Tommy Haugen

• Bugten, Jesper Barth; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ivarsson, Andreas; Spencer, Matthew; Stenling, Andreas & Haugen, Tommy (2026). Youth Sport Players' Enjoyment in Team Practice Sessions: The Daily Impact of Coaches and Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (JSEP). ISSN 0895-2779. 48(5), s. 315–323. doi: 10.1123/jsep.2025-0306. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy; Sandbakk, Øyvind Bucher; Sandbakk, Silvana Bucher & Tønnessen, Espen (2026). Strength and Speed Training Practices for Olympic Endurance Sports: Insights From World-Class Coaches. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. ISSN 1064-8011. 40(8), s. 1003–1012. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005447. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Haugen, T, Sandbakk, Ø, Bucher Sandbakk, S, and Tønnessen, E. Strength and speed training practices for Olympic endurance sports: Insights from world-class coaches. J Strength Cond Res 40(8): 1003–1012, 2026—This study aimed to identify common features and sport-specific variations in strength and speed training practices in Olympic endurance sports as described by world-class Norwegian coaches. A multiple case study design was used, and 12 successful male Norwegian coaches served as key informants. Together, they were responsible for athletes winning ∼400 international medals, representing long-distance running, biathlon, rowing, cross-country skiing, speed skating, road cycling, swimming, and triathlon. Data collection was based on a pragmatic 4-step procedure involving questionnaires, training logs, in-depth and semistructured interviews, followed by negotiation among researchers and coaches to assure our interpretations. The present coaches implemented strength and speed training to reduce injury risk, enhance work economy, finish/acceleration capacity, and skeletal health. The total volume of such training ranged from 20 to 200 hours·year−1, depending on sport and contextual factors. The highest volumes and resistance loads were reached during preparation phases, and the strength and speed training were implemented at varying stages of the weekly cycle. Strength sessions typically consisted of 4–8 exercises, 2–4 sets per exercise, 5–10 repetitions per set, and up to 10 repetitions in reserve. The speed training was completed in sport-specific modality with an intensity >90% of maximal velocity. The coaches emphasized strength and speed training as supportive yet secondary to endurance development, often delegating its implementation to the athletes themselves or to specialized staff. The present insights offer valuable contributions to strength and speed training practices in endurance sports and lay the groundwork for future research exploring the effectiveness of these strategies.

• Roksvaag, Magnus; Jones, Gareth; Haugen, Tommy; Sæther, Stig Arve & Høigaard, Rune (2026). Coaches’ Perception of Team Cohesion in National Teams. Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (SJSEP). 8, s. 97–106. doi: https:/tidsskrift.dk/sjsep/article/view/162423. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The main purpose of this study was to investigate how coaches experience and describe the phenomenon of team cohesion in national teams. Eight national team coaches from individual and team sports were interviewed. The interview guide was rooted in the theory of cohesion in sports groups and reflexive thematic analysis was utilized as our methodological approach. The results of the analysis identified four main themes related to cohesion: 1) Being part of a national team is attractive, 2) Quality relationships, 3) Formal and informal structure, and 4) Adaptive communication. The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of cohesion in national teams through the coaches’ perspectives.

• Haugen, Tommy; Stenling, Andreas; Peters, Derek Melville; Martin, Luc & Høigaard, Rune (2026). Psychometric Evaluation of the Norwegian Translation of the Group Conflict Questionnaire. Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (SJSEP). 8, s. 87–96. doi: 10.7146/sjsep.v8i.166850. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Perspectives on group dynamics usually acknowledge conflict in teams as unavoidable, necessitating that it be acknowledged and dealt with to develop effective and functional teams. A psychometrically sound measure is warranted to advance our understanding of this phenomenon. Based on the importance of investigating and understanding conflict in sport teams, the purpose of this study was to translate the Group Conflict Questionnaire into Norwegian using recommended scale adaptation and translation procedures and to examine the psychometric properties of the scale in Norwegian adult and youth interdependent sport team athletes. 621 recreational team-sport athletes between ages 13 and 35 were randomly split in half for exploratory factor-structure testing and a confirmatory cross-validation of the most appropriate model. The factor structure of the scale was tested using both Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. Bifactor solutions were also tested. The results indicated support for a two-factor model with subsequent acceptable model-fit for the scale. The results do, however, suggest a somewhat suboptimal scale in need of additional revisions and validation, because of concerning cross-loadings and potential issues with discriminant validity. The study investigates previously untested models of the GCQ, adding valuable information about the underlying structure of the group-conflict phenomenon.

• Horverak, May Olaug; Langeland, Gerd Martina; Sari, Emre & Haugen, Tommy (2026). Mastery, participation, and motivation in secondary school. I Carmo, Mafalda (Red.), Education Applications & Developments XI - Part II. inScience Press. ISSN 9789893683927. s. 52–66. doi: 10.36315/2026eadxiprtii05. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Mental health issues have been on the increase for years in Norway, and after the pandemic, school absence has been an increasing problem. To meet these challenges, several national initiatives have been launched. The current study will present experiences from a health promoting project called SAMM – A systematic approach to mastery, participation, and motivation, where a five-step method has been applied. A quasi-experimental study with test and control groups was carried out, including an intervention of four sessions spread over about a month, and repeated throughout the school year. Seven upper secondary school classes were included as test groups, resulting in 132 student participants. Five control groups were included, resulting in 132 control students. Finding an appropriate scale to measure the effects of the intervention proved challenging. The General Self-E fficacy Scale was used despite a rather limited focus. An ANOVA-analysis has been carried out, showing no significant difference between test and control groups over time. However, the approach in the intervention relates to several aspects of health promotion, and a more extensive scale would perhaps have been more adequate to measure possible effects.

• Hanley, Brian; Foster, Carl; Casado, Arturo; Pyne, David B.; Jones, Andrew Michael & Barroso, Renato [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Greatest of All Time: Development of a Ranking System to Determine the Most Successful Olympic and World Championship Runners Since 1896. Sports Medicine. ISSN 0112-1642. 56, s. 2267–2282. doi: 10.1007/s40279-026-02443-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background This study aimed to identify the Greatest of All Time (GOAT) athlete in running events held at the Olympic Games and World Athletics championships. Methods The achievements of 1294 men and 824 women who won at least one medal in any sprint, hurdles, or distance event at major global championships since 1896, or set a World Record (WR) since 1912, were collated. A scoring system was used to award points, with Olympic gold medals and WRs ranked joint highest. Fewer points were awarded for Olympic silver and bronze medals and for medals in World Championships (outdoor, indoor, and cross-country). Bonus points were awarded for WR longevity and the setting of WRs during Olympic finals. Athletes were also ranked by event and within historical eras. Results As of March 2026, Usain Bolt (Jamaica) was ranked as the male GOAT, and the highest-scoring woman was Faith Kipyegon (Kenya). Both athletes notably won “doubles” during their careers (over 100/200 m and 1500 m/5000 m, respectively) and set WRs over both distances. Marathon, steeplechase, and hurdle specialists usually competed in one event only. In an earlier era, Paavo Nurmi (Finland) had the highest combined Olympic Games/WR score across a range of distances. Conclusions Athletes who successfully competed over physiologically and tactically similar events (“doubles”), such as Bolt and Kipyegon, had a greater opportunity to become the GOAT. An increase in global competition since 1972 meant greater opportunities for winning medals, especially for women. This study provides a foundation on which future performances could be evaluated.

