Rein Terje Thorstensen

• Lande, Ingrid; Thomassen, Malena; Akhte, Aram & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2026). Flexural strength of locally produced ultra-high-performance fibrereinforced concrete (UHPFRC). Proceedings of the fib Symposium. s. 3486–3495. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Folkman, Anders (2026). How does risk management contribute to improving sustainable innovation in construction? IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES). ISSN 1755-1307. 1615. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1615/1/012044. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Though lowering the environmental footprint is a generally accepted premise for development amongst societal actors, it is also a generally accepted premise that profitability, not chasing the best environmental solutions, rules the industry. Luckily, sometimes these two are “coupled horses”, meaning that choosing solutions with lower environmental impact leads to better profitability. A traditional example from the construction industry concerns avoiding errors. Errors in need of correction are costly and lead to waste and increased use of resources. A more novel example is when the building client challenges the contractors on environmental innovation alongside price, as part of the tender competition. Execution of construction requires planning, and all planning involves risk. Innovation always imposes possibilities for failure, thus raising risk. How, then, do the contractors manage risk? This paper is a presentation of research from several interventions in the industry, including a case study on the risk management system and habits of a medium-sized contractor. The intention is to approach answers to the question: How does risk management contribute to improving sustainable innovation in construction? A first conclusion is that simply including risk as a separate element in the management system and routines raises awareness and increases predictability. It can also lead to discovering new opportunities and solutions, meaning that risk might conceal potential for gain. Time is essential. Early awareness increases room for manoeuvre, while increased cost follows late action. Contractual relations are identified as containing risk elements often not revealed until they become a problem. However, successful risk management demands resources and is easily neglected. Learning from mistakes is imperative, yet systems for corporate continuous learning often have room for improvement. This also goes for the risk management systems. Seizing opportunities through thorough Risk Management (RM) may open for development of competitive advantages in an emerging market.

• Lande, Ingrid; Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Petersen, Berit Gudding & Kanstad, Terje (2025). Full-scale production and material properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) for rehabilitation of bridge decks in Norway. Frontiers in Built Environment. 11. doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2025.1570920. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper is a presentation of an investigation into the suitability of locally produced ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) for the rehabilitation of deteriorated concrete bridge decks in Norway. Full-scale production was conducted at a conventional ready-mix concrete plant using mostly locally available materials from silos at the plant. Material properties relevant for bridge deck rehabilitation were investigated, including compressive strength, residual flexural strength, E-modulus, shrinkage, and resistance to chloride ion penetration. These results were compared to earlier experiences at laboratory scale. The findings indicate that full-scale production of UHPFRC with locally available constituents is achievable using common facilities for ready-mixed concrete, including mixing, transportation, and pumping in quantities appropriate for industrialized bridge deck rehabilitation. The applied UHPFRC mix design was found suitable for bridge rehabilitation, considering compressive and flexural strength, shrinkage, and durability evaluated by resistance against chloride migration. Up to approximately 3 vol% of micro steel fibers (225 kg/m3) were stepwise added, achieving a castable and self-leveling UHPFRC mix. Self-leveling mixes are not suitable for applications in slopes, which are common for bridge decks. Adjustments to the mix design are necessary to achieve thixotropy. Some additional material properties remain to be evaluated, such as the bond between the old concrete substrate and the new UHPFRC layer. This is being investigated in the next stage of the project.

• Mortensvik, Øystein & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2025). Provoking and Foreseeing Sudden Changes in the Workability of Pumped Concrete. Nordic Concrete Research. ISSN 0800-6377. 71(2), s. 25–46. doi: 10.2478/ncr-2024-0005. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  It was attempted to provoke and foresee sudden loss of workability during concrete pumping through a series of full-scale tests. Batches of 2 m3 concrete were produced at a ready-mix plant, transported by concrete trucks and pumped by industrial pumps, to reveal sudden loss of workability. Different mix designs, extension hoses and pump setups were utilised in a six series experiment. An experimental procedure for measuring loss of workability at a laboratory scale was developed due to the standardised procedures for slump measurements camouflaging loss of workability. The experiments revealed that pumping through a boom seems to have a positive effect by reducing probability of sudden loss of workability. Furthermore, the fine aggregate seems to have a strong influence on the phenomenon, especially in the range of 0.25 mm to 1 mm.

• Lande, Ingrid; Sørensen, Andrej Anatolyvich; Hagen, Martin & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2025). Reducing the CO2 Footprint of UHPC Through Portland Cement Substitution. I Kioumarsi, Mahdi & Shafei, Behrouz (Red.), The 1st International Conference on Net-Zero Built Environment: Innovations in Materials, Structures, and Management Practices. Springer. ISSN 9783031696268. s. 59–69. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-69626-8_6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study focuses on reducing the CO2-eq footprint of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) by substituting Portland cement with alternative binders. Three types of cement types which are pre-accepted in the standard EN 197 were used: CEM I with >95% ordinary Portland cement (OPC), CEM II with 30% ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and CEM II with 70% GGBS. Fresh state consistency, compressive strength, and flexural tensile strength were evaluated, in addition to a comparison of CO2-eq footprints. Results showed that while the compressive strength was brought to the same level for all three mixes when curing at elevated temperatures for a short period, significant reductions in CO2-eq emissions were achieved: up to 60% for UHPC excluding steel fibers and 40% when including 2 vol.% micro steel fibers. The study also highlighted the potential for further improving strength properties by reducing water content in mixes with higher GGBS content. Overall, this research underscores the potential to reduce the environmental impact of UHPC through incorporating alternative materials in UHPC production that are already pre-accepted for industrial use.

