Santiago Gil Martinez

• Øgård-Repål, Anita; Johnsen, Hege Mari; Martinez, Santiago; Fangen, Kim & Ersfjord, Ellen Margrete Iveland (2025). Addressing power imbalances in co-production of a telehealth solution for HIV care in an outpatient clinic: a case study. Discover Health Systems. 4. doi: 10.1007/s44250-025-00270-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Despite the rise of co-production of telehealth services, little attention has been given to power imbalances between patients and healthcare professionals. This case study investigated how employing a co-production model with an emphasis on patient perspectives affects power dynamics in the development of a telehealth solution for individuals living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Southern Norway. This study applied a qualitative, participatory action research design to a co-production workshop with nine participants. To address power imbalance, we tested a workshop methodology guided by a theoretical model that centres on patients’ voices and perspectives. Data from the workshop, including insights of patients, healthcare professionals (nurses and physicians), information and communication technology personnel and administrative officers, were gathered and analysed using a rapid evaluation and assessment method (REAM). Our findings and lessons learned are discussed through the lens of our chosen theoretical model. Our study showed that the co-production methodology was useful for supporting the patients in raising their voices and helping healthcare professionals familiarise themselves with patients’ perspectives—and vice versa. More symmetrical and balanced power relations between the workshop participants were achieved. The workshop provided a foundation for further co-production of telehealth solutions between patients and service providers. The methodology employed in the workshop underscored the fact that inclusive design of healthcare services that addresses potential power imbalances is critical when working with populations of people living with chronic conditions such as HIV to counteract the risk of exclusion of people.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Prinz, Andreas; Riegler, Michael & Martinez, Santiago (2024). Semantic representation and comparative analysis of physical activity sensor observations using MOX2-5 sensor in real and synthetic datasets: a proof-of-concept-study. Scientific Reports. 14(1), p. 1–21. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55183-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Wanderås, Magnus; Abildsnes, Eirik; Thygesen, Elin & Martinez, Santiago (2024). Hammering nails with a screwdriver: how GPs perceive video consultations. British Journal of General Practice Open. 8(4), p. 1–10. doi: 10.3399/BJGPO.2024.0010. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of video consultation (VC) expanded considerably, with GPs indicating high satisfaction with it. However, use of VC declined as lockdown measures were eased. Aim: To explore reasons why VC use has declined in Norwegian general practice since the start of the pandemic by investigating GPs’ experiences with VC and their attitudes towards it in a post-pandemic setting. Design & setting: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with 13 GPs in southern Norway between May 2022 and March 2023. Method: Data analysis was conducted by applying the six steps of Braun and Clarke’s reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Although the implementation of VCs was unplanned, most participants were able to use this modality without much problem. Several GPs initially envisioned long-term VC use. However, despite certain positives, VCs were largely sidelined in favour of face-to-face and telephone consultations, owing to their practicality and VC’s limited usefulness when considering the extra effort required. Nonetheless, GPs recognised ways of using VC that might exploit its strengths, but they highlighted how its sustained use would require them to replace other consultation modalities. They also identified extrinsic factors that might lead to the increased use of VC, including improved VC technology and patient demand. Conclusion: Although VC is now part of many GPs’ consultation toolboxes, its perceived relative lack of usefulness and extra effort compared with other remote consultation modalities mean that most GPs have chosen to abandon it as a routine consultation modality.

• Johnsen, Hege Mari; Øgård-Repål, Anita; Martinez, Santiago; Fangen, Kim; Aas, Kristin Bårdsen & Ersfjord, Ellen Margrete Iveland (2024). Patients’ perceptions of use, needs, and preferences related to a telemedicine solution for HIV care in a Norwegian outpatient clinic: a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research. 24, p. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12913-024-10659-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Telemedicine in outpatient services for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) was scaled up during the COVID-19 pandemic as services transitioned to remote care. Many studies have reported on the challenges and advantages of telemedicine care during the pandemic. However, there is limited research on the provision of telemedicine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, which entails different telemedicine components and focuses on ways to improve the telemedicine experience for patients. This study aimed to explore PLHIV’s perceptions of use, needs, and preferences related to a telemedicine solution for HIV care in an outpatient clinic in Norway. The telemedicine solution included a pre-consultation questionnaire, asynchronous digital messages, and video consultation. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 PLHIV. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: We identified four main themes that covered the participants’ perceptions, needs, and preferences: (1) perceived usability, (2) maintaining confidentiality, (3) accommodating personal preferences, and (4) perceived usefulness. Some participants had difficulty logging into the telemedicine solution. Other participants suggested additional functionalities, such as picture sharing and access to test result. Telemedicine care enabled the avoidance of stigmatising clinic experiences, although a few participants reported concerns about confidentiality and data security. Accommodating personal preferences and needs in terms of the type of consultations (in-person or video) and frequency of visits was essential to the participants. With telemedicine care, participants felt more in control of their own lives, perceiving that it increased their perceived quality of life and saved them both time and money for travelling to the clinic. Conclusions: Our study identified several specific needs and preferences related to the assessed technical solution and the provision of current and future telemedicine care services. Nevertheless, the telemedicine solution was perceived as a usable, flexible, and person-centred approach to HIV care, contributing to accommodating the participants’ personal preferences. However, healthcare professionals need to ensure that individual requirements and preferences are consistent with evidence-based follow-up and supported by person-centred care. Thus, the practice of shared decision making is important in telemedicine care.

• Martinez, Santiago; Mbabazi, Pamela S.; Sebitloane, Motshedisi H.; Vwalika, Bellington; Mocumbi, Sibone & Galappaththi-Arachchige, Hashini Nilushika [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2024). The WHO atlas for female-genital schistosomiasis: Co-design of a practicable diagnostic guide, digital support and training. PLOS Global Public Health. 4:e0002249(3), p. 1–25. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002249. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Up to 56 million young and adult women of African origin suffer from Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS). The transmission of schistosomiasis happens through contact with schistosomiasis infested fresh water in rivers and lakes. The transmission vector is the snail that releases immature worms capable of penetrating the human skin. The worm then matures and mates in the blood vessels and deposits its eggs in tissues, causing urogenital disease. There is currently no gold standard for FGS diagnosis. Reliable diagnostics are challenging due to the lack of appropriate instruments and clinical skills. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends “screen-and-treat” cervical cancer management, by means of visual inspection of characteristic lesions on the cervix and point-of-care treatment as per the findings. FGS may be mistaken for cervical cancer or sexually transmitted diseases. Misdiagnosis may lead to the wrong treatment, increased risk of exposure to other infectious diseases (human immunodeficiency virus and human papilloma virus), infertility and stigmatisation. The necessary clinical knowledge is only available to a few experts in the world. For an appropriate diagnosis, this knowledge needs to be transferred to health professionals who have minimal or non-existing laboratory support. Co-design workshops were held with stakeholders (WHO representative, national health authority, FGS experts and researchers, gynaecologists, nurses, medical doctors, public health experts, technical experts, and members of the public) to make prototypes for the WHO Pocket Atlas for FGS, a mobile diagnostic support tool and an e-learning tool for health professionals. The dissemination targeted health facilities, including remote areas across the 51 anglophone, francophone and lusophone African countries. Outcomes were endorsed by the WHO and comprise a practical diagnostic guide for FGS in low-resource environments.