• Høigaard, Rune; Eriksson, Brian Peter; Hedegart, Vetle Berget; Sæther, Stig Arve & Haugen, Tommy (2026). Kohesjon i landslag – fra et spillerperspektiv. I Sæther, Stig Arve & Høigaard, Rune (Red.), Toppidrett i Skandinavia: En samfunnsvitenskapelig forskningsantologi om utviklings- og prestasjonsmiljø. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202916046. s. 271–289. doi: 10.23865/cdf.282.ch12. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to investigate national team players’ experiences and descriptions of group cohesion in national teams. Four women and three men who in total have played over 800 international matches in football or handball for Norway participated in the study. Data was collected through semistructured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. The results show that athletes perceive cohesion as an important factor for the national team to function optimally. The analysis reveals that athletes perceive cohesion as a multidimensional phenomenon consisting of the following four main categories: 1) Structure: the instrumental interaction within the team, such as norms and rules. 2) Prestige: recognition, pride, and status associated with being part of a national team group. 3) Psychological safety: the security and trust that players experience in team relationships. 4) Belonging: the social and emotional bonds between members of the national team. The implications of these results suggest that the development and influence of cohesion can be approached in various ways and with different focus depending on the needs and objectives of the national team.

• Säfvenbom, Reidar; Agans, Jennifer P.; Kolle, Elin & Haugen, Tommy (2026). Reaching hard to reach youth: Who are the inactive youth? Journal of Health Psychology. ISSN 1359-1053. s. 1–17. doi: 10.1177/13591053261430656. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Despite growing knowledge emphasizing benefits of physical activity, the inactivity rate in youth seems to remain. The present study suggests that one reason for this is lack of knowledge about the inactive and that exploration of differences in every daily life-challenges of inactive and active youth are needed. Applying multivariate analysis of variance and classification and regression tree analysis, differences between the two groups were seen. Results show associations between demographic variables and inactivity, yet when adding psycho-social variables, the accuracy improved significantly. The results suggest that inactive youth seem to live more challenging lives compared to their active peers. When we feed statistical analyses with only demographic data such as age, gender, social class and ethnicity, we may fail to examine the role of important psycho-social variables and thus miss beneficial knowledge about inactive youth and a pedagogical potential for developing appropriate interventions.

• Sigvartsen, Kristian Kjølstad; Sæther, Stig Arve; Haugen, Tommy; Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Peters, Derek Melville & Høigaard, Rune (2026). Perceived destructive coach leadership behavior in elite team sports. International Journal of Sport Psychology. ISSN 0047-0767. 57(1), s. 39–58. doi: 10.7352/IJSP.2026.57.039. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There is agreement among athletes, coaches, and sport researchers that leadership is one of the most significant factors when performing and operating in elite sport. There is, however, a lack of understanding of how the behaviors of coaches as leaders could be considered as destructive. The aim of this study was to explore elite sport athletes’ perceptions and experiences of destructive coach leadership behavior. Informants in this study were a convenience sample of eight (four female and four males) current or former World Class/international elite athletes in handball and soccer, with an average of 12 years of experience at elite level. Using semi-structured interviews and conducting a reflective thematic analysis we identified three main categories of perceived destructive leadership behavior from the coaches described as: Active Destructive Behaviors; Passive Destructive Behaviors, and Incompetent Coach Behaviors. Recognizing these behaviors is the first step in attempting to eradicate them.

• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Andersen, Eivin Kragholm & Haugen, Tommy (2026). Når kroppsøving er ballspill: en gjennomgang av forskning på favorisering av idrettsflinke elever i kroppsøvingsfaget. Norsk pedagogisk tidsskrift. ISSN 0029-2052. 110(1), s. 19–34. doi: https:/www.scup.com/doi/10.18261/npt.110.1.3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Det overordnede målet med denne studien var å sammenfatte funnene fra tidligere studier om favorisering av idrettsflinke elever i kroppsøvingsfaget for å øke vår forståelse av problemet. Studien er gjennomført som en scoping review hvor 10 studier ble analysert i lys av Foucault sin forståelse av diskurs. Funnene viser at det er verdier og logikker fra ballidretten som i størst grad fører til favorisering, og at elever som ikke har erfaringer formet av deltakelse i ballidrett, blir marginalisert i faget. Idrettsdiskursen ser derfor ut til å handle om ferdigheter innen ballidretter.

• Hüffmeier, Joachim Friedrich; Torka, Ann-Kathrin; Høigaard, Rune & Haugen, Tommy (2026). Team- or Reward-Induced Effort Gains in Track and Field Relays? A Replication and Extension of Schleu et al. (2019). Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (JSEP). ISSN 0895-2779. 48(1), s. 22–34. doi: 10.1123/jsep.2025-0001. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In 2019, Schleu et al. showed that 400-m runners at major championships exhibited team effort gains—they ran faster in the relay than in the individual competition. However, due to low statistical power, it remains unclear whether these findings are replicable. In a replication and extension of this study, we wanted to find out whether its findings replicate in a sample of 1,718 observations from 1,270 U.S. college athletes and whether effort expenditure is driven by working in a team or the chance of valuable outcomes in the relay. As shown by linear mixed modeling and regression analyses, runners exhibited effort gains only if their relays had high medal chances and if they had not been successful in the individual competition (i.e., did not place first to third). Moreover, relay members who had been successful in the individual competition showed effort losses . Overall, effort expenditure was thus driven by rewards.

• Horverak, May Olaug; Langeland, Gerd Martina; Rosef, Karianne & Haugen, Tommy (2025). How to Work with Motivation and Mastery in Upper Secondary School. International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education. 16(2), s. 5165–5169. doi: 10.20533/ijcdse.2042.6364.2025.0638. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy; Sandbakk, Silvana Bucher; Sandbakk, Øyvind Bucher & Tønnessen, Espen (2025). The training and development process for a world-class female handball player: a longitudinal and retrospective case study. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 7. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1655916. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tønnessen, Espen; Sandbakk, Silvana Bucher; Apold-Aasen, Sigmund B.; Sandbakk, Øyvind Bucher & Haugen, Tommy (2025). The training and development process during childhood and adolescence of a multiple Ballon d'Or-nominated soccer player. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 7. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1710194. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larssen, Thomas; Glesaaen, Ole Jørgen; Bruusgaard, Jo Christiansen; Strand, Martin Frank; Kalhovde, John Magne & Tønnessen, Espen [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). A comparative study of lactate threshold testing outcomes: walking vs. running. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. ISSN 0022-4707. 65(10), s. 1330–1336. doi: 10.23736/s0022-4707.25.17054-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Although lactate threshold (LT) tests are widely used by athletes to evaluate endurance performance, such tests are not commonly applied in health controls among recreationally active subjects. This study aimed to investigate the test-retest reliability of walking as an exercise modality during LT testing and compare the test outcomes with those obtained during running. Methods Twenty-three male and female participants (25±3 year, 172±8 cm, 70±13 kg, and maximal oxygen consumption [VO2max] 51±5 mL·kg-1·min-1) performed four LT tests within 2-3 weeks, either using walking or running (two tests in each condition) protocols. The running tests were performed on a flat treadmill, and the pace increased by 1 km·h-1 for each stage. During the walking tests, the pace was set to 6.5 km·h-1, and the incline increased by 2.5% for each stage. LT was determined based on a fixed blood lactate concentration of 4.0 mmol·L-1. Results Similar reliability values were observed for the walking and running protocol, and all between-trial differences were trivial or small. Significantly lower heart rate at LT was observed for the walking vs. running condition, but all between-modality differences were trivial or small. Analysis revealed that LT occurred at a slightly lower workload in walking than running (11.4±1.4 vs. 12.0±1.3 metabolic equivalents [METs]). Conclusions Given the trivial to small differences in LT variables observed between running and walking, these two protocols cannot be used interchangeably. However, the present study shows that walking represents an alternative exercise modality during LT testing in recreationally active subjects.