• Rønning, Anne; Engelsen, Christian John; Norman, Sven Henrik; Mooselu, Mehrdad Ghorbani; Døssland, Line Teigen & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2024). Beneficial use of recycled aggregates from concrete sludge using a new dry washing technology. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES). ISSN 1755-1307. 1363. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1363/1/012102. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Demands for a more sustainable concrete production with reduced waste streams and lower carbon footprint has introduced new solutions that transform waste streams into recyclable raw materials and bring them back into the value chain. Here, recycled aggregates with carbonation potential from a dry-washing technology for concrete trucks are considered to reduce concrete waste. Accordingly, the environmental impacts of a dry-washing method in ready-mix concrete production were investigated through a scenario-based attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The environmental impacts are calculated by a cradle-to-gate LCA modelling in SimaPro® based on onsite interviews in Norway, existing environmental product declarations (EPD), and geography-specific life cycle inventory data. Also, the properties of the reclaimed aggregates have been tested to ensure their mechanical strength for use in fresh concrete. LCA showed that the dry-washing method reduces environmental impact compared to the conventional handling of concrete sludge. The technology reduces the concrete sludge by > 80% thereby reducing the treatment of washing water. Using recycled aggregates decreases the extraction of virgin aggregates. The study contributes to circularity in the production design of concrete by controlling the material and waste flow in the life cycle of concrete.

• Mortensvik, Øystein & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2024). LOW-CARBON, SHRINKAGE-REDUCED, SPRAYED CONCRETE; A PILOT STUDY. I Bjøntegaard, Øyvind; Beck, Thomas & Hagby, Cecilie (Red.), 9th International symposium on sprayed concrete modern use of wet mix sprayed concrete for underground support sandefjord, norway 17. – 20. june 2024. Norsk betongforening. ISSN 9788282080804. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lande, Ingrid; Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Petersen, Berit Gudding & Martius-Hammer, Tor Arne (2024). Towards local Large-Scale Production of UHPC in Norway, Ultra-High Performance Concrete and High Performance Building Materials for Sustainability Construction. Kassel University Press GmbH. ISSN 9783737611596. s. 51–58. doi: 10.17170/kobra-202402059519. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Investigations are presented on development and testing of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), suitable for large-scale production in standard industrial equipment for mixing and transportation of conventional ready-mix concrete (RMC) and based on locally produced constituents. Experiments were conducted both on a large-scale at an RMC plant and on a small-scale in the laboratory. The objective was to facilitate more widespread implementation of UHPC in construction projects. The findings indicate that UHPC can be produced and transported with the equipment of conventional RMC plants, using local materials and various ores of aggregate. The results demonstrated comparable results from laboratory and large-scale production, despite the use of different ores for aggregate. It is suggested that local production might support more widespread use of UHPC, also through increased building of competence.

• Lande, Ingrid; O'Born, Reyn Joseph & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2024). Greenhouse Gas Emissions of UHPC Material Compositions, Ultra-High Performance Concrete and High Performance Building Materials for Sustainability Construction. Kassel University Press GmbH. ISSN 9783737611596. s. 101–104. doi: 10.17170/kobra-202402059519. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thomassen, Malena; Lande, Ingrid & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2024). SPRAYED ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR TUNNEL REHABILITATION. I Bjøntegaard, Øyvind; Beck, Thomas & Hagby, Cecilie (Red.), 9th International symposium on sprayed concrete modern use of wet mix sprayed concrete for underground support sandefjord, norway 17. – 20. june 2024. Norsk betongforening. ISSN 9788282080804. s. 185–194. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lande, Ingrid & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2024). The influence of hybrid fibre configuration on compressive properties of ultra-high-performance concrete, Proceedings of the 3rd fib Italy YMG Symposium on Concrete and Concrete Structures. The International Federation for Structural Concrete. ISSN 9782940643226. s. 393–399. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Adomako, Solomon; Engelsen, Christian John; Døssland, Line Teigen; Danner, Tobias Alexander & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2023). Technical and Environmental Properties of Recycled Aggregates Produced from Concrete Sludge and Excavation Materials. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 19, s. 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02498. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study presents a Re-Con Zero dry washing technology used to produce recycled aggregates from concrete sludge (RCZ) and combined as a feedstock in wet recycling excavation materials (EM) for unbound applications. A two-component admixture i.e, high water absorbing polymer and aluminum sulphate was used in producing RCZ. RCZ0, RCZ50 and RCZ100 were produced with EM within the range 0–100%. Analysis by the Los Angeles (LA) and micro-Deval (MD) test demonstrated RCZ to be of high-quality, hence a clear trend of improved performance as the content increased was observed in the LA and MD values. X-ray diffraction analysis performed on original and pulverized residues (<1.6 mm) showed that feldspar, quartz, phyllosilicates (mica and chlorite) and minor amounts of pyroxene (diopside) were present together with paste minerals such as portlandite and residual clinker, and calcite. Acid solubility results demonstrated the relation to increased paste content as particle size reduced. This observation was more prevalent in < 1.6 mm RCZ fraction which further indicated the significant amount of remained paste after wet treatment. Low levels of the content of chemical species of potential concern were in general found and were mostly complying to Norwegian regulations. Total Cr exceeded the criteria of 100 mg/kg, but the leachable Cr(VI) was not detected which showed that remaining Cr after recycling process was present mostly on the trivalent form. This indicated low leaching of Cr upon carbonation and a decrease in pH.