• Subedi, Sarala Ghimire; Martinez, Santiago; Hartvigsen, Gunnar & Gerdes, Martin (2023). Augmented Reality enhanced device usage training tool for in-home health-self-monitoring by pregnant women. Reports of the European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies. doi: 10.48340/ihc2023_p015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Virtual care comprising virtual visits and monitoring via audio or video has the potential to reduce access barriers to care and has been successfully implemented in prenatal care. It reduces the frequency of in-person visits and increases self-care skills. However, the knowledge and competence in handling monitoring equipment at home directly influences satisfaction and engagement with the system and the quality of the information provided to healthcare professionals. Therefore, providing ad-hoc training to end-users would help develop confidence in using devices at home correctly. This paper proposes an augmented reality (AR) application to guide and train pregnant women to use monitoring devices. The aim is to instruct pregnant women to use the monitoring devices and follow the video guidelines for handling them correctly. It validates pregnant women's encouragement and ability to self-care for their pregnancy.

• Subedi, Sarala Ghimire; Martinez, Santiago; Hartvigsen, Gunnar & Gerdes, Martin (2023). Virtual prenatal care: A systematic review of pregnant women's and healthcare professionals' experiences, needs, and preferences for quality care. International Journal of Medical Informatics. ISSN 1386-5056. 170. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104964. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Exploitation of telehealth in prenatal care has the potential to reduce the access barrier to care and empower women to participate in their own care. This review aims to assess the practical implications of virtual prenatal care and identify the needs and experiences associated with it. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane. The keywords used were “pregnancy”, “virtual visit”, “prenatal”, and others. The search included all relevant studies published from 2011 to 2021 written in English. Articles mentioning virtual prenatal care incorporating synchronous communication between pregnant women and health care professionals were included. Those unrelated to prenatal care or employing asynchronous means of virtual care were excluded. The review was structured following the PRISMA guidelines. Different quality appraisal methods such as JBI, CASP, NOS, and Cochrane were used to assess the methodological quality of the literature. The data were then analyzed based on the categorization of the studies. Results: Overall, 2863 articles were identified, of which 19 met the inclusion criteria after removing duplicates, screening of abstracts, and full text—four articles identified from hand-searching were incorporated, making a total of 23 eligible articles for the review. The studies’ findings revealed the preference for implementing costeffective virtual care based on the resource set, technological literacy, and consistent accessibility. Further, no significant differences in clinical outcomes were observed between two modes of care, virtual and in-person. The higher satisfaction by pregnant women and healthcare professionals indicated the continuity of the care. In addition, the hybrid model of virtual prenatal care integrated with traditional in-person care was acceptable to both low-risk and high-risk pregnant women. Virtual prenatal care substantially reduced travel time and absences from work, drops in clinic wait time and no-show rate, limited the risk of exposure during a pandemic, and increased self-accountability. Conclusion: Virtual prenatal care offers predominant advantages over in-person when it is carefully designed with the inclusion of pregnant women and healthcare professionals’ needs. Evidence showed that providing adequate technology training, proper instruction, and guidelines for initial setup and assurance of a reliable and accessible system is vital in increasing access to care.

• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik; Helmersen, Migle & Martinez, Santiago (2023). Designing Nudges in eHealth. In Sztandera, Les & Mauri, Jaime Lloret (Ed.), eTELEMED 2023 The Fifteenth International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine. eTELEMED. ISSN 9781685580803. p. 8–11. Full text in Research Archive
• Wanderås, Magnus; Abildsnes, Eirik; Thygesen, Elin & Martinez, Santiago (2023). Video consultation in general practice: a scoping review on use, experiences, and clinical decisions. BMC Health Services Research. 23(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-09309-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic forced healthcare workers to use alternative consultation approaches. In general practice, the use of video consultations (VCs) increased manyfold as countries were locked down. This scoping review aimed to summarize scientifc knowledge concerning the use of VC in general practice and focused on (1) the utilization of VC in general practice, (2) the experiences of the users of VC in general practice, and (3) how VC afected the clinical decision-making of general practitioners (GPs). Methods A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the methodology of Joanna Briggs Institute. Review questions were formulated to match each focus area. A three-step search strategy was employed to search scientifc and gray literature sources. MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, OpenGrey, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from 2010 to March 11th, 2021, and the search was re-run on August 18th, 2021. The extracted data were deductively coded into pre-defned main themes, whereas subthemes were inductively synthesized. The data within each subtheme were analysed through descriptive content analysis and presented in a narrative synthesis. Results Overall, 13 studies were included after screening 3,624 studies. Most patients were satisfed with VCs. VCs were most suitable for simpler issues, often shorter than face-to-face consultations, and were more likely to be used by younger patients. GPs enjoyed the fexibility and shorter duration of VCs; however, they felt an unsatisfactory deterioration in the GP-patient relationship. Despite the loss of clinical examination, diagnostic assessment was mostly successful, with little fear of missing serious illness. Prior clinical experience and a preexisting relationship with the patient were important factors for successful assessment via VC. Conclusions Both GPs and patients can be satisfed with VC in general practice in specifc contexts, and adequate clinical decision-making is possible. However, disadvantages such as a diminishing GP-patient relationship have been highlighted, and the use of VC in non-pandemic settings is limited. The role of VC in the future of general practice remains unclear, and further research is needed on the long-term adoption of VC in general practice.

• Martinez-Millana, Antonio; Michalsen, Henriette; Berg, Valter; Anke, Audny Gabriele Wagner; Martinez, Santiago & Muzny, Miroslav [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Motivating Physical Activity for Individuals with Intellectual Disability through Indoor Bike Cycling and Exergaming. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 19(5). doi: 10.3390/ijerph19052914. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  People with intellectual disabilities have more sedentary lifestyles than the general population. Regular physical activity is of both medical and social importance, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and promoting functioning in everyday life. Exergames have been envisioned for promoting physical activity; however, most of them are not user-friendly for individuals with intellectual disabilities. In this paper, we report the design, development, and user acceptance of a mobile health solution connected to sensors to motivate physical activity. The system is mounted on an indoor stationary bicycle and an ergometer bike tailored for people with intellectual disabilities. The development process involved the application of user-centered design principles to customize the system for this group. The system was pilot-tested in an institutional house involving six end-users (intervention group) and demonstrated/self-tested to relatives of persons with ID and staff (supervision group). A System Usability Scale and open-ended interview in the supervision group were used to assess the user acceptance and perceived usefulness. Results indicate that the users with an intellectual disability enjoyed using the system, and that respondents believed it was a useful tool to promote physical activity for the users at the institution. The results of this study provide valuable information on beneficial technological interventions to promote regular physical activity for individuals with intellectual disabilities.

• Stellander, Magnus; Henriksen, André; Michalsen, Henriette; Anke, Audny Gabriele Wagner; Ursin, Daniel & Martinez, Santiago [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Sorterius - An augmented reality app for encouraging outdoor physical activity for people with intellectual disabilities. In Henriksen, André; Gabarron, Elia & Vimarlund, Vivian (Ed.), Proceedings of the 18th Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics. Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings. ISSN 9789179293444. p. 88–91. doi: 10.3384/ecp187015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Many with intellectual disabilities (ID) have difficulties adhering to current physical activity guidelines. The goal of this study was to develop a mobile app for assisting people with ID to be more physically active. We implemented a solution that combines the digital and real world using augmented reality (AR). Eight people working with people with ID (special education teachers, social workers, psychologists, and researchers) tested the app and completed a usability test. Results indicate that a mobile app focusing on everyday life scenarios can have a potential value for the targeted user group, but AR solutions can be challenging.