• Säfvenbom, Reidar; Haugen, Tommy; Ulset, Vidar Sandsaunet & Ivarsson, Andreas (2025). Temporal Associations Between Sport Participation, Dropout from Sports, and Mental Health Indicators: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Behavioral Sciences. 15(12). doi: 10.3390/bs15121665. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vesterhus, Maria; Salamonsen, Malene; Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2025). Konkurranse trigger … de fleste: Læreres refleksjoner over bruk av konkurranse i kroppsøvingsundervisningen. Journal for Research in Arts and Sports Education. 9(3), s. 87–105. doi: 10.23865/jased.v9.7540. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  I denne studien undersøker vi hvordan kroppsøvingslærere reflekterer rundt og praktiserer konkurranse i undervisningen i møte med elevene. Studien bygger på et kvalitativt survey-design med digital innsamling, der 149 lærere fra grunnskole og videregående skole besvarte fire åpne, forhåndsbestemte spørsmål. Datamaterialet ble analysert gjennom en refleksiv tematisk analyse, og tre hovedtemaer ble utviklet: (1) Konkurranse som pedagogisk paradoks, (2) Når konkurransen skaper både driv og distanse og (3) Når konkurransen utfordrer fellesskapet. I analysen belyser vi at lærere ser flere ulike fordeler ved å bruke konkurranse. Samtidig fremhever vi at selv om dette kan gjelde et flertall, kan konkurranse også føre til at elever trekker seg unna, og at det kan føre til krangling og konflikter. Temaene viser videre at lærere ofte støtter idealet om en verdibasert konkurranseforståelse, men at dette kan være vanskelig å realisere i praksis. Studien bidrar til økt refleksjon rundt konkurransens rolle i kroppsøving og peker på behovet for didaktiske strategier som fremmer både inkludering og læring blant elevene. 

• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Aasen, Benjamin; Stensrud, Anna & Haugen, Tommy (2025). Who speaks out, and about what? An examination of how physical education is portrayed in Norwegian news media. Frontiers in Education. 10. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2025.1727242. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study examined how physical education is portrayed in Norwegian print media from 2012 to 2022. Using content analysis informed by agenda-setting and framing perspectives, 256 newspaper articles were analyzed to identify dominant voices and themes. The findings show that students and university faculty are the most visible contributors, while teachers are underrepresented, especially in national media. Coverage largely mirrors academic discussions and tends to frame physical education through health-related and expert-driven narratives, often linking the subject to broader social and political debates. Such portrayals may narrow public understanding by overshadowing physical education’s educational and formative purposes. The study discusses how media framing can shape perceptions of physical education’s role in education and health policy and underscores the need for more balanced representations to foster a broader and more informed public debate about its value in society.

• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Knight, Camilla J. & Haugen, Tommy (2025). Like Father, like Son: A Qualitative Study on Father-Son Dyads at Senior National Football Team Level. Journal of Expertise. 8(2-3), s. 179–199. doi: https:/www.journalofexpertise.org/articles/volume8_issue2-3/JoE_8_2-3_Erikstad_etal.html. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The phenomenon of father-son dyads in professional sports is commonly acknowledged through anecdotes, but there is limited understanding regarding the dynamics within multi-generational sporting families. This study aimed to investigate father-son dyads within professional football, seeking insights into the influence of former professional athlete parents on their children’s sporting development. Interviews were conducted with the fathers and sons from three dyads, all of whom represented the Norwegian national football team. The data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. The results that were generated through the analytic process highlighted several key aspects: (1) Former professional athlete-fathers perceived as role models that shaped their sons’ interests, behaviors, and aspirations for success, (2) Active involvement where the fathers played football with their sons and ensured quality practice, (3) Fathers as providers of opportunities, drawing from their own experiences, recognition, and professional networks, and (4) Fathers providing tangible and emotional support while balancing demands and expectations. Across all themes, fathers maintained a relaxed perspective on elite sport, emphasizing that football’s primary value lies in enjoyment and positive youth development rather than becoming an elite athlete. Notably, the results highlighted that the fathers’ behaviors, actions, and approaches aligned with existing literature and recommendations pertaining to parental involvement in sport. However, it was also apparent in the findings that the sons benefited from some unique aspects arising from having a parent with elite athlete status. This included fathers serving as an inspiring figure due to their professional career, granting access to exclusive experiences, and possessing insights into the demands of professional sports thereby offering invaluable advice and guidance. In essence, this study not only reaffirms established guidelines for parental involvement in sports but also illuminates the potential added value derived from having a parent with a background in elite athletics.

• Laxdal, Aron; Þorgeirsson, Sveinn; Saavedra, Jose M; Karunanayaka, Ruwan C; Ivarsson, Andreas & Sigurgeirsson, Ólafur [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Is it time for a more analytical approach? Suboptimal shot selection strategies in handball. International journal of sports science & coaching. ISSN 1747-9541. doi: 10.1177/17479541251369049. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Increased use of analytics in sports has shed some light on various suboptimal strategies that have long been considered the norm. While sports such as basketball and baseball have adapted to a changing landscape, handball seems slow to adapt. The aim of this study was to examine i) the prevalence of high- and low-probability shots in semi-professional handball, ii) whether taking high-probability shots was associated with winning and iii) whether there were any differences between the men's and women's leagues. Six seasons in the Icelandic elite division were analyzed using a mixed-effects logistic regression model (1410 games, 879 games in the men's league and 531 games in the women's league). The study found that low-probability shots outnumbered high-probability shots (54.1% to 45.9%) and that high-probability shots were associated with winning (odds ratio of 1.46, compared to odds ratio of 0.73 in the low-probability shots). This was especially pronounced in the women's league (odds ratio of 1.77, compared to an odds ratio of 1.20 in the means league). These findings suggest that some handball teams could enhance their performance by focusing on creating high-probability shots. However, the success of such efforts depends not only on the attacking team's tactics but also on the defensive strategies employed by their opponents, which significantly influence the quality of scoring opportunities. Ultimately, the interplay between offensive and defensive approaches dictates the frequency and feasibility of high-probability shots.

• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Byrkjedal, Per Thomas; Ivarsson, Andreas; Sigurgeirsson, Ólafur & Haugen, Tommy (2025). Fact or Fiction? Examining the Veracity of Common Myths Related to 7-meter Throws in Handball. The Journal of Human Kinetics. ISSN 1640-5544. doi: 10.5114/jhk/204312. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There are several long-standing beliefs that persist in sport despite little or no evidence of them being true. The aim of this study was to assess the veracity of two such beliefs related to 7-meter (7-m) throws in handball: 1) that the fouled players should not take their own 7-m shots as their ability to score is compromised, and 2) that changing the 7-m shooter after a miss is more likely to lead to a goal than letting the player who missed try again. To assess the veracity of these beliefs 10,593 7-m shots from the Icelandic elite division were analyzed using a Bayesian three-level analysis. The results revealed that neither taking your own 7-m shot after being fouled nor taking a 7-m shot after missing the attempt appeared to have a negative effect on the outcome of 7-m shots. Coaches should therefore be able to let their most proficient 7-m shooters take any 7-m shot, regardless of preceding events, without any functional cost.