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Friis, Karoline (2023). INNOVATIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, WITH EXAMPLES OF ATTITUDES AND EXPECTATIONS ON 3D PRINTING OF CONCRETE. Proceedings of the fib Symposium. 2023(62), s. 252–261. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The construction industry needs to accelerate innovations, to reduce both the cost and the environmental footprint related to the erection of new structures and maintenance of existing ones. New technology is expected to be a vital part of this. Applications of 3D printing have already revolutionised parts of the manufacturing industry and are expected to heavily influence construction too. Several obstacles are delaying the breakthrough of 3D-printing technologies in concrete construction. Technical and regulative challenges are part of this. Still, it might be even harder to overcome the cultural barriers that exist towards changes in the way we have erected structures for generations. This culture was investigated by interviewing 20 stakeholders having various positions in the supply chain of the Norwegian construction industry. The following member categories of the supply chain were represented in the interviews: building client, consultant, constructor, material producer, regulatory authority and academia. Perceptions on what kind of drivers and thresholds that influence the innovation processes in the construction supply chain are revealed, together with cultural aspects and mechanisms that represent both challenges and possibilities. The role of public building clients and regulatory authorities seem not to be fully understood and these bodies might be better utilised to achieve innovation. Both knowledge and prejudice were found to flourish amongst practitioners with limited actual experience in 3D printing. A potential was revealed for accelerating the innovation process for 3D printing of concrete through transfer of knowledge that is already possessed by the industry.

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Mortensvik, Øystein (2023). Lightweight Concrete to Reduce the Environmental Footprint of Construction. Proceedings of the fib Symposium. 2023(62), s. 120–129. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The construction industry struggles to find solutions for reducing its environmental footprint. One approach might be utilisation of lightweight concrete, to reduce the dead load of structures. This was recently successfully utilised at the Trysfjordbrua bridge in Norway. During the environmental optimisation process, 40% of the concrete volume in the span was substituted with lightweight concrete – reducing the concrete mass by 3600 tons which consequently opened for the removal of more than 30% of the planned reinforcement steel. The optimisation process led to a total reduction of 1300 tons of CO2. The density of the lightweight concretes used at the Trysfjordbrua bridge was 1950 kg/m3 (with tolerance +20/-50 according to the Norwegian requirement NB22), conforming with strength class LC50/55 as given in the European (CEN) standard EN 206. An extended laboratory investigation was initiated to explore the limits within the constituent materials. It was found possible to produce concrete with a density of less than 1300 kg/m3, still accommodating the requirements for the strength class LC20/22 according to EN 1992. The intention behind this paper is to present results from these investigations: correlations between density, compressive strength, E-modulus, binder consumption and potential for reduction in CO2 emission, when three types of locally produced lightweight expanded clay aggregate were utilised.

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Sundklakk, Julianne (2023). UTILISING SLAG FROM MANGANESE PRODUCTION FOR CEMENT SUBSTITUTION IN CONCRETE. Proceedings of the fib Symposium. 2023(62), s. 329–337. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Concrete is commonly accepted to cause 7-8% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and there is a challenging demand to reduce this. According to a report by Scrivener et al. which concludes parts of the United Nations Environment Program “Sustainable Building and Climate Initiative”, there is both potential and an urgent need to utilise by-products from other industries for cement substitution. Slag from diverse types of metal production is believed to be a good candidate. The types of cement allowed for constructional use within the CEN region are mainly ruled by the standard EN197 “Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements”. It defines “27 distinct common cements, 7 sulfate resisting common cements, 3 distinct low early blast furnace cements and 2 sulfate resisting low early strength blast furnace cements and their constituents”. It is well known that by-products from several metal-producing industries might act as cement substitution. However, only GGBS – slag from a specific manufacturing process of iron - is accepted according to EN 197. The reason for this restriction is found in the foreword to the standard: “In the early eighties, CEN/TC 51 decided to include in the standard for cement only those cements which are intended for use in any plain and reinforced concrete and which are familiar in most countries in Western Europe because they have been produced and used in these countries for many years”. Inspired by the report made by Scrivener et al., comprehensive investigations of the potential for cement substitution by slag from a local source producing silico-manganese (SiGS), have been executed. The strength properties of both mortar and concrete produced with various amounts of SiGS used for cement substitution have been investigated. It was found that processed SiGS used as cement substitution performs as well as, or better, than the frequently used fly ash in both mortar, dry concrete for pavement stone production, and in standard constructional concrete.

• Mortensvik, Øystein & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2023). Sudden Changes in Workability during Concrete Pumping – An Industrial Approach. Nordic Concrete Research. ISSN 0800-6377. s. 11–31. doi: 10.2478/ncr-2023-0014. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Pumping is the preferred placement method for concrete. The pumping process influences fresh properties of concrete. Competent producers handle these issues when composing the mix design. However, sudden changes in workability sometimes appear, both in the form of increased and decreased workability. Both changes might be handled on-site. However, even the situations that are sufficiently handled, cause delays and extra costs. Sometimes the final result's quality is compromised, resulting in repairs and economic compensation claims. The extent and causes of incidents with sudden changes in workability are still to be investigated. It is suggested that around 1 100 000 m3 or 30% of concrete experience sudden change in workability annually in Norway, and that 200 000 kg of chemical admixtures is used on-site. It appears that the most relevant cause is to find within variations in the fine aggregate. Increase in workability might also be caused by lack of compatibility between superplasticiser and binding materials in low-carbon concrete, enhanced by the extra mixing process caused by the pumping process. To approach these questions, the Quality Assessment system of a medium-sized Norwegian concrete producer has been investigated. It comprises documentation of 1 500 000 m3 of concrete, over 10 years.