• Subedi, Sarala Ghimire; Martinez, Santiago & Gerdes, Martin (2022). Self-imperative Care of Pregnancy using IoT Solutions. In Henriksen, André; Gabarron, Elia & Vimarlund, Vivian (Ed.), Proceedings of the 18th Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics. Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings. ISSN 9789179293444. p. 64–68. doi: 10.3384/ecp187011. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Typically, routine prenatal care includes several in-person visits with healthcare professionals by pregnant women, where fetal and maternal assessments are performed. This paper proposes an architectural framework for prenatal care using non-invasive, simple, and low-cost internet of things (IoT) monitoring system. The aim is to design an IoT-based architecture that serves as a fundamental system for self-imperative care in regular pregnancy check-ups in the comfort of the home that offers routine prenatalscreening tests. The system provides easy access to care regardless of the location and internet availability. We implemented preliminary architecture with simulated sensor data for blood pressure monitoring.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Pahari, Nibedita & Meena, Yogesh Kumar (2022). ProHealth eCoach: user-centered design and development of an eCoach app to promote healthy lifestyle with personalized activity recommendations. BMC Health Services Research. 22. doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-08441-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Regular physical activity (PA), healthy habits, and an appropriate diet are recommended guidelines to maintain a healthy lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle can help to avoid chronic diseases and long-term illnesses. A monitoring and automatic personalized lifestyle recommendation system (i.e., automatic electronic coach or eCoach) with considering clinical and ethical guidelines, individual health status, condition, and preferences may successfully help participants to follow recommendations to maintain a healthy lifestyle. As a prerequisite for the prototype design of such a helpful eCoach system, it is essential to involve the end-users and subject-matter experts throughout the iterative design process. Methods: We used an iterative user-centered design (UCD) approach to understend context of use and to collect qualitative data to develop a roadmap for self-management with eCoaching. We involved researchers, non-technical and technical, health professionals, subject-matter experts, and potential end-users in design process. We designed and developed the eCoach prototype in two stages, adopting diferent phases of the iterative design process. In design workshop 1, we focused on identifying end-users, understanding the user’s context, specifying user requirements, designing and developing an initial low-fdelity eCoach prototype. In design workshop 2, we focused on maturing the low-fdelity solution design and development for the visualization of continuous and discrete data, artifcial intelligence (AI)-based interval forecasting, personalized recommendations, and activity goals. Results: The iterative design process helped to develop a working prototype of eCoach system that meets end-user’s requirements and expectations towards an efective recommendation visualization, considering diversity in culture, quality of life, and human values. The design provides an early version of the solution, consisting of wearable technology, a mobile app following the “Google Material Design” guidelines, and web content for self-monitoring, goal setting, and lifestyle recommendations in an engaging manner between the eCoach app and end-users. Conclusions: The adopted iterative design process brings in a design focus on the user and their needs at each phase. Throughout the design process, users have been involved at the heart of the design to create a working.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2021). Digital interventions on healthy lifestyle management: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR). ISSN 1439-4456. 23(11). doi: 10.2196/26931. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Digital interventions have tremendous potential to improve well-being and health care conveyance by improving adequacy, proficiency, availability, and personalization. They have gained acknowledgment in interventions for the management of a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, we are reviewing existing conceptual frameworks, digital intervention approaches, and associated methods to identify the impact of digital intervention on adopting a healthier lifestyle. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of digital interventions on weight management in maintaining a healthy lifestyle (eg, regular physical activity, healthy habits, and proper dietary patterns). Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review to search the scientific databases (Nature, SpringerLink, Elsevier, IEEE Xplore, and PubMed) that included digital interventions on healthy lifestyle, focusing on preventing obesity and being overweight as a prime objective. Peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2020 were included. We used the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and a framework for an evidence-based systematic review. Furthermore, we improved the review process by adopting the Rayyan tool and the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles. Results: Our initial searches identified 780 potential studies through electronic and manual searches; however, 107 articles in the final stage were cited following the specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. The identified methods for a successful digital intervention to promote a healthy lifestyle are self-monitoring, self-motivation, goal setting, personalized feedback, participant engagement, psychological empowerment, persuasion, digital literacy, efficacy, and credibility. In this study, we identified existing conceptual frameworks for digital interventions, different approaches to provide digital interventions, associated methods, and execution challenges and their impact on the promotion of healthy lifestyle management. Conclusions: This systematic literature review selected intervention principles (rules), theories, design features, ways to determine efficient interventions, and weaknesses in healthy lifestyle management from established digital intervention approaches. The results help us understand how digital interventions influence lifestyle management and overcome the existing shortcomings. It serves as a basis for further research with a focus on designing, developing, testing, and evaluating the generation of personalized lifestyle recommendations as a part of digital health interventions.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Shahaab, Ali; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Khatiwada, Pankaj (2021). Leveraging Technology for Healthcare and Retaining Access to Personal Health Data to Enhance Health and Well-being. In Bhattacharyya, Siddhartha (Eds.), Recent Trends in Computational Intelligence Enabled Research. Elsevier. ISSN 9780128228449. p. 367–376. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-822844-9.00044-X. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Prinz, Andreas & Martinez, Santiago (2021). Comparing Performance of Ensemble-Based Machine Learning Algorithms to Identify Potential Obesity Risk Factors from Public Health Datasets. In Hassanien, Aboul Ella; Bhattacharyya, Siddhartha; Chakrabati, Satyajit; Bhattacharya, Abhishek & Dutta, Soumi (Ed.), Emerging Technologies in Data Mining and Information Security. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer. ISSN 9789811599262. p. 253–269. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-9927-9_26. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Prinz, Andreas & Martinez, Santiago (2021). A Comparative Study to Analyze the Performance of Advanced Pattern Recognition Algorithms for Multi-Class Classification. In Tavares, J. M. R. S.; Chakrabarti, S.; Bhattacharya, A. & Ghatak, S. (Ed.), Emerging Technologies in Data Mining and Information Security. Springer. ISSN 9789811597732. p. 111–124. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-9774-9_11. Full text in Research Archive
• Fredriksen, Erica; Thygesen, Elin; Moe, Carl Erik & Martinez, Santiago (2021). Digitalisation of municipal healthcare collaboration with volunteers: a case study applying normalization process theory. BMC Health Services Research. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06429-w. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Prinz, Andreas (2021). Human Coaching Methodologies for Automatic Electronic Coaching (eCoaching) as Behavioral Interventions with Information and Communication Technology: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR). ISSN 1439-4456. 23(3). doi: 10.2196/23533. Full text in Research Archive
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik & Martinez, Santiago (2021). Business Models for Collaborative eHealth in Homecare. In Mention, Anne-Laure & Aas, Tor Helge (Ed.), Managing Open Service Innovation. World Scientific. ISSN 9789811234484. p. 73–91. doi: 10.1142/9789811234491_0004. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2021). An Automatic Ontology-Based Approach to Support Logical Representation of Observable and Measurable Data for Healthy Lifestyle Management: Proof-of-Concept Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR). ISSN 1439-4456. 23(4), p. 1–28. doi: 10.2196/24656. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2020). Identification of Risk Factors Associated with Obesity and Overweight - A Machine Learning Overview. Sensors. 20(9). doi: 10.3390/s20092734. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Prinz, Andreas; Martinez, Santiago & Medin, Anine Christine (2020). Reference Design Model for a Smart e-Coach Recommendation System for Lifestyle Support Based on ICT Technologies. In Sendra, Sandra; Murata, Yoshitoshi; Civit-Masot, Javier & Rajh, Arian (Ed.), eTELEMED 2020, The Twelfth International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine. International Academy, Research and Industry Association (IARIA). ISSN 9781612087634. p. 52–58. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33574.47689. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As acknowledged by the World Health Organization (WHO), the demographic development shows that by 2030, 8 out of the 10 foremost causes of death will be connected to risk conditions of lifestyle diseases, regardless of gender. Chronic illness associated with modifiable lifestyle factors will be accountable for the highest death worldwide. Health behavior change should be given priority to avoid serious reparations. An Electronic Coach (e-Coach) system can empower people to achieve a healthy lifestyle with early risk predictions and appropriate tailored lifestyle recommendations. Research in eHealth has the potential to provide methods in order to improve personal healthcare with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). An Electronic Health (e-Health) virtual coaching recommendation system can monitor people and convey the appropriate recommendations in context with enough time to prevent, ameliorate the living with non-communicable or lifestyle diseases. This paper addresses the potential of selected emerging information and communication technologies to make e-Health systems smarter, more collaborative and more efficient. As a result of the analysis, a reference design is discussed here to develop and validate the performance of a smart e-Coach system utilizing ICT, Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to provide individual lifestyle recommendations aiming at a healthier lifestyle to prevent obesity and overweight. The healthcare sector is still looking for collaborative, user-friendly, optimized, cost-effective, reliable systems for health e-Coaching with contextual, tailored lifestyle recommendations and our current research is focused on its implementation and validation, considering obesity and overweight as a case study.