• Bugten, Jesper Barth; Haugen, Tommy; Ivarsson, Andreas; Knight, Camilla J.; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Spencer, Matthew [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Daily measures of sport enjoyment, social interaction, and attendance among female adolescent handball players. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 79. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102852. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study investigates how sport enjoyment and the immediate impact of social interactions with peers and coaches influence short-term sport participation among early adolescent female handball players. By using a diary study approach, data from 27 players over 10 practices in 4 weeks (270 measurement points) were collected. The findings revealed that coach controlling use of rewards during practice increased the risk of non-attendance at the subsequent practices, while peer relatedness support after practice increased attendance probability. Contrarily, peer intra-team conflict, coach negative conditional regard, and sport enjoyment did not predict attendance, suggesting that peer relatedness support and coach controlling use of rewards are more influential in short-term participation decisions for this group of players. Sport enjoyment during practice, as well as peer relatedness support during and after practice, predicted sport enjoyment the following practice. These results highlight the importance of feedback timing and interaction quality in youth sports. Further exploration is proposed on these dynamics across a wider range of demographics, and longer time periods to understand the impact of short- and long-term sport participation.

• Jønsberg, Eivind; Fagermyr, Hjalmar; Haugen, Tommy & Sandgren, Sebastian S (2025). The associations between passion for resistance training and muscle dysmorphia. Performance Enhancement & Health. 13(3). doi: 10.1016/j.peh.2025.100343. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective Obsessive passion for resistance training can predict adverse outcomes such as symptoms of muscle dysmorphia. Similarly, social media exposure has previously been associated with increased muscle dysmorphia symptoms. The present study aimed to investigate the association between passion for resistance training (harmonious and obsessive passion), fitness content on social media, and muscle dysmorphia symptoms. Method We conducted a cross-sectional study using a self-report survey administered to resistance training individuals in Norway. Participants (N = 502) with a mean age of 23.72 (SD = 3.17) completed the survey. Results Multiple Linear Regression Analyses revealed that obsessive passion and fitness content on social media positively predicted muscle dysmorphia symptoms, whilst harmonious passion negatively predicted symptoms of muscle dysmorphia. Discussion Healthcare professionals can use this knowledge to better assess and treat individuals at risk of developing or already suffering from muscle dysmorphia. Additional implications for practice and future recommendations are discussed.

• Meland, Eivind; Abildsnes, Eirik; Samdal, Gro Beate; Stea, Tonje Holte; Haugen, Tommy & Berntsen, Sveinung [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Changes in physical activity among overweight and obese Norwegian children aged 6–12: A non-randomized cluster-controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 53(8), s. 872–880. doi: 10.1177/14034948251315350. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aims: To explore whether a family-based intervention with playful activities among overweight and obese Norwegian children promoted moderate to vigorous and light physical activity compared with a waiting list control group, and to examine whether gross motor competence, isometric body mass index and motivational factors, as reported by the children and their parents, could explain changes observed during a six-month observation. Methods: A non-randomized cluster-controlled trial with 131 participants, 76 in the intervention group. Participants were aged 6–12 years, and 55 were boys. We performed linear regressions to compare the intervention and the control groups and adjusted linear models to examine predictors for outcomes with the groups merged into one cohort. Results: We could not demonstrate any intervention effect from the family-based activities. Moderate to vigorous physical activity levels were satisfactory at the start and were maintained during the observation period. None of the predictors could explain outcome status at six months, nor residual change of moderate to vigorous physical activity during the observation. We revealed that parental educational attainment, parental autonomous motivation and the participants’ experience of social support impacted light physical activity negatively after six months. Parental education also impacted the residual change of light physical activity negatively during the observation. Conclusions: The present family-based intervention to improve physical activity among overweight and obese children was ineffective. Baseline activity levels were already satisfactory. Paradoxically, factors such as parental socioeconomic status, autonomous motivation and self-reported support from parents and peers may be associated with diminished physical activity in such contexts. These unexpected findings need to be validated in further studies.

• Malnes, Lena; Haugen, Tommy; Nordbø, Emma Charlott Andersson; Ivarsson, Andreas; Kolle, Elin & Resaland, Geir Kåre [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Objectively measured environmental factors in relation to school travel mode among adolescents: a decision tree analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 22. doi: 10.1186/s12966-025-01727-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Understanding the factors that influence school travel mode choice is essential for promoting active travel among adolescents. Currently, there is a lack of research that effectively investigates the interactions between demographic and environmental factors on travel behavior. We aimed to investigate the associations between various demographic and environmental characteristics and the choice of school travel modes—walking, cycling, or motorized transport—among adolescents, across the winter and summer seasons. Methods Data from 1409 Norwegian adolescents, aged 14–15 years, who participated in the School In Motion project were analyzed. Self-reported travel modes and demographic characteristics were collected via questionnaires, while environmental characteristics were determined using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A decision tree analysis was conducted utilizing the chi-squared automatic interaction detection algorithm to discern patterns in the data. The present study has a cross-sectional design. Results During summer, the predominant travel modes were cycling (39%), walking (37%), and motorized transport (24%). Gender was associated with travel mode choices over short distances (< 1.6 km), with girls favoring walking and boys favoring cycling. For longer commutes, steep inclines were associated with reduced walking and cycling, while higher traffic exposure was associated with increased cycling. During winter, walking (50%) was the most common mode, followed by motorized travel (36%) and cycling (14%). Living near peers was associated with increased walking and cycling among girls. For commutes exceeding 2 km, factors such as available bus transit, more streetlights, the absence of steep hills, and higher urban centrality were linked to increased walking and cycling. Conclusions The findings indicated a complex pattern of demographic and environmental factors influencing active travel, with environmental factors becoming increasingly important as commuting distances increased. These findings highlight the importance of considering the interactions of various factors to effectively promote active travel, especially for adolescents undertaking longer commutes. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov ID no: NCT03817047. Registered on: January 25, 2019 (retrospectively registered).

• Tønnessen, Espen; Sandbakk, Øyvind Bucher; Sandbakk, Silvana Bucher; Seiler, Stephen & Haugen, Tommy (2024). Training Session Models in Endurance Sports: A Norwegian Perspective on Best Practice Recommendations. Sports Medicine. ISSN 0112-1642. 54, s. 2935–2953. doi: 10.1007/s40279-024-02067-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Our scientific understanding of the mechanistic and practical connections between training session prescriptions, their execution by athletes, and adaptations over time in elite endurance sports remains limited. These connections are fundamental to the art and science of coaching. Objective: By using successful Norwegian endurance coaches as key informants, the aim of this study is to describe and compare best practice session models across different exercise intensities in Olympic endurance sports. Methods: Data collection was based on a four-step pragmatic qualitative study design, involving questionnaires, training logs from successful athletes, and in-depth and semi-structured interviews, followed by negotiation among researchers and coaches to assure our interpretations. Twelve successful and experienced male Norwegian coaches from biathlon, cross-country skiing, long-distance running, road cycling, rowing, speed skating, swimming, and triathlon were chosen as key informants. They had been responsible for the training of world-class endurance athletes who altogether have won > 370 medals in international championships. Results: The duration of low-intensity training (LIT) sessions ranges from 30 min to 7 h across sports, mainly due to modality-specific constraints and load tolerance considerations. Cross-training accounts for a considerable part of LIT sessions in several sports. Moderate (MIT)- and high-intensity training (HIT) sessions are mainly conducted as intervals in specific modalities, but competitions also account for a large proportion of annual HIT in most sports. Interval sessions are characterized by a high accumulated volume, a progressive increase in intensity throughout the session, and a controlled, rather than exhaustive, execution approach. A clear trend towards shorter intervals and lower work: rest ratio with increasing intensity was observed. Overall, the analyzed sports implement considerably more MIT than HIT sessions across the annual cycle. Conclusions: This study provides novel insights on quantitative and qualitative aspects of training session models across intensities employed by successful athletes in Olympic endurance sports. The interval training sessions revealed in this study are generally more voluminous, more controlled, and less exhaustive than most previous recommendations outlined in research literature.

• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Høigaard, Rune; Côté, Jean & Haugen, Tommy (2024). Youth sport coaches' perceptions of participating in the Transformational Coaching Workshop – A qualitative evaluation. International journal of sports science & coaching. ISSN 1747-9541. doi: 10.1177/17479541241260984. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristensen, Jan Åge; Haugen, Tommy & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2024). Supplement usage and doping attitudes in elite youth sports: The mediating role of dietary supplement acceptance. PLOS ONE. 19(2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297078. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study investigated whether dietary supplement acceptance mediated the relationship between supplement use and doping attitudes in youth sports. To this end, we employed a two-wave half-longitudinal design during a sports season (time point one [T1] to time point two [T2]). The sample consisted of 217 elite youth athletes (47% male; mean age = 16.98 years, standard deviation = 0.88) who competed in team sports (43%; N = 93; basketball, floorball, handball, and ice hockey) and individual sports (57%; N = 124; alpine skiing, biathlon, cross-country skiing, swimming, and tennis). The participants were recruited from eight Norwegian sports academy high schools that provide extracurricular, higher-level training and specialization for youth athletes. Results from structural equation modeling analysis indicated that dietary supplement acceptance (T2) mediated the positive relationship between supplement use (T1) and doping attitudes (T2) when accounting for prior levels of the mediator and the outcome variable. These findings suggest that when young athletes used dietary supplements at the start of the season to improve their performance, they were more likely to view the use of supplements as acceptable and to report more favorable attitudes toward doping at the end of the season six months later. For those seeking to prevent doping in youth sports, targeting athletes’ views on the acceptable use of dietary supplements may be important.

• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2024). Playing position, height, weight, and preferred throwing arm do not differentiate between more and less effective 7- metre throwers at the highest level of international handball. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. ISSN 2474-8668. doi: 10.1080/24748668.2024.2399402. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to evaluate what characterised the best 7 m throwers in elite handball. The 7 m throwing records of 95 males and 104 females who collectively took 12,033 7 m throws at the 43 major championships (European Championship, World Championship, and Olympics) from 2007–2024 were studied. This was done to assess whether some characteristics set the best throwers apart from those who were less successful. A multinomial logistic regression found no significant differences between the 7 m throwers on a range of characteristics. These findings indicate that the variability within each characteristic is as great as the variability between characteristics. What makes the different 7 m throwers efficient from the 7 m line does therefore appear less important than the fact that something makes them efficient from the 7 m line.

• Aasland, Erik & Haugen, Tommy (2024). Klasseledelse i kroppsøving - en undersøkelse av ulike undervisningspraksiser. I Røynesdal, Øystein & Thorjussen, Ingfrid M. (Red.), Kroppsøving i praksis: læreplanbegreper, klasseledelse og undervisningsmetode. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215063744. s. 77–92. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Schei, Gaute Sørensen; Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2024). Treneren som identitetsleder : En undersøkelse av sammenhengen mellom identitetsledelse og humorklima i norsk lagidrett. I Næss, Hans Erik (Red.), Idrettsledelse i praksis. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202820794. s. 173–189. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Horverak, May Olaug; Langeland, Gerd Martina; Hellang, Øyvind; Aanensen, Mariette; Haugen, Tommy & Eide, Sara Eline [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Et helsefremmende skolemiljø for økt skolenærvær. Forebygging.no. 18. doi: 10.21340/m9pw-ct37. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Haugen, Tommy; Angeltveit, Ørjan; Sørensen, Christian & Ivarsson, Andreas (2024). Is Left-Handedness Associated With Greater Success From the 7-Meter Line? An Analysis of 7-Meter Records Across Various Handball Competitions. Perceptual and Motor Skills. ISSN 0031-5125. doi: 10.1177/00315125241272503. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  While left-handers have been overrepresented among 7-meter shooters in handball, previous investigators have not found success from the 7-meter line to be related to handedness. Drawing on previous handedness research in sport, we performed two studies to examine possible negative frequency-dependent advantages to left-handedness during 7-meter throws among elite players. In Study I, we analyzed the records of 974 7-meter shooters from Danish and Norwegian elite divisions (485 males and 489 females) and found that left-handed males were overrepresented compared to the prevalence of left-handers in these two leagues, but left-handed females were not. An analysis of covariance showed no statistically significant associations between throwing arm or sex, and success from the 7-meter line. In Study II, we analyzed the records of 899 7-meter shooters at 41 major championships for both males and females between 2007-2023 (442 males and 457 females). We again found left-handed males to be overrepresented compared to their prevalence at the championships, but left-handed females were not. Also, in alignment with Study I, an analysis of covariance found no associations between throwing arm or sex, and success from 7-meter throws. These findings further underline the complexities associated with lateral biases in sports, where there appear to be benefits for left-handed males in the selection process that are not evident during performance execution.

• Pusey, Christopher Garry; Haugen, Tommy; Høigaard, Rune; Ivarsson, Andreas; Røshol, Andreas Waaler & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Put Some Music on: The Effects of pre-Task Music Tempo on Arousal, Affective State, Perceived Exertion, and Anaerobic Performance. Music & Science. 6, s. 1–9. doi: 10.1177/20592043231174388. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Research on the ergogenic effects of music on athletic performance usually includes multiple antecedents simultaneously. Consequently, this study set out to isolate a single antecedent using a highly controlled experiment. More specifically, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of pre-task, slow- and fast-tempo music on arousal, affective state, perceived exertion, and anaerobic rowing performance by isolating music tempo as the sole intrinsic musical factor. Forty young adults (male = 23, female = 17) participated in three trials where they all were exposed to no-music, slow-tempo, and fast-tempo music conditions in a randomized order. The music was exclusively composed for this study and equally novel for all participants. It was based on the same electronic track with a techno-orientation rendered to both 110 (slow-tempo) and 140 (fast-tempo) BPM. Following music exposure, the participants were momentarily asked to report levels of felt arousal and affective state before being instructed to perform a 30-s maximal rowing test on an ergometer. Upon completion of each rowing test, subjects were then asked to report their perceived exertion. Both fast- and slow-tempo pre-task music exposure led to increased arousal and positive affective state when compared to no music. Fast-tempo music led to a significantly higher mean power output than slow-tempo music. No significant differences were found for peak watt output or rating of perceived exertion when comparing all conditions. These findings suggest that exposure to pre-task music may offer positive psychological benefits prior to commencing anaerobic sporting tasks. Results also suggest that fast-tempo music may have an ergogenic effect on anaerobic performance.

• Schei, Gaute Sørensen; Høigaard, Rune; Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Ivarsson, Andreas & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Identity leadership and cohesion in elite sport: The mediating role of intra-team communication. Heliyon. 9(7). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17853. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  One perspective on leadership that has recently gained increased attention in sport is identity leadership; however, research on elite sport teams is still in its infancy. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to investigate identity leadership in elite team sports in relation to task cohesion, and subsequently to explore the mediating role of the intra-team communication dimensions of acceptance and distinctiveness. A cross-sectional design was employed and 441 elite athletes from division 1 and division 2 in handball and ice hockey participated in the present study. Structural equation modeling was used to assess relationships between identity leadership and task cohesion, and the mediating role of acceptance and distinctiveness. Results revealed that identity leadership positively predicted task cohesion, and that this relationship was mediated by intrateam communication acceptance. In conclusion, findings in the present study expand our understanding of performance-related benefits of identity leadership in elite sport.