• Bredow, Danica; Brühwiler, Eugen; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Schacht, Gregor (2023). Anwendung von UHFB im Brückenbau - Beispiele und Herausforderungen für die Praxis. Bautechnik. ISSN 0932-8351. 100(8), s. 494–500. doi: 10.1002/bate.202300074. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  UHFB ist ein zementgebundener ultra-hochleistungsfähiger Faserverbund-Baustoff, der sich durch seine Materialeigenschaften für die Instandsetzung und Verstärkung von Betonbauwerken wie Brücken eignet. Eine auf das Stahlbetonbauteil aufgebrachte UHFB-Schicht erhöht den Tragwiderstand signifikant und übernimmt auch die Abdichtungsfunktion. Während UHFB in der Schweiz, speziell für Brücken, schon regelmäßig angewendet wird, ist die Technologie vielerorts in Europa und weltweit noch relativ unbekannt und wird noch selten eingesetzt. Die Gründe hierfür sind vielfältig. Das Fehlen von normativen Grundlagen in vielen Ländern ist nur eine der Herausforderungen. Um eine Voraussetzung für eine Verbreitung von UHFB in Deutschland und anderen Ländern zu schaffen, sollte länderübergreifend zusammengearbeitet werden. Die Erfahrung der Schweiz mit mehr als 350 realisierten UHFB-Projekten könnte von anderen Ländern genutzt werden, bspw. um eine europäische Norm zu entwickeln. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über mögliche Anwendungen von UHFB im Brückenbau, stellt den aktuellen Stand der Regelungen zu UHFB in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern vor und analysiert, welche Randbedingungen und Voraussetzungen erforderlich sind, damit sich eine neue Bauweise erfolgreich durchsetzen kann.

• Lande, Ingrid & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2023). Comprehensive sustainability strategy for the emerging ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) industry. Cleaner Materials. 8. doi: 10.1016/j.clema.2023.100183. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The concrete industry is facing significant challenges in substantially reducing CO2 emissions, recycling waste materials and limiting the use of resources. Using ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is one of the many possible solutions to reduce the environmental impact of the concrete industry. Numerous approaches have been applied to meet the challenges of making and utilising UHPC more environmentally friendly; however, an overall approach is lacking. This study aims to fill this gap by constructing a strategy for more sustainable use of UHPC. The strategy is developed by first evaluating measures known from the conventional concrete industry concerning transferability to the UHPC industry. Subsequently, the approach is enrichened with measures targeting the special composition and properties of UHPC. The strategy suggested in the conclusion consists of the following tools: efficient use of cement, efficient use of steel fibres, circularity: utilise by-products, local production, and efficient use of UHPC in structures.

• Adomako, Solomon; Engelsen, Christian John; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Barbieri, Diego Maria (2022). Repeated Load Triaxial Testing of Recycled Excavation Materials Blended with Recycled Phyllite Materials. Materials. 15(2). doi: 10.3390/ma15020621. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Recycled Excavation Materials (REM) are becoming viable alternative construction resources due to their economic benefits. However, REM may be composed of weak rocks, e.g., phyllites, limiting the use in a base layer. The present paper attempts to further the knowledge of the mechanical performance of REM by performing Repeated Load Triaxial Tests (RLTT). REM are mixed with Recycled Phyllite Materials (RPM) in systematic blends of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100%. The batches’ resilient modulus (MR) and permanent deformation (PD) characteristics were assessed to establish the maximum RPM allowed into REM while maintaining the required performance. Hicks and Monismith’s and Uzan’s models were used to characterize the stiffness behavior. A wide variation in the stiffness between the two materials was observed. Batches comprised of 0% RPM–100% REM and 25% RPM–75% REM showed high stiffness performance. The Coulomb model assessed the PD behavior, and the results showed a similar response for all batches. Unlike the stiffness, blended mixtures did not show sensitivity to increased RPM content in the PD. This study may help end-users to understand the performance of REM given the documented threshold on the allowable quantity of RPM in REM.

• Sanfilippo, Filippo; Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Jha, Ajit; Jiang, Zhiyu & Robbersmyr, Kjell Gunnar (2022). A Perspective Review on Digital Twins for Roads, Bridges, and Civil Infrastructures. I -, IEEE (Red.), IEEE 2022 3rd International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781665470957. doi: 10.1109/ICECCME55909.2022.9988693. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Adomako, Solomon; Engelsen, Christian John; Danner, Tobias; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Barbieri, Diego Maria (2022). Recycled aggregates derived from excavation materials — mechanical performance and identification of weak minerals. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. ISSN 1435-9529. 81(340). doi: 10.1007/s10064-022-02817-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The present study investigates the mechanical performance of recycled aggregates derived from excavation materials (REM). REM is blended with diferent quantities of recycled phyllite materials (RPM) and is investigated by Los Angeles (LA) and micro-Deval (MD) tests. X-ray difraction (XRD) and acid solubility test are performed on the pulverized fractions<1.6 mm obtained from the LA and MD tests to assess the respective degree of fragmentation and wear of mineral components. The results of the materials in unblended conditions showed considerable diference between MD performance while similar performance was found for LA. Furthermore, about 40% of RPM was sufcient to blend with REM without disturbing the required performance for blended mixtures. Mechanically weak minerals, i.e., phyllosilicates in RPM, signifcantly infuenced the MD performance in blended and unblended varieties, and limestone minerals seem to disintegrate when mixed with amphibolite -which has the potential to dissolve in acidic environments.

• Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2021). Towards Efficient Use of Cement in Ultra High Performance Concrete. Nordic Concrete Research. ISSN 0800-6377. 65(2), s. 81–105. doi: 10.2478/ncr-2021-0017. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper presents an investigation on substituting the cement content with an inert material, in a typical locally produced UHPC mix. A structured literature review was performed to enrichen the discussion and to benchmark the results towards already reported investigations in the research society. Investigations on cement substitution in UHPC are frequently reported. However, usually the cement is substituted with other binding materials – often pozzolanic by-products from other industries. Reports from investigations on the use of inert materials for cement substitution in UHPC seem scarce.