• Fredriksen, Erica; Martinez, Santiago; Moe, Carl Erik & Thygesen, Elin (2020). Key challenges and best practices in the coordination of volunteers in healthcare services: A qualitative systematic review. Health and Social Care in the Community. ISSN 0966-0410. doi: 10.1111/hsc.13261. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cooperation between voluntary organisations and volunteers within healthcare services contributes to the development of public welfare. The coordination process between healthcare services and volunteers must therefore be studied to understand associated challenges and best practices. This paper presents a systematic literature review of studies that have used qualitative methods. The review was conducted to identify the knowledge base concerning these issues. The search was performed in 4 April 2019 on five databases: EbscoHost, Ovid, Scopus, Emerald and Svemed+. The selection criteria included papers published between 1 January 2009 and 4 April 2019. In total, 5,340 papers were extracted; after removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, 49 papers were independently read by two of the authors. Ten papers addressed the research question and were thus included for further investigation. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist was used to check the eligibility of the papers, all of which were found to be of sufficient quality for analysis. A thematic analysis for synthesising qualitative research was used to identify key challenges in the coordination process and the best practices needed to deal with these challenges. The findings demonstrated the pursuit of a common understanding between employees and volunteers and described challenges in organising the associated work. The main solution applied to these challenges was the involvement of a volunteer coordinator. Although several identified challenges remained unresolved, the papers selected for this review provide an overall picture of volunteer cooperation in health services.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2020). Statistical Explorations and Univariate Timeseries Analysis on COVID-19 Datasets to Understand the Trend of Disease Spreading and Death. Sensors. 20(11). doi: 10.3390/s20113089. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2020). Development of a Smart e-Coach Recommendation System for Obesity. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 270, p. 1259–1260. doi: 10.3233/SHTI200391. Full text in Research Archive
• Fredriksen, Erica; Martinez, Santiago; Moe, Carl Erik & Thygesen, Elin (2020). Communication and information exchange between primary healthcare employees and volunteers – challenges, needs and possibilities for technology support. Health and Social Care in the Community. ISSN 0966-0410. 28(4), p. 1252–1260. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12958. Full text in Research Archive
• Berg, Valter; Haugland, Vebjørn; Wiik, Marius Foshaug; Michalsen, Henriette; Anke, Audny & Muzny, Miroslav [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2020). eHealth Approach for Motivating Physical Activities of People with Intellectual Disabilities. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. ISSN 1868-4238. 573, p. 31–41. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-39634-3_4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Compared with the general population, people with intellectual disabilities have worse health, lower levels of activity, and greater barriers to participating in fitness activities. Regular physical activity has positive effects on cardiovascular and psychosocial health and thus it is important to identify effective interventions for people with intellectual disabilities in everyday settings. In this position paper we present the design and development of prototypes of game-based eHealth solutions for behaviour change and health promotion by influencing physical activity. Participatory design and agile development have been applied in this project to deliver a system based on three solutions to promote, motivate and maintain physical activity in people with intellectual disabilities: Guided in-door bicycle exercise, guided out-door exercise and guided mild workouts. All the solutions provide virtual environments and motivation features adapted to people with intellectual disabilities for better engagement.

• Schulz, Renee Patrizia; Hara, Takahiro & Martinez, Santiago (2019). Immersion and Perspective Taking in Healthcare Technology - Supporting Healthcare Professionals with Daily Tasks and Clinical Procedures. In Granja, Conceição & Solvoll, Terje (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17th Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics 2019. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISSN 9789179299576. p. 67–72. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A core of the education of medicine and nursing students is to understand, learn and train the use of clinical procedures. Health professionals are required to apply existing clinical procedures and acquire new ones as they are developed and incorporated into clinical practice. In order to improve clinical effectiveness and increase patient safety, these clinical procedures would ideally be easily accessible and provide a didactic explanation of the steps to be followed. In this way, digital clinical procedure libraries provide health professionals and students a useful tool for learning and practice. In this context, the International Bilateral Research and Innovation Cooperation (INT-BILAT) project on evidence-based interactive clinical systems aims at studying the usability and learnability of clinical procedures libraries in a health transnational context. This paper presents early stages of the research including the results of a survey among health professionals about using electronic clinical procedure libraries or guidelines at work. The research argues that electronic procedure libraries are a steppingstone of experiential learning in healthcare education and practice, where clinical procedures are learned through experience, reflection and conceptualisation. The analysis of the survey’s answers and interviews showed the need for an enhanced digital clinical library with interactive features, drawing from immersive techniques and perspective taking (e.g., video guidelines, self-paced video instructions). The next steps of the research include a game design framework outline using immersion techniques for learners and practitioners.

• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2019). eHealth Initiatives for The Promotion of Healthy Lifestyle and Allied Implementation Difficulties, 2019 International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781728133164. p. 7–14. doi: 10.1109/WiMOB.2019.8923324. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Jortveit, Jarle & Fensli, Rune Werner (2019). A Decision-support Algorithm for Self-management of Anticoagulation Therapy Used in a Smartphone Application, Proceedings from 2019 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC2019). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781728129990. p. 1077–1080. doi: 10.1109/ISCC47284.2019.8969693. Full text in Research Archive
• Schulz, Renee Patrizia; Martinez, Santiago & Hara, Takahiro (2019). Towards a Game-Design Framework for Evidence-Based Clinical Procedure Libraries, 2019 IEEE 7th International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781728103006. doi: 10.1109/SeGAH.2019.8882474. Full text in Research Archive
• Grasaas, Erik; Fegran, Liv; Helseth, Sølvi; Stinson, Jennifer; Martinez, Santiago & Lalloo, Chitra [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). iCanCope With Pain: Cultural Adaptation and Usability Testing of a Self-Management App for Adolescents With Persistent Pain in Norway. JMIR Research Protocols. 8(6), p. 1–14. doi: 10.2196/12940. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Borycki, Elizabeth; Loudon, Gareth; Kushniruk, André William & Jortveit, Jarle [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). User evaluation of a smartphone application for anticoagulation therapy. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 247, p. 466–470. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-852-5-466. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Anticoagulation therapy with Warfarin is used for specific cardiovascular diseases to control the ability of blood clotting. Traditional ways of selfmanagement therapy are based on paper forms and procedures. This paper presents an evaluation of the smartphone application Warfarin Guide, a computer-assisted decision-support system used to help patients in their management of anticoagulation therapy related to International Normalized Ratio (INR) values. The evaluation consisted of a usability test with 4 participants and a field test with 14 participants who used the application at home during four months. A mixed methods research approach included quantitative and qualitative analysis of the test results. The results showed that participants evaluated the Warfarin Guide as ‘useful’ for self-management of anticoagulation therapy, reporting key issues for further improvement.

