a location-independent remote health monitoring system by utilising Enterprise Service Bus for centralised data integration from different data sources. A prototype, which has been implemented as a proof-of-concept, is also presented.

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• Balaji, Saishashank; Sanfilippo, Filippo; Gerdes, Martin & Prattichizzo, Domenico (2021). A Perspective on Intervention Approaches for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1 in 160 children globally. Autism is characterised by abnormalities in communication, social interactions and behavioural challenges. Sensory processing disorders (SPD) affect two-thirds of children with autism. This causes anxiety and typically leads to repetitive behaviour referred to as problem behaviours; stereotypy and aggression are some of the most frequently observed problem behaviours in children with autism. Behavioural interventions may help reduce symptoms, develop cognitive capacity, and improve the child's ability to participate in social activities. A growing body of literature suggests that technological advancements in mobile health (mHealth) services may provide effective interventions to address the core symptoms of autism. One of the central challenges is to help children with ASD adapt to their surroundings by mitigating their problem behaviours. One of the most promising possibilities is to monitor physiological signals with wearable sensors to anticipate the onset of interfering behaviour and provide intervention through wearable assistive devices. This paper presents a new perspective on state-of-the-art intervention technologies in managing problem behaviour and discusses potential proactive intervention methods. We present a novel mHealth framework for behavioural interventions with the proactive use of wearable devices for empathic multi-modal auditory-visual-tactile feedback.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2020). A Statistical Study to Analyze the Impact of External Weather Change on Chronic Pulmonary Infection in South Norway with Machine Learning Algorithms. In Intelligent Technologies and Applications. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2019). Evaluering av pedagogiske metoder og organisering på et helseinformatikk masterkurs i Teknologiforståelse. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2019). Evaluering av pedagogiske metoder og organisering på et helseinformatikk masterkurs i Teknologiforståelse. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2019). Teaching Methods in a Health and Social Informatics Master Program. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Jortveit, Jarle & Fensli, Rune Werner (2019). A Decision-support Algorithm for Self-management of Anticoagulation Therapy Used in a Smartphone Application. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2019). Experiences from teaching informatics to students with health background. Full text in Research Archive
• Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Thygesen, Elin & Fensli, Rune Werner [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Teaching High School Students eHealth through Role-play and Laboratory Simulation. Medicinsk Informatika. ISSN 1330-1799. 14, p. 35–36. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2018). Curriculum Development of a Health Informatics Master Course in Understanding Technology. Full text in Research Archive
• Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Thygesen, Elin & Fensli, Rune Werner [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Teaching High School Students eHealth through Roleplay and Laboratory Simulation. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The transformation and digitalisation of health and care services foresees a need for recruitment of young individuals having a combination of health- and computer science knowledge to contribute in the workforces of the future. At the University of Agder in Norway there has been an eHealth Centre since year 2010 [1], where both already implemented and proposed eHealth services can be simulated and tested. In the project High School Students as Co-researchers in eHealth, experienced researchers allowed high school students to be enrolled in a project course to actively play and test an eHealth scenario. This paper aims at sharing the experiences on how the pilot of a class consisting of 10 high school students at the age of 17-19 years, were taught eHealth through role-play and simulation in the eHealth Centre. The research question stated was: How to introduce high school students to eHealth research and services in a life-long learning perspective?

• Martinez, Santiago; Gerdes, Martin; C., Santhosh Kumar; Kumar, Anand; Gill, Steve & Loudon, Gareth (2018). eHealth activists: the lifeline for remote rural villages in India. Full text in Research Archive
• Abomhara, Mohamed Ali Saleh; Smaradottir, Berglind; Køien, Geir Myrdahl & Gerdes, Martin (2018). Sharing With Care- Multidisciplinary Teams and Secure Access to Electronic Health Records. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Tjondronegoro, Dian (2017). Conceptualization of a Personalized eCoach for Wellness Promotion. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Evidence-based health promotion programs implement clinical practice guidelines built upon results of clinical trials with a definite number of participants, collected during a specific period of time. Wearable technologies allow for continuous observation of wellness parameters of multiple citizens, combined with monitoring of activities and context parameters involved in citizens’ wellness. A statistical inference model can describe the relation between multidimensional activities and context parameters, the wellness of an individual and a comparable reference group, utilizing machine learning techniques and knowledge from continuous observations of multiple citizens. This paper presents a holistic concept of a coach system, namely eCoach, that combines specialized medical evidence available from randomized control trials, with individual and reference knowledge to create and reinforce wellness-based recommendations. The eCoach adapts these recommendations in a continuous personalized coaching dialog addressing citizen’s needs and preferences.

• Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Smaradottir, Berglind; Fensli, Rune Werner & Jortveit, Jarle (2017). Warfarin Guide: Co-design of a Mobile Computer-Assisted Anticoagulant Therapy. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin (2015). End-2-End System for Telehealth and Telecare Support of Home-based Patients. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin (2015). End-to-end Security and Privacy Protection for Co-operative Access to Health and Care Data in a Telehealth Trial System for Remote Supervision of COPD-Patients. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). The EU-project United4Health: User-Centred Design and Evaluation of a Collaborative Information System for a Norwegian Telehealth Service. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Reichert, Frank & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Telemedicine and Cooperative Remote Healthcare Services: COPD Field Trial. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Reichert, Frank; Nytun, Jan Pettersen & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Future Telehealth and Telecare Reference Design based on IoT Technologies: From Remote Monitoring to Smart Collaborative Services with Decision Support. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin (2015). End-2-End System for Telehealth and Telecare Support of Home-based Patients. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). User-Centred Design of an Information System for a Norwegian Telehealth Service. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin (2015). Reference Design for Smart Collaborative Telehealth and Telecare Services based on IoT Technologies. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). User Interface Development of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application- A User-centred Design Process. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). Usability Evaluation of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin (2015). End-2-End System for Telehealth and Telecare Support of Home-based Patients. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin & Fensli, Rune Werner (2014). The Norwegian COPD pilot implementation - Secured and Sustainable Collaborative Services (Special Session on United4Health). Full text in Research Archive
• Fensli, Rune Werner; Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth & Thygesen, Elin (2014). Samhandling på tvers med fokus på sikker implementering, avklaring av databehandlingsansvar og varige driftsløsninger. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind & Fensli, Rune Werner (2014). End-to-end Infrastructure for Usability Evaluation of eHealth Applications and Services. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  eHealth technologies are widely used in collaborative health care services involving multiple different user groups. A very important aspect of the design and development of such applications is the ease-of-use and user-friendliness of the user interface for the end-users. Usability testing is performed in a simulation or real environment to ensure that the system is adapted to the specific needs of the different end-users and to evaluate the interaction between users and system. The aim of this paper is to present an infrastructure for end-to-end usability testing of eHealth technologies in a controlled environment simulating both the Point-of-Care and the Health and Care Service Provider. The primary focus is on the requirements and technical aspects of the test infrastructure itself, but on top of that also a trial project is presented where the proposed usability testing infrastructure has been used and validated

• Smaradottir, Berglind & Gerdes, Martin (2014). Demonstration of United4Health telemedicine application for home-monitoring of COPD-symptoms. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Amjad, Mohammad Mahdi Mahdavi; Rasta, Kamyar & Fensli, Rune Werner (2014). An Approach towards Information Quality Management of Electronic Health Records. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Trinugroho, Dafferianto & Gerdes, Martin (2013). Framtidens eldreomsorg i eget hjem. Full text in Research Archive
• Fensli, Rune Werner; Trinugroho, Dafferianto & Gerdes, Martin (2013). mPasient med åpen informasjonsstruktur for fremtidens trygghetsalarmer og hjemmeboende pasienter. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin (2013). Connected Personal eHealth Service Infrastructure - smart, user-friendly, expandable, safe and reliable -. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth & Trinugroho, Dafferianto (2013). Demonstration of telehealth and telecare applications in the UiA eHealth center, with focus on technology and usability testing of remote diagnosis solutions. Full text in Research Archive
• Fensli, Rune Werner; Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin & Trinugroho, Dafferianto (2013). Tester ut e-helse på UiA. [TV]. http://www.nrk.no/sorlandet/tester-ut-e-helse-pa-uia-1.10894. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin (2013). Aspects of Standardisation for Point-of-Care Solutions and Remote Home Monitoring Services. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin & Fensli, Rune Werner (2019). Holistic System Design for Distributed National eHealth Services. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 9788271179229. Full text in Research Archive

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