• Adomako, Solomon; Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Akhtar, Naureen; Norby, Mariann; Engelsen, Christian John & Danner, Tobias [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Evaluating the effect of mineralogy and mechanical stability of recycled excavation materials by Los Angeles and micro-Deval test. I Hoff, Inge; Mork, Helge & Saba, Rabbira G. (Red.), Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, Volume 1. Proceedings of the eleventh international conference 8-10 June, Trondheim, Norway. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003222880. s. 131–138. doi: 10.1201/9781003222880-13. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper presents the findings of the mechanical performance of recycled excavation materials (REM). The aim was to document the stable performance of REM and to suggest its suitability for unbound applications. Test operations were performed at different schedules with the Los Angeles (LA) and micro-Deval (MD) test machine. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to examine the effect of mineralogy on the performance of REM. The results showed that REM showed consistent LA performance, but significant variations were observed in MD values. XRD results showed that up to 20% of chlorite and mica minerals had no influence on the LA performance of REM.

• Adomako, Solomon; Heimdal, Anette & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2021). From Waste to Resource – Utilising Residue from Ready-Made Concrete as New Aggregate. Nordic Concrete Research. ISSN 0800-6377. 64(1). doi: 10.2478/ncr-2021-0010. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A new admixture is available, to reduce the sludge produced from the cleansing of production and transportation equipment in the fresh concrete industry. The result is agglomerations of hardening concrete, that might be utilised for aggregate. Utilisation depends on adequate properties. This paper reports from investigations on the physical and mechanical properties of the aggregate and discussions on the performance relative to natural and recycled aggregates and towards requirements for utilisation. The findings indicate substantial potential for utilisation, supporting the reduction of waste for deposit and development of the concrete industry towards a circular economy.

• Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2021). Locally Produced UHPC: The Influence of Type and Content of Steel Fibres. Nordic Concrete Research. ISSN 0800-6377. 64(1), s. 31–52. doi: 10.2478/ncr-2021-0003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Ultra-high performance concrete might be a competitive alternative to normal concrete for some purposes. But despite research efforts during decades, utilisation is still not widespread. Reasons include limited competence and material availability. This paper presents one step of a research initiative aimed at facilitating the use of UHPC in Norway. The step presented here comprises the accumulated results from investigations on the influence steel fibres (content, type, and hybrid combination) have on material strength and deformation behaviour of locally produced UHPC, made with constituents found in southern Norway. 231 specimens were tested, spanning nine UHPC mixes. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was successfully used to study crack propagation. Compressive strength of 166 MPa and E-modulus of 46 GPa were obtained, not being influenced by fibre content. The flexural tensile strength was found to be strongly dependent on variations in steel fibre properties and mix design. The highest flexural tensile strength was obtained for prisms with micro straight steel fibres alone, or in 50% combination with macro hooked-end fibres. The experimental results are considered in a theory-informed discussion. Suggestions are made on the use of steel fibres in locally produced UHPC, potentially lowering the cost by 30%.

• Adomako, Solomon; Engelsen, Christian John; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Barbieri, Diego Maria (2021). Review of the relationship between aggregates geology and Los Angeles and micro-Deval tests. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. ISSN 1435-9529. 80, s. 1963–1980. doi: 10.1007/s10064-020-02097-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Rock aggregates constitute the enormous volume of inert construction material used around the globe. The petrologic description as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types establishes the intrinsic formation pattern of the parent rock. The engineering properties of these rocks vary due to the differences in the transformation process (e.g. hydrothermal deposits) and weathering effect. The two most common mechanical tests used to investigate the performance of aggregates are the Los Angeles (LA) and micro-Deval (MD) tests. This study reviewed the geological parameters (including mineralogy, grain and crystal size, grain shape, and porosity) and the relationship to Los Angeles and micro-Deval tests. It was found that high content of primary minerals in rocks (e.g. quartz and feldspar) is a significant parameter for performance evaluation. Traces of secondary and accessory minerals also affect the performance of rocks, although in many cases it is based on the percentage. Furthermore, some studies showed that the effect of mineralogic composition on mechanical strength is not sufficient to draw final conclusions of mechanical performance; therefore, the impact of other textural characteristics should be considered. The disposition of grain size and crystal size (e.g. as result of lithification) showed that rocks composed of fine-grain textural composition of ≤ 1 mm enhanced fragmentation and wear resistance than medium and coarse grained (≥ 1 mm). The effect of grain shape was based on convex and concave shapes and flat and elongated apexes of tested samples. The equidimensional form descriptor of rocks somehow improved resistance to impact from LA than highly flat and elongated particles. Lastly, the distribution of pore space investigated by means of the saturation method mostly showed moderate (R = 0.50) to strong (R = 0.90) and positive correlations to LA and MD tests.

• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Vertes, Katalin & Heimdal, Anette (2020). Strength and deformation behaviour of fibre reinforced UHPC; an experimental investigation using Digital Image Correlation (DIC). I Middendorf, Bernhard; Fehling, Ekkehard & Wetzel, A. (Red.), Proceedings of HiPerMat 2020 5th International Symposium on Ultra-High Performance Concrete and High Performance Construction Materials. Kassel University Press GmbH. ISSN 9783737608282. s. 139–140. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2020). The influence of steel fibres on compressive and tensile strength of ultra high performance concrete: A review. Construction and Building Materials. ISSN 0950-0618. 256. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119459. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This review paper presents the effects of steel fibre reinforcement regarding the compressive and tensile strength of UHPC. The intention is to give an overview of the research field and supply guidance for future research. Relevant papers were identified through a systematic literature search. An accumulation of the results shows that fibres have potential for improving the tensile strength of UHPC. The effect depends on fibre content, type and hybrid combinations. The effect of fibres on compressive strength seems to be questionable. Variations in test specimen geometry and other factors might also influence the results.