• Foster, Carl; Hanley, Brian; Barroso, Renato; Boullosa, Daniel; Casado, Arturo & Haugen, Tommy [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Evolution of 1500-m Olympic Running Performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 19(1), s. 62–70. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0289. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristensen, Jan Åge; Haugen, Tommy & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2023). Perceived social pressure and intention to play through injuries in junior ice hockey: The sporting environment matters. Journal of Sports Sciences. ISSN 0264-0414. 41(14). doi: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2273084. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Playing when injured is a risky yet common business among ice hockey players. Conceptualized within the framework of the theory of planned behaviour, the current cross-sectional study aimed to test a multiple-mediator model linking players’ perceived social pressure to their intention to play when injured. We tested whether social pressure is directly and indirectly (via attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control avoidance, and situational temptation) related to intention to play when injured. We recruited 186 junior players aged 16–20 years (mean age = 17.85; standard deviation = 1.35) from two Norwegian ice hockey leagues (under 18 and under 20 years of age). The data were analysed using a linear regression procedure and a bias-corrected bootstrapping technique to measure indirect effects. The results revealed a positive direct and indirect (via attitudes, subjective norms, and situational temptation) rela-tionship between players’ perceived social pressure and their intention to play when injured. In conclusion, players that perceived pressure to play despite being injured, who perceived positive consequences of doing so, who believed that people close or important to them approved of them doing so, and who perceived game-specific temptations, were more likely to report a stronger intent to play the game when injured.

• Malnes, Lena; Berntsen, Sveinung; Kolle, Elin; Ivarsson, Andreas; Dyrstad, Sindre Mikal & Resaland, Geir Kåre [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). School-based physical activity in relation to active travel – a cluster randomized controlled trial among adolescents enrolled in the school in motion study in Norway. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 20(1). doi: 10.1186/s12966-023-01534-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Active travel and school settings are considered ideal for promoting physical activity. However, previous research suggests limited effect of school-based interventions on overall physical activity levels among adolescents. The relationship between physical activity in different domains remains inconclusive. In this study, we examined the effects of adding two weekly hours of school-based physical activity on active travel rates. Method We analyzed data from 1370 pupils in the 9th-grade participating in the cluster RCT; the School In Motion (ScIM) project. Intervention schools (n = 19) implemented 120 min of class-scheduled physical activity and physical education, in addition to the normal 2 hours of weekly physical education in the control schools (n = 9), for 9 months. Active travel was defined as pupils who reported walking or cycling to school, while motorized travel was defined as pupils who commuted by bus or car, during the spring/summer half of the year (April–September), or autumn/winter (October–February). The participants were categorized based on their travel mode from pretest to posttest as; maintained active or motorized travel (“No change”), changing to active travel (motorized-active), or changing to motorized travel (active-motorized). Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the intervention effect on travel mode. Results During the intervention period, most participants maintained their travel habits. In total, 91% of pupils maintained their travel mode to school. Only 6% of pupils switched to motorized travel and 3% switched to active travel, with small variations according to season and trip direction. The intervention did not seem to influence the likelihood of changing travel mode. The odds ratios for changing travel habits in spring/summer season were from active to motorized travel 1.19 [95%CI: 0.53–2.15] and changing from motorized to active travel 1.18 [0.30–2.62], compared to the “No change” group. These findings were consistent to and from school, and for the autumn/winter season. Conclusion The extra school-based physical activity does not seem to affect rates of active travel among adolescents in the ScIM project.

• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Where are the carrots? A proposal to start crediting the peer reviewers for their contribution to science. Learned Publishing. ISSN 0953-1513. doi: 10.1002/leap.1589. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Ivarsson, Andreas; Þorgeirsson, Sveinn & Haugen, Tommy (2022). Born to Score? The Relationship between Left-Handedness and Success from the 7-Meter Line. Symmetry. 14(10). doi: 10.3390/sym14102163. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Schei, Gaute Sørensen; Haugen, Tommy; Jones, Gareth; Sæther, Stig Arve & Høigaard, Rune (2022). A Qualitative Exploration of Collective Collapse in a Norwegian Qualifying Premier League Soccer Match—The Successful Team's Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.777597. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The current case study focused on a crucial match in the qualification for the Norwegian Premier League (Eliteserien). In the match, the participants of the study experienced a radical change in performance toward the end of the second half, from being behind by several goals to scoring 3 goals in 6 min and winning the qualifying game. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the perceptions and reflections of players and coaches (sporting director) on what occurred within their own team and within the opposing team. The momentum shift in the opposition team can be described as a collective collapse. In the study, the theoretical collective collapse process model was used as a guide for the design of the interview questions where five semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants involved in the match (players, coach, and sporting director). The participants watched excerpt clips from the match to recall the main events, which they subsequently reflected on. The results highlighted the importance of the “before-game” aspects (i.e., pressure, first game result), the “during-the-game” behavior (i.e., goals scored, playing with a low degree of risk) and the cognitive (i.e., feelings of pressure, despair) and emotional reactions (i.e., frustration, joy) to the match unfolding. In addition, social contagion processes were evident in both teams relating to emotion and behavior. Overall, the data from this study investigated the general structure of the process model of collective sport team collapse and found support for the notion of a temporal cascade of causes for a team collapse. Future research is encouraged to examine this model, to provide guidance to teams, coaches, and sport psychologists in order to make recommendations for dealing with collective collapse in sport teams.

• Haugen, Tommy & Moser, Thomas (2022). Hva er motorikk? I Kvikstad, Ingvild (Red.), Motorikk i et didaktisk perspektiv. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205563001. s. 19–36. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy & Aasland, Erik (2022). Motorikkrelaterte begreper i læreplaner i kroppsøving 1922-2020. I Kvikstad, Ingvild (Red.), Motorikk i et didaktisk perspektiv. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205563001. s. 179–193. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Malnes, Lena Hansen; Haugen, Tommy; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Kolle, Elin & Berntsen, Sveinung (2022). Establishing the Convergent Validity of the Travel Habit Questions in the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Questionnaire by Quantifying Active Travel in Norwegian Adolescents. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 4. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.761723. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Active travel (cycling or walking to school) can be a substantial part of adolescents' daily physical activity. Research on transport activities primarily relies on self-reported indices of travel mode and travel time. However, many researchers do not report the psychometric properties of their instruments. The Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) questionnaire is a commonly used instrument, but the items in this questionnaire on travel habits have not yet been validated. The present study was conducted to investigate the convergent validity and agreement between the HBSC items and a travel diary on (1) transport mode to and from school and (2) travel time to school. Methods: The study sample consisted of 50 participants in the 9th grade (15 ± 0.3 years, 62% girls) from seven Norwegian schools. Outcome variables included transport mode and travel time derived from the HBSC items and a five-day travel diary. Convergent validity was assessed by evaluating Cohen's kappa for travel mode and the correlation coefficient (Spearman Rho) for travel time. Simple agreement calculations between the two measurement methods were also conducted. Results: The association between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for travel mode to and from school was κ = 0.63 (P < 0.001) and κ = 0.77 (P < 0.001), respectively. The total agreement between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for was 78%. However, the agreement was higher for walking (88%) and cycling (91%) than for motorized transport (67%). For travel time, the Spearman correlation coefficient was ρ = 0.60 (P < 0.001) between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary. The total agreement on travel time was 67%; however, active commuters (86%) seemed to more accurately estimated travel time than motorized commuters (55%). Conclusion: Although the overall agreement between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for mode of transport was 78%, the HBSC questionnaire may underestimate the prevalence of motorized transport compared to walking and cycling.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Haugen, Tommy & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2022). Coping with external stressors in handball and football elite refereeing: The relationship with referee efficacy. Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (SJSEP). 4(1), s. 20–26. doi: 10.7146/sjsep.v4i1.129894. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study investigated the association between referee efficacy and self-reported coping with external stressors among elite handball and football referees. The participants were 224 Norwegian elite referees of handball (n = 111, m age = 35.3 years, 13.5% females) and football (113, m age = 30.8 years, 8% females) who had been referees for an average of 14.4 years (sd = 7.77 years; min: 4, max: 37) and a referee at the present level for 6.8 years (sd = 6.20 years, min: 1, max: 32). Referee self-efficacy was measured using the Norwegian version of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale. Self-reported coping with external stressors was measured using responses to statements related to the referee’s self-perceived decision-making process in the presence of several sources of external stressors. Referee self-efficacy was positively associated with coping with external stressors (b = .24 (se = .11), p = .021). Football referees reported higher levels of coping with external stressors (b = .28 (se = .08), p = .001) than handball referees, and the number of years of elite refereeing was positively related to coping with external stressors. The findings provide evidence of a positive relationship between referee efficacy and coping with external stressors when making decisions. Keywords: Referee Self-Efficacy Scale, decision-making, social pressure, team sport referees

• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Ivarsson, Andreas; Sigurgeirsson, Ólafur & Haugen, Tommy (2022). Are the playoffs different from the regular season? A comparison of in-game statistics in Icelandic elite handball. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. ISSN 2474-8668. s. 1–8. doi: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2115781. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There are many axioms in sport that are taken at face value. One of them is that the playoffs are somehow totally different from the regular season. The aim of this study was to test that axiom by comparing in-game statistics during the regular season and the playoffs in the semi-professional Icelandic elite men’s handball league. Data from 724 games (648 regular season games and 76 playoff games; 1448 data points) across five seasons were analysed using a two-level logistic regression analysis. The variables of interest were pace, fast breaks, legal stops, penalty throws given, 2-minute suspensions, and saves. The results indicated no meaningful differences in fast breaks, penalty throws given or number of saves, but did find signs of added intensity during the playoffs with a higher pace, more legal stops and more 2-minute suspensions. While the differences were not particularly large, they have the possibility of being practically meaningful and were in line with the axiom. Possible explanations were discussed but more research is needed to determine whether these findings are context- or sport-specific.

• Haugen, Tommy; Sandbakk, Øyvind; Seiler, Stephen & Tønnessen, Espen (2022). The Training Characteristics of World-Class Distance Runners: An Integration of Scientific Literature and Results-Proven Practice. Sports Medicine - Open. 8, s. 1–18. doi: 10.1186/s40798-022-00438-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this review we integrate the scientifc literature and results-proven practice and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite long-distance performance. Herein, we describe how fundamental training characteristics and well-known training principles are applied. World-leading track runners (i.e., 5000 and 10,000 m) and marathon specialists participate in 9±3 and 6±2 (mean±SD) annual competitions, respectively. The weekly running distance in the mid-preparation period is in the range 160–220 km for marathoners and 130–190 km for track runners. These diferences are mainly explained by more running kilometers on each session for marathon runners. Both groups perform 11–14 sessions per week, and ≥80% of the total running volume is performed at low intensity throughout the training year. The training intensity distribution vary across mesocycles and difer between marathon and track runners, but common for both groups is that volume of race-pace running increases as the main competition approaches. The tapering process starts 7–10 days prior to the main competition. While the African runners live and train at high altitude (2000–2500 m above sea level) most of the year, most lowland athletes apply relatively long altitude camps during the preparation period. Overall, this review ofers unique insights into the training characteristics of world-class distance runners by integrating scientifc literature and results-proven practice, providing a point of departure for future studies related to the training and development in the Olympic long-distance events.

• Haugen, Tommy; Erdvik, Irina Burchard; Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Kloster, Benjamin Wang & Säfvenbom, Reidar (2021). Forholdet mellom elevers motivasjon for kroppsøvingsfaget, motivasjonsklima og tilhørighet i kroppsøvingstimene, og deres intensjon om å være fysisk aktive etter endt obligatorisk skolegang. Journal for Research in Arts and Sports Education. 5(3), s. 65–85. doi: 10.23865/jased.v5.3285. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Studiens hensikt var å undersøke forholdet mellom elevers tilhørighet i kroppsøvingstimene, deres opplevelse av motivasjonsklimaet i faget og deres intensjon om å være fysisk aktive etter endt obligatorisk skolegang, samt å undersøke i hvilken grad autonom og kontrollert motivasjon medierte det ovennevnte forholdet. Tverrsnittsdata fra 2610 avgangselever ved ungdoms- og videregående skoler fra fire forskjellige geografiske områder i Norge dannet grunnlaget for mediasjonsanalysen. Denne målte indirekte effekter ved hjelp av en bias-korrigert bootstrapping metode. Resultatene viste at opplevd tilhørighet og opplevd mestringsklima i faget var positivt assosiert med elevers intensjoner om å være fysisk aktive etter endt skolegang, både uavhengig av og mediert gjennom elevenes autonome motivasjon. Prestasjonsklima var imidlertid negativt assosiert med intensjon gjennom amotivasjon, og positivt assosiert med intensjon gjennom kontrollert motivasjon. Studien viser at opplevelser av gode relasjoner mellom alle deltakende parter i kroppsøvingstimene, samt mestringsorientert motivasjonsklima, kan være viktig for en fysisk aktiv livsstil gjennom intensjon om fysisk aktivitet etter endt skolegang.

• Hovdal, Dag Ove Granås; Haugen, Tommy; Larsen, Inger Beate & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2021). “It’s Not Just About the Activity, It’s Also About How the Activity is Facilitated”: Investigating Students’ Experiences in Two Competitive Situations in Physical Education. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. ISSN 0031-3831. doi: 10.1080/00313831.2021.2006306. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Høigaard, Rune; Côté, Jean; Turnnidge, Jennifer & Haugen, Tommy (2021). An Examination of the Relationship Between Coaches’ Transformational Leadership and Athletes’ Personal and Group Characteristics in Elite Youth Soccer. Frontiers in Psychology. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707669. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There is a growing body of the literature highlighting the positive impact of transformational leadership behaviours across contexts, including sport. However, there is a lack of knowledge of this relationship within elite sport settings. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between elite youth athletes’ perceptions of coaches’ transformational coaching-behaviours and variables that have been linked to transformational leadership in other settings (i.e., group cohesion, motivational climate, self-regulation of learning and athlete satisfaction). Norwegian elite youth soccer players (n = 753) selected into the national talent development program completed questionnaires to measure the variables of interest. Using structural equation modelling, results revealed a positive path from transformational leadership to both task and social cohesion, taskoriented motivational climates, self-regulation of learning and athlete satisfaction. Finally, a negative path from transformational leadership to ego-oriented climates was identified. The findings are in line with previous research in associating transformational leadership behaviours with adaptive outcomes, and further indicating that such relationships may also be valid in elite sport contexts.

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• Høigaard, Rune; Haugen, Tommy & Sæther, Stig Arve (2026). Tillit er en sentral faktor for å lykkes. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/mening/kronikk/o/L48lEP/tillit-er-en-sentral-faktor-for-aa-lykkes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Horverak, May Olaug; Langeland, Gerd Martina; Helmersen, Migle; Hellang, Øyvind; Kühn, Nadja Sophia Bekkelund & Sari, Emre [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Health promotion in school – what does it mean, and how can the effect of health promoting efforts be evaluated? Population Medicine. 8(Supplement1). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  INTRODUCTION: Increased mental health issues among children and young people have led to the implementation of health promoting initiatives in Norwegian schools. Finding the right tools to evaluate these measures has been a challenge. The Norwegian Public Health Institute has pointed out that...