• Norris, Tony; Gonzalez, Jose J; Martinez, Santiago & Parry, Dave (2018). Disaster E-Health Framework for Community Resilience. In Bui, Tung (Eds.), Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2018 (HICSS-51). Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9780998133119. p. 35–44. doi: 10.24251/HICSS.2018.007. Full text in Research Archive
• Radianti, Jaziar; Martinez, Santiago; Munkvold, Bjørn Erik & Konnestad, Morgan (2018). Co-design of a Virtual Training Tool with Emergency Management Stakeholders for Extreme Weather Response, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Theory and Practice - 7th International Conference, DUXU 2018. Springer. ISSN 9783319917962. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91797-9_14. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Håland, Jarle Audun; Martinez, Santiago & Pietro, Giuseppe De (2018). User Evaluation of the Smartphone Screen Reader VoiceOver with Visually Disabled Participants. Mobile Information Systems. ISSN 1574-017X. 2018. doi: 10.1155/2018/6941631. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Touchscreen assistive technology is designed to support speech interaction between visually disabled people and mobile devices, allowing hand gestures to interact with a touch user interface. In a global perspective, the World Health Organisation estimates that around 285 million people are visually disabled with 2/3 of them over 50 years old. This paper presents the user evaluation of VoiceOver, a built-in screen reader in Apple Inc. products, with a detailed analysis of the gesture interaction, familiarity and training by visually disabled users and the system response. Six participants with prescribed visual disability took part in the tests in a usability laboratory under controlled conditions. Data were collected and analysed using a mixed methods approach, with quantitative and qualitative measures. The results showed that the participants found most of the hand gestures easy to perform, although they reported inconsistent responses and lack of information associated to several functionalities. User training on each gesture was reported as key to allow participants to perform certain difficult or unknown gestures. The paper also reports on how to perform mobile device user evaluations in a laboratory environment and provides recommendations on technical and physical infrastructure.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago & Håland, Jarle Audun (2017). Evaluation of Touchscreen Assistive Technology for Visually Disabled Users, The 22nd IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781538616284. p. 248–253. doi: 10.1109/ISCC.2017.8024537. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Touchscreen assistive technology is designed to support speech interaction between visually disabled people and mobile devices, allowing the use of a choreography of gestures to interact with a touch user interface. This paper presents the evaluation of VoiceOver, a screen reader in Apple Inc. products, made in the research project Visually impaired users touching the screen- A user evaluation of assistive technology together with six visually disabled test participants. The aim was to identify challenges related to the performance of the gestures for screen interaction and evaluate the system response to the gestures. The main results showed that most of the hand gestures were easy to perform for the test participants. The system adequately responded to gesture interaction, but some inconsistent responses associated to several functionalities and lack of information were found.

• Martinez, Santiago; Smaradottir, Berglind; Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty & Bjønnes, Marius (2017). Usability Evaluation of a Geolocation Technology: Safemate Perspectives on Norwegian municipal location-based alarm systems, The 22nd IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781538616284. p. 116–211. doi: 10.1109/ISCC.2017.8024527. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Geolocation technologies are used in location-based alarm systems to provide the geographical location of a target on a represented space in real time. These technologies are becoming part of the welfare technology strategy of Norwegian municipalities to help citizens by knowing their physical location at a specific time. This paper presents a usability study with 11 participants of a new version of a geolocation alarm system installed in several Norwegian municipalities. The evaluation comprised usability tests and exploratory sessions with representatives of two user groups: operators and administrators of the alarm system. The evaluation found minor and major errors in the software and hardware components of the system, but none catastrophic. The findings informed a subsequent iteration of development of the system that addressed the errors found in the usability evaluation. The updated version of the system has been recently deployed in around 50 Norwegian municipalities.

• Carrillo, Antonio L.; Martinez, Santiago; Falgueras, Juan & Scott-Brown, Kenneth C. (2017). A reflective characterisation of occasional user. Computers in Human Behavior. ISSN 0747-5632. 70, p. 74–89. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.027. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Thygesen, Elin; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty & Fensli, Rune Werner (2017). Innovative Simulation of Health Care Services in the Usability Laboratory: Experiences from the Model for Telecare Alarm Services-project. In Martinez, Santiago; Budrionis, Andrius; Bygholm, Ann; Fossum, Mariann; Hartvigsen, Gunnar; Hägglund, Maria; Moe, Carl Erik; Thygesen, Elin; Vimarlund, Vivian & Yigzaw, Kassaye Yitbarek (Ed.), Proceedings from The 15th Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics 2017 Kristiansand, Norway, August 29–30, 2017. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISSN 9789176853641. p. 60–65. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In Norway, a recent health reform urged municipalities to prepare for telecare alarm services to handle alarms associated to welfare technology and telecare technology in citizens’ homes. That requires a re-organisation of health and social services in many municipalities and several are preparing to establish new telecare alarm services operated in inter-municipal response centres. In this context, the research project “Model for Telecare Alarm Services” aims to study how existing telecare alarm services in Norwegian municipalities are organised and operated, and identify critical factors when designing new models for future services. This paper presents how an innovative simulation of health care services was used in the research project, when key informants from several municipalities, research partners and industry tested different models of telecare alarm services in a usability laboratory. The lessons learned by the research group showed that laboratory simulation was an efficient way of testing different scenarios of new telecare service models, together with key informants from heterogenous end-user groups.

• Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Tjondronegoro, Dian (2017). Conceptualization of a Personalized eCoach for Wellness Promotion, Proceedings of the 11th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth 2017). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ISSN 9781450363631. p. 365–374. doi: 10.1145/3154862.3154930. Full text in Research Archive
• Dafoulas, George; Pierris, Georgios; Martinez, Santiago; Jensen, Lise Kvistgaard & Kidholm, Kristian (2017). Adaptation of the Model for Assessment of Telemedicine (Mast) for IoT telemedicine services. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 10298, p. 339–349. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-58536-9_27. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Håland, Jarle Audun & Martinez, Santiago (2017). Accessibility of Mobile Devices for Visually Impaired Users: An Evaluation of the Screen-reader VoiceOver. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 245, p. 1381–1381. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-830-3-1381. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A mobile device’s touchscreen allows users to use a choreography of hand gestures to interact with the user interface. A screen reader on a mobile device is designed to support the interaction of visually disabled users while using gestures. This paper presents an evaluation of VoiceOver, a screen reader in Apple Inc. products. The evaluation was a part of the research project “Visually impaired users touching the screen - a user evaluation of assistive technology.

• Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Smaradottir, Berglind; Fensli, Rune Werner & Jortveit, Jarle (2017). Warfarin Guide: Co-design of a Mobile Computer-Assisted Anticoagulant Therapy. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 245, p. 1222–1222. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-830-3-1222. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Patients with some types of cardiovascular disease are prescribed anticoagulation therapy with Warfarin in order to control the ability of blood clotting. This work presents a co-designed mobile application, called Warfarin Guide, for a computer-assisted anticoagulant therapy. The application addresses the challenges that unexperienced patients may find when having to remember to regularly check their INR values and make temporary adjustments for INR value fluctuations that are not easy to interpret without direct medical advice.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Fensli, Rune Werner; Boysen, Elin Sundby & Martinez, Santiago (2017). Infrastructure for Health Care Simulation: Recommendations from the Model for Telecare Alarm Services Project. In Arabnia, Hamid R.; Deligiannidis, Leonidas & O'Hara, Micheal B. (Ed.), Proceedings of 2017 International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Systems (HIMS2017). Part of the World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, & Applied Computing (CSCE'17), July 17-20, 2017 in Las Vegas. CSREA Press. ISSN 9781601324597. p. 64–69. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In Norway, a recent health reform targeting coordination and continuity of care has urged municipalities to manage telecare alarms related to an increasing number of welfare- and sensor technologies in citizens’ homes. In this context, the research project “Model for Telecare Alarm Services” has the aim to study the organization and operation of existing telecare alarm services and identify new service models of the future. In the project, simulation of health care services was used when key informants from municipalities, end-users, research partners and industry tested different models for future telecare alarm services. This paper presents the technical and physical infrastructure of a clinical laboratory environment for simulation of health care services, with recommendations based on experiences from the project.