• Heimdal, Anette; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Svennevig, Paul Ragnar (2020). Investigations on the use of student peer review to improve supervision of capstone courses in the Civil Engineering Education. I Buck, Lyndon; Bohemia, Erik von & Grierson, Hilary (Red.), DS 104: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE 2020). The Design Society. ISSN 9781912254101. doi: 10.35199/EPDE.2020.54. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Marrable, Harald Trevor (2020). Design criteria for neighbourhood life qualities - a Civil Engineering Educational approach. I Buck, Lyndon; Bohemia, Erik von & Grierson, Hilary (Red.), DS 104: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE 2020). The Design Society. ISSN 9781912254101. doi: 10.35199/EPDE.2020.29. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Folkman, Anders; Folkman, Varg Lukas & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2020). The importance and relevance of incorporating ethics as part of engineering education - a position paper. I Buck, Lyndon; Bohemia, Erik von & Grierson, Hilary (Red.), DS 104: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE 2020). The Design Society. ISSN 9781912254101. doi: 10.35199/EPDE.2020.50. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Folkman, Anders & Svennevig, Paul Ragnar (2019). Approaching a concept for societal responsibility in engineering education. I Bohemia, Erik von; Kovacevic, Ahmed; Buck, Lyndon; Brisco, Ross; Evans, Dorothy; Grierson, Hilary; Ion, William & Whitfield, Robert Ian (Red.), DS 95: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE 2019), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. 12th -13th September 2019. The Design Society. ISSN 9781912254057. doi: 10.35199/epde2019.14. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The 21st International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE) was held at the University of Strathclyde Technology and Innovation Centre, Glasgow, UK on the 11th-13th of September 2019. The conference was hosted by the Department of Design, Manufacturing and Engineering Management (DMEM) and celebrated 20 years of E&PDE which began in Glasgow, and 30 years of the department. The conference was jointly organised by DMEM, the Design Education Special Interest Group (DESIG) of the Design Society, and the Institution of Engineering Designers (IED).

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). Preventing early age chloride migration into low-carbon concrete. AIMS Materials Science. 6(6), s. 1020–1032. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2019.6.1020. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The use of substituting cementitious materials (SCMs) to produce low-carbon concrete is escalating. This contributes to reducing the anthropogenic emission of CO2, and to reduce harmful temperature gradients during cement hydration in massive structures. Mature low-carbon concretes are known to perform well on both strength and durability. However, the maturity process is slow compared to that of standard concrete. Structures made from low-carbon concrete are subject to penetration of agents like chloride at early age, accelerating degrading processes. Chloride penetration is a major problem especially to infrastructure, due to seawater proximity and the use of de-icing agents. Solutions for reducing penetration of harmful substances are called for, especially at early age in the life of structures made from concrete with high cement substitution. This paper reports from investigations on the use of hydrophobic paint utilized as surface treatment, to reduce the penetration of water-soluble agents like chlorides into low-carbon concrete at low maturity. The test specimens are mainly core cylinders, drilled from larger elements subsequent to exposure of NaCl-solution under ambient temperature conditions. Some tests have also been executed on standard test cubes, partly submerged in NaCl-solution and exposed to repeated freezing-thawing cycles to simulate the conditions in the splash-zone of marine structures. The results indicate a potential for reducing chloride penetration with efficiency up to 90%, depending on the exposure regime and the maturity level of the concrete and the hydrophobic paint.

• Svennevig, Paul Ragnar & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). Innovation camp, collaboration between university and the corporate world. I Bohemia, Erik von; Kovacevic, Ahmed; Buck, Lyndon; Brisco, Ross; Evans, Dorothy; Grierson, Hilary; Ion, William & Whitfield, Robert Ian (Red.), DS 95: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE 2019), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. 12th -13th September 2019. The Design Society. ISSN 9781912254057. doi: 10.35199/epde2019.61. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  At the University of Agder (UiA), the civil and structural engineering students in the fourth semester have participated in an event called “Innovation Camp”, all years since 2012. Innovation Camp is a collaboration between The Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA), Ungt Entreprenørskap (UE), which is a partner in the worldwide organisation Junior Achievement worldwide (JA worldwide) and UiA. Innovation Camp has a pedagogical base adopted from the National Qualification Framework for Lifelong Learning. This framework is again based on the European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning (EQF). Hence, it is based on national- and international frameworks for teaching innovative processes and thinking. The roles of the stakeholders are divided as follows; the NPRA provides real-life problems that the students are to use their innovative- and engineering skills to solve. UE is the link between the UiA and NPRA and provides the administrative help. UiA provides the students and makes sure that each camp has a foundation in the learning outcome of the education. Mentoring of the students is done by personnel from the UiA and NPRA in cooperation. Each camp is run over two days, which gives the students 24 hours to solve the problem they have chosen to work with. The camp starts off with a motivational speech by an innovative person within the field of engineering. Then there are different tasks to get the students into an “innovative mode”. Successively, the real-life problems from NPRA are presented. The students then chose what problem to solve and gather in the pre-set groups to start their work. Mentors visit the groups twice. After the first round, the students can contact each mentor to get more mentoring. In the second round of mentoring, the mentors support the students with more specified advice. The mentors meant to be available until 1600 the first day, but most of them find it so interesting to work with the students, that they are available through the night. The next day, the students are to present their solution to a semi-final jury. As a result of the high number of students participating, there are three semi-finals run in parallel. Each semi-final jury chose three groups that go through to the final. In the final, the jury chose the first, second, and third place winners. The final jury consists of the head of the southern region of NPRA, the dean of the faculty of technology and science, and three representatives for future employers of the students. This article discusses how participation in this Innovation Camp helps the students improve their innovative skills, which subsequently strengthens the learning outcome from the study program. Also, feedback from the stakeholders in this collaboration is valuable for development of the Engineering Education program.

• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Vertes, Katalin (2019). Efficient use of fibres in UHPC - A structured scoping review. I Foster, Stephen; Gilbert, R. Ian; Mendis, Priyan; Al-Mahaidi, Riadh & Millar, David (Red.), Better, Smarter, Stronger: Proceedings for the 2018 fib Congress held in Melbourne, Australia, October 7-11, 2018. federation internationale du beton. s. 458–469. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vertes, Katalin; Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). Numerical modelling of fibre-reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete. I Foster, Stephen; Gilbert, R. Ian; Mendis, Priyan; Al-Mahaidi, Riadh & Millar, David (Red.), Better, Smarter, Stronger: Proceedings for the 2018 fib Congress held in Melbourne, Australia, October 7-11, 2018. federation internationale du beton. s. 577–586. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Terjesen, Otto; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Kanstad, Terje (2019). Use of Concrete for Road Infrastructure: A SWOT Analysis Related to the three Catchwords Sustainability, Industrialisation and Digitalisation. Nordic Concrete Research. ISSN 0800-6377. 60(1), s. 31–50. doi: 10.2478/ncr-2019-0007. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper aims at identifying the direction for more sustainable development of the use of concrete in road infrastructure in an industrialised context. The increase in the global mean temperature is one of the most severe challenges today. The concrete industry is responsible for significant emissions of greenhouse gases, most attributable to cement production. However, concrete is one of the most important building materials in the world and indispensable for the societal development in countries at all development stages. Thus, the concrete industry needs to take measures for reducing emissions. This paper investigates possible directions for the development of the concrete industry, to reduce climatic impact and accommodate positive societal growth. The investigation is carried out as a SWOT analysis, focusing on three terms dominating the present discussion on any development within the construction industry; sustainability, industrialisation and digitalisation. The result is a thorough discussion and a set of recommendations for the direction of future research and innovation on sustainable use of concrete in the construction of road infrastructure. The major opportunities and threats are summarised in the conclusions, and future research to be carried out in two of the authors’ PhD-projects are described.

• Heimdal, Anette; Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). The use of industrial networks to strengthen civil and structural engineering education; a survey-based investigation. I Bohemia, Erik von; Kovacevic, Ahmed; Buck, Lyndon; Brisco, Ross; Evans, Dorothy; Grierson, Hilary; Ion, William & Whitfield, Robert Ian (Red.), DS 95: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE 2019), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. 12th -13th September 2019. The Design Society. ISSN 9781912254057. doi: 10.35199/epde2019.93. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper investigates how involvement of university and students into industrial networks might gain both continuously development of education programs, and the learning outcomes of students within engineering education. Involvement of the Civil and Structural Engineering Education in the creation and early operation of an industrial network – the Agder division of “Young Professionals’ Concrete Network” (YBN) - is used as case. YBN are regional networks related to the Norwegian Concrete Association, organised and run by volunteers at a growing number of locations. The intension is to create networks for young professionals, focusing on all aspects of the use of concrete materials within engineering and construction. The Agder division of YBN was established during 2018, initiated and executed by stakeholders employed at the Civil and Structural Engineering Education, University of Agder in Norway, and from the local industry. Members are recruited amongst students and industrial employees in early stages of their career. Typical activities of YBN are lectures on requested topics, industrial demonstrations and excursions to construction sites. Industry is eager to deliver services without any cost for YBN. Members use the organisation to build competence, to participate in professional discussions and to create and maintain personal networks. This paper is based on a survey executed amongst members of the Agder division of YBN. The scope of the survey was to identify dividends generated from engaging in the network. The participants were asked to answer questions regarding outcomes from participation in different types of activities. The results from the survey identify learning outcomes and other dividends from participation in a network that includes students, university and young professionals from the industry. These findings are discussed to gain knowledge on how network engagement can be utilized to continuously improve the Civil and Structural Engineering Education, and to strengthen the competence of participating students and young professionals. As YBN is originating and run by stakeholders within the university, the generated knowledge is also used in a feed-back loop for improvement of the activities offered by the network.

• Prathumsuwan, Thitarat; Christy, Alfred Antony & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). Hydration Chemistry of Cement Studied by Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Key Engineering Materials. ISSN 1013-9826. 765 KEM, s. 309–313. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.765.309. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sangpongpitthaya, Tanyapa; Christy, Alfred Antony & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). Quantitative Determination of Calcium Hydroxide by using Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Key Engineering Materials. ISSN 1013-9826. 765, s. 300–304. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.765.300. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Svennevig, Paul Ragnar & Larsen, Ingrid Lande (2018). Societal responsibility in Engineering Education; a case study on R&DI-cooperation within Civil Engineering. I Bohemia, Erik; Kovacevic, Ahmed; Buck, Lyndon; Childs, Peter; Green, Stephen; Hall, Ashley & Dasan, Aran (Red.), Proceedings of E&PDE 2018 - 20th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education, Diversity or Conformity, Dyson School of Engineering, Imperial College, London. 6th - 7th September 2018. The Design Society. ISSN 9781912254026. s. 338–343. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A series of pressures, whether real or perceived, such as accreditation, competition and financial restraints has led to standardisation and norming in the educational experience and output produced by universities across the world within a specific subject area. Nevertheless universities and their staff teams pride themselves on distinctiveness in the educational pathway and on the unique characteristics of their specific university and associated departments. This year’s conference theme Diversity or Conformity? aims to explore how educators tackle the seemingly dualistic relationship between diversity and conformity.

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Svennevig, Paul Ragnar (2018). Pursuing diversity in Engineering education; a case study on R&DI-cooperation within Civil Engineering. I Bohemia, Erik; Kovacevic, Ahmed; Buck, Lyndon; Childs, Peter; Green, Stephen; Hall, Ashley & Dasan, Aran (Red.), Proceedings of E&PDE 2018 - 20th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education, Diversity or Conformity, Dyson School of Engineering, Imperial College, London. 6th - 7th September 2018. The Design Society. ISSN 9781912254026. s. 181–186. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A series of pressures, whether real or perceived, such as accreditation, competition and financial restraints has led to standardisation and norming in the educational experience and output produced by universities across the world within a specific subject area. Nevertheless universities and their staff teams pride themselves on distinctiveness in the educational pathway and on the unique characteristics of their specific university and associated departments. This year’s conference theme Diversity or Conformity? aims to explore how educators tackle the seemingly dualistic relationship between diversity and conformity.