• Horverak, May Olaug; Langeland, Gerd Martina; Helmersen, Migle; Hellang, Øyvind; Kühn, Nadja Sophia Bekkelund & Sari, Emre [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Health promotion in school – what does it mean, and how can the effect of health promoting efforts be evaluated? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2026). Samhold er viktig – også på landslag. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2025). Fire myter om samhold i idretten. Fedrelandsvennen. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/sport/i/dRyMQw/myter-om-samhold-i-idretten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2025). Den farlige jakten på neste seier. Fedrelandsvennen. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/sport/i/XMwgmW/den-farlige-jakten-paa-neste-seier. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy & Sandgren, Sebastian S (2025). Besatt av muskler: Hvordan treningsglede og sosiale medier henger sammen med kroppsbildet. Fedrelandsvennen. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/sport/i/eMLMda/besatt-av-muskler-hvordan-treningsglede-og-sosiale-medier-henger-sammen-med-kroppsbildet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bugten, Jesper Barth; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Haugen, Tommy (2025). Hva får unge håndballjenter til å møte opp på trening? Fedrelandsvennen. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/sport/i/1MKpJB/hva-faar-unge-haandballjenter-til-aa-moete-opp-paa-trening. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy; Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2025). Hjelp, jeg er idrettsforelder. Fedrelandsvennen. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/sport/i/kwqrRv/hjelp-jeg-er-idrettsforelder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Horverak, May Olaug; Langeland, Gerd Martina; Sari, Emre & Haugen, Tommy (2025). Health promotion through facilitating mastery, participation and motivation in secondary school. doi: https:/end-educationconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/202502OP048.pdf. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Horverak, May Olaug; Langeland, Gerd Martina; Rosef, Karianne & Haugen, Tommy (2025). How to measure initiatives on motivation and mastery in secondary school? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Horverak, May Olaug; Langeland, Gerd Martina; Helmersen, Migle; Hellang, Øyvind; Kühn, Nadja Sophia Bekkelund & Sari, Emre [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Helsefremmende praksis i skolen: Hva innebærer det og hvordan kan det evalueres. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Horverak, May Olaug; Langeland, Gerd Martina; Sari, Emre & Haugen, Tommy (2025). Health promotion through facilitating mastery, participation and motivation in secondary school. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Horverak, May Olaug; Hellang, Øyvind; Kühn, Nadja Sophia Bekkelund; Helmersen, Migle; Langeland, Gerd Martina & Haugen, Tommy (2025). Developing an Instrument to Measure Health Promotion in a Youth Environment: A Pilot Study From a Norwegian Context. doi: 10.22492/issn.2187-4743.2025.4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2025). «Tame må til for å vere i fysisk aktivitet». Fedrelandsvennen. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/sport/i/LMxjW4/tame-maa-til-for-aa-vere-i-fysisk-aktivitet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Horverak, May Olaug; Hellang, Øyvind; Kühn, Nadja Sophia Bekkelund; Helmersen, Migle; Langeland, Gerd Martina & Haugen, Tommy (2025). Developing an instrument to measure health promotion in a youth environment - A pilot study from a Norwegian context. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jones, Hannah; Pedersen, Hedda & Haugen, Tommy (2024). «Kampen for tilværelsen». Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Haugen, Tommy (2024). Intentions to quit among Norwegian elite handball and football referees: Investigating the dualistic model of passion. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2024). «Det er jo så urettferdig». Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy; Tønnessen, Espen; Sandbakk, Silvana Bucher & Sandbakk, Øyvind Bucher (2023). Training Quality-An Unexplored Domain in Sport Science. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 18(3), s. 221–222. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0500. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet». Romsdals Budstikke.. ISSN 0806-5160. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet». iTromsø. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet». lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet». Folkebladet.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet». Sunnmørsposten. ISSN 1503-9056. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet». Stavanger Aftenblad. ISSN 0804-8991. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Eivin Kragholm; Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Når kroppsøving egentlig er ballspill. iTromsø. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Eivin Kragholm; Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Når kroppsøving egentlig er ballspill. Sunnmørsposten. ISSN 1503-9056. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Eivin Kragholm; Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Når kroppsøving egentlig er ballspill. Romsdals Budstikke.. ISSN 0806-5160. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Eivin Kragholm; Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Når kroppsøving egentlig er ballspill. Folkebladet.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Eivin Kragholm; Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Når kroppsøving egentlig er ballspill. Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Høigaard, Rune; Côté, Jean & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Youth sport coaches’ perceptions of participating in the Transformational Coaching Workshop - A qualitative study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy; Høigaard, Rune; Côté, Jean; Turnnidge, Jennifer; Stenling, Andreas & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2023). Development and initial validation of the Transformational Coaching Scale. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2023). Dette kjennetegner de beste idrettsutøverne. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Eivin Kragholm & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Når kroppsøving egentlig er ballspill. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Hvordan (bort)forklarer vi dårlige prestasjoner? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet». Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Haugen, Tommy (2022). Tren din syvende sans. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Schei, Gaute Sørensen; Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2022). Når lagene smitter hverandre. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Østerlie, Ove & Haugen, Tommy (2022). [Podcast, krø.no] Artikkelklubben 10 – Forholdet mellom elevers motivasjon for kroppsøvingsfaget og fysisk aktivitet etter endt skolegang. [Internet]. www.krø.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2022). Lidenskapens pris. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Høigaard, Rune & Haugen, Tommy (2022). Når ikke alle tar i et tak. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sigvartensen, Kristian K.; Sæther, Stig Arve; Haugen, Tommy; Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Peters, Derek Melville & Høigaard, Rune (2022). Elite team sport athletes’ perceptions and experiences of destructive coach leadership behaviour. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy (2021). «One size does not fit all». Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy (2021). «One size does not fit all». Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy (2021). «One size does not fit all». Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Haugen, Tommy (2021). Hva skal til for å spille i EM? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Haugen, Tommy (2021). Hva skal til for å spille i EM? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy (2021). «One size does not fit all». Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Schei, Gaute Sørensen; Høigaard, Rune & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Communication in elite team sports. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 9788284271477. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Prestasjoner i eliteidrett inneholder en rekke sammenkoblede faktorer, der teammedlemmer må koordinere innsats i treningsarbeid og i kampsituasjon, mot kollektive mål. Kommunikasjon er en sentral faktor som er relatert til teamarbeid i eliteidrett. Kommunikasjon i elitelag er sterkt knyttet til hvordan teammedlemmer samarbeider for å løse oppgave-relaterte krav, og er samtidig med å påvirke de sosiale interaksjonene mellom teammedlemmer. Viktigheten av kommunikasjon i team prosesser har blitt fremhevet av flere forskere. Det er likevel behov for mer forskning som undersøker og utforsker kommunikasjon i elitelag i idrett. Resultatene fra denne avhandlingen fremhever viktigheten av kommunikasjon i elitelag, og utvider forståelsen vår av identitetsledelse, intrateam kommunikasjon (dvs., aksept, særpreg, humor), kohesjon, og kampspesifikk kommunikasjon. Treneratferd er identifisert som en sentral faktor som påvirker kommunikasjon i team prosesser (PI), mens momentum og smitte xi er med å påvirke kampspesifikk kommunikasjon innad og mellom to konkurrende lag (PIII). Resultatene understreker at treneren og den konkrete situasjonen er viktige faktorer for å forstå kommunikasjon i elitelag i idrett (PI, PIII). Videre kan vi konkludere med at innholdet og formen av kommunikasjonen (dvs., humor, aksept, kampspesifikk kommunikasjon) påvirker gruppedynamiske uttak som kohesjon (dvs., oppgave og sosial), konflikt, smitte, momentum og prestasjon (PI, PII, PIII). Oppsummert bidrar resultatene fra denne avhandlingen til å øke forståelsen for noen av de underliggende mekanismene som er utbredt innenfor kommunikasjonsprosesser i elitelag i idrett.

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