• Martinez, Santiago; Bjerkås, Silje; Ludvigsen, Ann-Elisabeth & Fensli, Rune Werner (2016). Agder living lab: From ideas to large-scale deployment and long-term user adoption of inclusive health solutions. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. ISSN 2194-5357. 500, p. 391–399. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-41962-6_35. Full text in Research Archive
• Martinez, Santiago; Isaacs, John D.; Fernandez-Gutierrez, Fabiola; Gilmour, Daniel & Scott-Brown, Ken (2016). Building bridges between user and designer: Co-creation, immersion and perspective taking. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. ISSN 2194-5357. 500, p. 117–129. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-41962-6_11. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2016). The EU-project United4Health: User-centred design of an information system for a Norwegian telemedicine service. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. ISSN 1357-633X. 22(7), p. 422–429. doi: 10.1177/1357633X15615048. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty & Fensli, Rune Werner (2016). Usability Evaluation of a Collaborative Health Information System. Lessons from a User-centred Design Process. In Gilbert, James (Eds.), BIOSTEC 2016: 9th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies, February 21-23, 2016, in Rome, Italy. SciTePress. ISSN 9789897581700. p. 306–313. doi: 10.5220/0005703603060313. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Thygesen, Elin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). User-Centred Design of the User Interface of a Collaborative Information System for Inter-Municipal Dementia Team. In NN, NN (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Health Informatics (HEALTHINF-2015). SciTePress. ISSN 9789897580680. p. 446–453. doi: 10.5220/0005222704460453. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In the Norwegian Health sector there are currently undergoing changes at local, regional and national level triggered by recent health reforms. Municipalities are facing for first time the duty of implementing new primary health services. Inter-municipal coordination (IMC) health care teams have been created to operate across borders to share costs, extend geographical range of operation and optimise resources. This study focuses on the development and evaluation of the user interface (UI) functional prototype of a collaborative information system for IMC dementia team in Norway. Employing a user-centred design approach, the interface prototype was built based on the information gathered on two workshops where the end-users described their current clinical workflow of dementia assessment and how the UI would best fit into their daily work. The outcome of the workshops creatively informed the design of a working prototype that was qualitatively usability tested. Results showed that the UI effectively and efficiently supported the work of the IMC dementia team, with a sufficient level of satisfaction among the end-users. The resulting prototype established the foundation for the system implemented in the FP7 EU project United4Health.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). eHealth-extended Care Coordination: Development of a Collaborative System for Inter-municipal Dementia Teams- A research project with a user-centered design approach. In Arabnia, Hamid R.; Deligiannidis, Leonidas & Tran, Qouc-Nam (Ed.), 2015 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781467397957. p. 749–753. doi: 10.1109/CSCI.2015.79. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In Norway, a health reform was recently adopted to improve continuity of care. Services that were carried out in hospitals were transferred to municipalities. Small and medium size municipalities have established inter-municipal cooperation to provide specialized services across borders. The research project eHealth-extended Care Coordination studied the inter-municipal cooperation for assessment of dementia, identifying a need for improved communication and coordination. This paper presents the development process of a collaborative information system for dementia assessment using a user-centered design approach. Mixed methods, such as observations, semi-structured interviews and questionnaire, were used for data collection. The results showed that end-user involvement usefully informed the development. The information system effectively supported collaborative work and shared access to information for the inter-municipal team.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). User Interface Development of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application A User-centred Design Process. In Miller, Leslie & Culén, Alma Leora (Ed.), ACHI 2015, The Eighth International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions. ThinkMind. ISSN 9781612083827. p. 57–62. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Health sector is undergoing changes at all levels due to recent health reforms. Services traditionally offered by specialized health care are being transferred to primary health care managed by municipalities. In this context, telemedicine technology is introduced to facilitate new services that support communication across local borders, optimizing resources and increasing cost effectiveness. This study focuses on the user-centred design, iterative development and evaluation of the user interface of a mobile application to be used in a new telemedicine service for remote monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms. The research is a result of the cooperation between a municipality and a hospital as part of the European Commission project United4Health. Through a user-centred design approach, the tablet device application was developed based on information gathered in a workshop and group interviews where the end-users, patients and health professionals, described their preferred way of interacting with the telemedicine technology. User evaluations reported positive results on the ease of use and user satisfaction with the interaction with the application. Iterative application’s user interface refinements were made through several end-users’ evaluations, resulting in a fully developed system suitable for remote monitoring.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Håland, Jarle Audun; Martinez, Santiago; Somdal, Åsmund Rodvig & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). Recommendations on a Test Infrastructure for Evaluation of Touchscreen Assistive Technology for Visually Impaired Users, SHI 2015 - Proceedings of the 13th Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics, June 15-17, Tromsø, Norway. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISSN 9789176859858. p. 41–46. doi: 10.1109/iscc.2017.8024537. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Mobile technologies’ touchscreen allows the use of choreography of gestures to interact with the user interface. Relevant aspects in mobile technology design become crucial when targeting users with disabilities. For instance, when assistive technology is designed to support speech interaction between visually impaired users and a system, accessibility and ease-of-use of such technology should be included in the usability and technical evaluation of their effectiveness. This paper presents the analysis of the technical and physical infrastructure of a controlled laboratory environment for user evaluations made in the research project “Visually impaired users touching the screen - A user evaluation of assistive technology” where VoiceOver, a screen reader in Apple Inc. products was tested. The paper reports on challenges related to the use of the test infrastructure, such as how to obtain valuable data when interactive high-speed gestures are performed and how to optimise the recording and syn-chronisation between audio and video data. The lessons learned by the research group showed that there are effective alternatives for each challenge, and these should be customised for each particular test, type of participants and device.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). Usability Evaluation of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application. In Cornet, Ronald; Stoicu-Tivadar, Lăcrămioara; Hörbst, Alexander; Calderón, Carlos Luis Parra; Andersen, Stig Kjær & Hercigonja-Szekeres, Mira (Ed.), Digital Healthcare Empowering Europeans, Proceedings of MIE2015. IOS Press. ISSN 9781614995111. p. 845–849. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-512-8-845. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Telemedicine applications have the potential to enhance patient’s safety at home by remote monitoring of chronic diseases. Telemedicine involves the interaction between multiple user groups through a system, making the usability aspect of such system crucial for the continuous, efficient and satisfactory use of the application. The main objective of this study was to carry out a usability evaluation in the field of a telemedicine application for remote monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients to improve the application’s user interface before system deployment. A field trial was performed with six COPD patients at their homes, continuously using the system’s application on a tablet for seven days. The usability evaluation identified 23 usability problems related to users’ interactions and system’s functionality. These problems were solved with the refinement of the system through an iterative application development process. The outcome of the study was the improved telemedicine application that was adopted by the partners of the FP7 EU project United4Health.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). Usability evaluation of a COPD remote monitoring application. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 210, p. 845–849. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-512-8-845. Full text in Research Archive
• Thygesen, Elin; Leifson, Ragni MacQueen & Martinez, Santiago (2015). Mapping Elderly Citizen’s Computer and ICT Use in a Small-sized Norwegian Municipality. In NN, NN (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Health Informatics (HEALTHINF-2015). SciTePress. ISSN 9789897580680. doi: 10.5220/0005222801310142. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In Norway, many citizens’ services are exclusively or at least delivered online. They usually require sufficient knowledge to use information and communication technologies (ICT). As part of an Interreg IV European project focused on e-inclusion for elderly, this work presents a study to map computer and Internet use among the elderly. The study was carried out in a small municipality of 10 000 inhabitants in Southern Norway, of whom15% were 65-year-olds or older. 178 replies out of 500 were obtained. Results showed that 9 out of 10 had access to and frequently used a computer at home. However, there still was 1 out of 5 who did not make effective use of ICT. Importantly, half of the respondents reported to have learned how to use the Internet through attending specific courses and others through guidance from relatives or acquaintances. Answers about monitoring technologies were practically oriented towards considering that topics, such as security and privacy, could have a subordinate role if the technology was used for a good and fair purpose. This work provides an insight into the current access to and use of computer and Internet, which becomes useful to inform ICT use policies among elderly population

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). The EU-project United4Health: user-centred design and evaluation of a collaborative information system for a Norwegian telehealth service. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 216, p. 892–892. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-564-7-892. Full text in Research Archive
• Norris, Tony; Labaka, Leire; Gonzalez, Jose J; Martinez, Santiago; Madanian, Samaneh & Parry, Dave (2015). Disaster E-Health: A New Paradigm for Collaborative Healthcare in Disasters. In Palen, Leysia; Büscher, Monika; Comes, Tina & Hughes, Amanda (Ed.), 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. ISCRAM. ISSN 9788271177881. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). User-Centered Design of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application Experiences from the EU-project United4Health. International Journal On Advances in Software. 8(3 & 4), p. 350–360. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Recent health reforms in Norway have produced changes at all levels of the health sector, bringing to light a need for technology solutions explicitly designed for enhancing end-user collaboration. Telemedicine technology can support in this context new services that enable communication across local borders, optimizing resources and increasing cost effectiveness. This study focuses on the user-centered design, iterative development and evaluation of the user interface of a mobile application for a new telemedicine service for remote monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. The tablet device application was developed based on information gathered in a workshop and group interviews where the end-users, e.g., patients and health professionals, described their preferred way of interacting with the telemedicine technology. User evaluations showed positive results on the ease of use and user satisfaction regarding the interaction with the application. Application’s user interface refinements were made iteratively through several end-users’ evaluations, resulting in a fully developed system suitable for remote monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Furthermore, the process led to the deployment of a telemedicine system, adopted by the partners of the project United4Health as part of the 7th Framework Programme for Research of the European Union.

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• Martinez, Santiago; Budrionis, Andrius; Bygholm, Ann; Fossum, Mariann; Hartvigsen, Gunnar & Hägglund, Maria [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). Proceedings from The 15th Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics 2017 Kristiansand, Norway, August 29–30, 2017. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISBN 9789176853641. 99 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Karlsson, Daniel; Budrionis, Andrius; Bygholm, Ann; Fossum, Mariann; Granja, Conceicao & Hartvigsen, Gunnar [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2016). Proceedings from The 14th Scandinavian Health Informatics Conference 2016. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISBN 9789176857762. 81 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Johnsen, Hege Mari; Øgård-Repål, Anita; Martinez, Santiago & Fangen, Kim (2023). Presentasjon: Erfaring fra pilotering av digitale pasientforløp for pasienter med humant immunsvikt virus (HIV) - en kvalitativ studie. Full text in Research Archive
• Johnsen, Hege Mari; Øgård-Repål, Anita; Martinez, Santiago; Fangen, Kim & Ersfjord, Ellen Margrete Iveland (2023). WORKSHOP: Digital transformation of outpatient clinics: lessons learned from a Norwegian HIV clinic. Full text in Research Archive
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik; Helmersen, Migle & Martinez, Santiago (2023). Designing Nudges in eHealth with Conversation Testing. Full text in Research Archive
• Barken, Tina Lien; Bonacina, Stefano; Bostad, Rune; Gabarron, Elia; Garcia, Beate Hennie & Haddeland, Kristine [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2023). University campus as a smart technology-supported active learning arena. Septentrio Reports. ISSN 2387-4597. doi: 10.7557/7.7222. Full text in Research Archive
• Martinez, Santiago & Kjetland, Eyrun Floerecke (2023). DUALSAVE-FGS: Dual screening by Spectral Artificial Visual Examination for Female Genital Schistosomiasis and cervical cancer. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Startskudd Genital Schisto DUALSAVE-FGS for OUS-prosjekt i global helse for kvinner,Vi feirer at vi fikk 80 millioner fra EU med lett bevertning og oversikt over prosjektet i Norge, Sør-Afrika, Mosambik og Eswatini

• Martinez, Santiago (2023). DUALSAVE-FGS. Dual screening by Spectral Artificial Visual Examination (SAVE) for Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) and cervical cancer: Digital, new, low-cost, and simple screening and training. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The problem: Around 300 million African girls and women are at risk from the poverty related disease, Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS), 400 million are at risk from cervical cancer in the lower part of the uterus. Most of these people live in Sub-Saharan Africa. The symptoms from FGS are similar to those from cervical cancer and sexually transmitted infections. Women with FGS infected tissue (lesions), have obscure bloody and unpleasant smelling discharge. They could also be in pain and be at higher risk for HIV and Human papillomavirus, a sexually transmitted family of viruses. FGS is best diagnosed by directly looking at the shape and colour of the lesion at the point-of care. The problem is that this visual diagnosis is difficult to master because the lesion looks similar to lesions caused by cervical cancer and other diseases. Therefore, health professionals need several weeks of training where the disease is seen frequently, and often they need a colposcope (a microscope fitted with a light) to recognize FGS. Worldwide, there are only a handful of health professionals who are proficient in FGS diagnosis. The solution: • The sophisticated colposcopes are not readily available in rural areas. Thus, a Greek partner in our project has developed a simple version of the colposcope and linked it to a smartphone to take pictures of the lesions. Software in the smartphone will compare these pictures with stored pictures of cervical cancer and FGS and determine if the woman undergoing the procedure has one of these diseases or not. Our colposcope uses light that is able to penetrate the tissue and possibly see eggs placed there by the Bilharzia worm which causes FGS. The software designed by our Greek partner was originally intended for cervical cancer recognition and is used for this in some countries. It will be adapted and validated for FGS diagnosis in this project. • Health professionals do not know FGS. What we will do: • In three countries with different routines for gynaecological investigations of women, we will conduct a clinical trial. The ultimate aim is a local production of the mentioned diagnostic tool. With lessons learnt from the COVID-19 pandemic, an eLearning course will be designed and tested. Equipment, consultations and training will be adapted to practical realities (such as unstable electricity, internet, and cultural considerations). As recommended by the WHO, the diagnosis should be at the point-of- care. • We will develop Africa-wide scalable training and an interdisciplinary research team will work on policy briefs and management protocols. This is a thrust to promote health for women, clinical research and digitalization for vulnerable populations. Clinicians and inter-disciplinary scientists will receive training in FGS research methodology. We will evaluate the procedures, and their impact on women. PhD and Masters’ students will receive training and the international collaboration will be between three African and three European countries. This project is funded by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 /ERC Grant agreement no. 101057853 (DUALSAVE- FGS).

• Martinez, Santiago (2023). DUAL-SAVE FGS Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Action Project. Full text in Research Archive
• Stellander, Magnus; Henriksen, André; Michalsen, Henriette; Anke, Audny Gabriele Wagner; Ursin, Daniel & Martinez, Santiago [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Sorterius - An augmented reality app for encouraging outdoor physical activity for people with intellectual disabilities. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Martinez, Santiago (2020). Overview of the Contribution of University of Agder, Southern Norway in H2020 European mHealth HUB. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin & Martinez, Santiago (2020). A Statistical Study to Analyze the Impact of External Weather Change on Chronic Pulmonary Infection in South Norway with Machine Learning Algorithms. In Intelligent Technologies and Applications. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Jortveit, Jarle & Fensli, Rune Werner (2019). A Decision-support Algorithm for Self-management of Anticoagulation Therapy Used in a Smartphone Application. Full text in Research Archive
• Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Thygesen, Elin & Fensli, Rune Werner [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Teaching High School Students eHealth through Role-play and Laboratory Simulation. Medicinsk Informatika. ISSN 1330-1799. 14, p. 35–36. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Thygesen, Elin; Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth & Fensli, Rune Werner (2018). Innovative Simulation of Telecare Alarm Services in Usability Laboratory Environment, Scientific Workshop. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Borycki, E.; Loudon, Gareth; Kushniruk, A.W. & Jortveit, Jarle [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). User Evaluation of a Smartphone Application for Anticoagulation Therapy. Full text in Research Archive
• Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Prinz, Andreas; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Thygesen, Elin & Fensli, Rune Werner [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Teaching High School Students eHealth through Roleplay and Laboratory Simulation. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The transformation and digitalisation of health and care services foresees a need for recruitment of young individuals having a combination of health- and computer science knowledge to contribute in the workforces of the future. At the University of Agder in Norway there has been an eHealth Centre since year 2010 [1], where both already implemented and proposed eHealth services can be simulated and tested. In the project High School Students as Co-researchers in eHealth, experienced researchers allowed high school students to be enrolled in a project course to actively play and test an eHealth scenario. This paper aims at sharing the experiences on how the pilot of a class consisting of 10 high school students at the age of 17-19 years, were taught eHealth through role-play and simulation in the eHealth Centre. The research question stated was: How to introduce high school students to eHealth research and services in a life-long learning perspective?

• Martinez, Santiago; Gerdes, Martin; C., Santhosh Kumar; Kumar, Anand; Gill, Steve & Loudon, Gareth (2018). eHealth activists: the lifeline for remote rural villages in India. Full text in Research Archive
• Johnsen, Kjersti Marie Frivoll; Briseid, Hanne Synnøve & Martinez, Santiago (2018). Simulering for praksisveiledere. Full text in Research Archive
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik & Martinez, Santiago (2017). Roadmap for Collaborative eHealth Service Architectures for Homecare. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Tjondronegoro, Dian (2017). Conceptualization of a Personalized eCoach for Wellness Promotion. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Evidence-based health promotion programs implement clinical practice guidelines built upon results of clinical trials with a definite number of participants, collected during a specific period of time. Wearable technologies allow for continuous observation of wellness parameters of multiple citizens, combined with monitoring of activities and context parameters involved in citizens’ wellness. A statistical inference model can describe the relation between multidimensional activities and context parameters, the wellness of an individual and a comparable reference group, utilizing machine learning techniques and knowledge from continuous observations of multiple citizens. This paper presents a holistic concept of a coach system, namely eCoach, that combines specialized medical evidence available from randomized control trials, with individual and reference knowledge to create and reinforce wellness-based recommendations. The eCoach adapts these recommendations in a continuous personalized coaching dialog addressing citizen’s needs and preferences.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago & Håland, Jarle Audun (2017). Evaluation of Touchscreen Assistive Technology for Visually Disabled Users. Full text in Research Archive
• Martinez, Santiago; Smaradottir, Berglind; Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty & Bjønnes, Marius (2017). Usability Evaluation of a Geolocation Technology: Safemate Perspectives on Norwegian municipal location-based alarm systems. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Thygesen, Elin; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty & Fensli, Rune Werner (2017). Innovative Simulation of Health Care Services in the Usability Laboratory: Experiences from the Model for Telecare Alarm Services-project. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Håland, Jarle Audun & Martinez, Santiago (2017). Accessibility of Mobile Devices for Visually Impaired Users: An Evaluation of the Screen-reader VoiceOver. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago; Smaradottir, Berglind; Fensli, Rune Werner & Jortveit, Jarle (2017). Warfarin Guide: Co-design of a Mobile Computer-Assisted Anticoagulant Therapy. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2017). User-centred Design of E-health Technology for Patients and Professionals in Productive Teams-Multidisciplinary Work across Organisational Borders. Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics. ISSN 2058-4555. 24(1), p. 134–134. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2017). User-centred Design of E-health Technology for Patients and Professionals in Productive Teams-Multidisciplinary Work across Organisational Borders. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Fensli, Rune Werner; Boysen, Elin Sundby & Martinez, Santiago (2017). Infrastructure for Health Care Simulation: Recommendations from the Model for Telecare Alarm Services Project. Full text in Research Archive
• Thygesen, Elin; Martinez, Santiago & Leifson, Ragni MacQueen (2017). Informal care and voluntary assistance: Innovation in service delivery in the North Sea Region (In For Care). Full text in Research Archive
• Martinez, Santiago (2016). Round Table: Agder Living Lab and User Participation in Design. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  End-user involvement is a central part in the strategy of public and private organisations to generate user-driven innovative solutions to real-world problems. The Living lab concept is an instrument to create user-centered solutions, with almost 400 recognized in the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL) since 2006. Living labs cover diverse topics, such as smart-cities, innovative learning and digital health. A national initiative in Southern Norway has funded the Agder Living Lab (ALL) for eHealth, a user-centered innovation environment participated by multisectorial public and private partners. ALL implements a quadruple-helix model represented by citizens, industry, academia and government, offering an experimental arena for universal design to implement welfare technology, eHealth, telemedicine and mobile health solutions. ALL aims to catalyse inclusive innovation in the health sector by creating a multidisciplinary space where end-users (citizen, patient, relative, health professional) and health services can be interlinked making technology accessible and usable to everybody.

• Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty & Fensli, Rune Werner (2016). Usability Evaluation of a Collaborative Health Information System- Lessons from a User-centred Design Process. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind & Martinez, Santiago (2015). Brukermedvirkning i utforming og evaluering av velferdsteknologi. Erfaringer fra United4Health-prosjektet. Full text in Research Archive
• Martinez, Santiago; Norris, Tony; Labaka, Leire & Madanian, Samaneh (2015). Disaster E-Health: A New Paradigm for Collaborative Healthcare in Disasters. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). The EU-project United4Health: User-Centred Design and Evaluation of a Collaborative Information System for a Norwegian Telehealth Service. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Martinez, Santiago & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). User-Centred Design of an Information System for a Norwegian Telehealth Service. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). User Interface Development of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application- A User-centred Design Process. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Martinez, Santiago; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth & Fensli, Rune Werner (2015). eHealth-extended Care Coordination: Development of a Collaborative System for Inter-municipal Dementia Teams- A research project with a user-centered design approac. Full text in Research Archive
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Gerdes, Martin; Fensli, Rune Werner & Martinez, Santiago (2015). Usability Evaluation of a COPD Remote Monitoring Application. Full text in Research Archive
• Ferrero, Javier; Sotillos, Belén; Vázquez, Marta; Birov, Strahil; Müller, Sonja & Prodan, Alexandra [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2020). Health apps assessment frameworks mHealth HUB Knowledge Tool 1 (D2.1). European mHealth HUB H2020. Full text in Research Archive

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