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2025). Use of low-carbon concrete – why is innovation so difficult? Proceedings of the XXV Nordic Concrete Research Symposium. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The construction industry has potential to play a crucial role in reducing CO2 emissions. This paper is a preliminary presentation of research on why innovation is so slow in construction – exemplified by (lack of) widespread use of low-carbon concrete. It is based on interviews with 15 stakeholders from the building industry, and workshops with 70 participants representing all actor groups in the value chain of road construction. Three roughly equally important explaining factors are identified; i) Regulations and policies, ii) Business models, and iii) Knowledge and habits. The importance of each actor group is also discussed.

• Mortensvik, Øystein & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2025). Sprayed Low Carbon Concrete. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The construction industry can play a substantial role in reducing CO2 emissions. Though recent developments have reduced the CO2 footprint of the concrete industry, sprayed concrete has not been part of this. One reason might be the contradiction between the slow hardening development often associated with low-carbon cement types, versus the requirement for accelerated setting during spraying. This paper contains procedures, experiences and results from industrial piloting of spraying concrete made from CEM III/B. High satisfaction was achieved with both the results and the experiences among trained operators while spraying concrete emitting only 140 kg CO2 per m3 concrete.

• Lande, Ingrid; Rojas, Guillem & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2025). Evaluating residual flexural tensile strength of fibre reinforced concrete by 3-point bending and Montevideo splitting test. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lande, Ingrid & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2025). Ultra-high-performance fibre-reinforced concrete. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2024). Samarbeid mellom Agder fylkeskommune og UiA innen samferdselsfeltet - en statusrapport. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2023). Hva er "Grønn Plattform - Bærekraftig vei"? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2023). Testveiene i Finsland - resultater, bruk og veien videre. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Gislefoss, Jorunn Mona Skofteland (2023). Fleksibel ingeniørutdannelse. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Gislefoss, Jorunn Mona Skofteland (2023). Fleksibel ingeniørutdannelse. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2022). Bygningsmaterialer og bærekraft. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2022). UHPC - Hva er det - og hvordan håndtere det lokalt? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2022). Pilotvei Finsland - en del av Testvei Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2022). Grønn Plattform 22: Bærekraftig verdikjede og materialbruk i vegbygging. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2022). Herdeteknologi for betong. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2022). Banebrytende prosjekt skal kutte både CO2 og få flere i arbeid. [Journal]. Lindesnes avis. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sanfilippo, Filippo; Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Jha, Ajit; Jiang, Zhiyu & Robbersmyr, Kjell Gunnar (2021). A Perspective of Road Infrastructure and Bridges Digital Twins. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2021). Studenter i samferdselssektoren. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2020). STORSATSING I SØR: Nyvinnende forskning på rehabilitering av gamle fylkesveger. [Journal]. Våre Veger nr 6 2020 - Teknisk Ukeblad Media. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Kan veger rehabiliteres ved gjenbruk av ulike typer masse fra anlegg og industri? Nå skal spørsmålet besvares gjennom et stort forskningsprosjekt i Agder, der leverandørene bebuder kostnadsbesparelser på opptil 80 prosent, samt en vesentlig miljøgevinst. Agder fylkeskommune og Universitetet i Agder (UiA) har innledet et samarbeid om det som kan bli et banebrytende forskningsprosjekt med sterke innslag av ny vegteknologi. Dypt inne i Finslands skoger (i Kristiansand kommune) har to utvalgte fylkesvegstrekninger gjennomgått en uvanlig forvandlingsprosess. I femten påfølgende hundre meter lange teststrekninger, er veglegemet frest opp gjennom en 25 centimeter dyp knusefresing. Deretter er 14 ulike testprodukter for stabilisering av bærelaget lagt ut på toppen og frest sammen med den homogene massen fra knusefreseren. En av strekningene er uten tilsetning og tjener som referanse. Forskjellen på de to vegene er at den ene får asfalt fra NCC på toppen, mens den andre forblir grusveg. Nylig var både prosjektdeltakere og leverandører innbudt til en presentasjon på stedet, der både massetyper og framgangsmåte ble vist fram.

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2020). Betongprosjekt gjenbruker restmateriale. [Internet]. uia.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2020). Konstruktiv bruk av fiber i UHPC - en eksperimentell tilnærmelse. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). Utdannelse til samferdselssektoren. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Folkman, Anders & Svennevig, Paul Ragnar (2019). Approaching a concept for societal responsibility in engineering education. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). Innovasjonssamarbeid innen samferdselssektoren. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Svennevig, Paul Ragnar & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). Innovation camp, collaboration between university and the corporate world. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Heimdal, Anette; Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). The use of industrial networks to strengthen civil and structural engineering education; a survey-based investigation. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). Hvordan få til tettere samarbeid mellom utdannelsesinstitusjoner og bedrifter? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). UHPC – Erfaringer fra Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). Høystyrkebetong og UHPC. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Christy, Alfred Antony & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). Quantitative determination of calcium hydroxide in concrete by near infrared spectroscopy. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). Samarbeid for å øke kompetanse, konkurranseevne og marginer i BA-bransjen i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). Erfaringer med praktiske prosjekter og studentinvolvering. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Svennevig, Paul Ragnar & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). EXTRA CURRICULUM, CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING STUDIES AT UNIVERSITY OF AGDER, NORWAY. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vertes, Katalin; Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). NUMERICAL MODELLING OF FIBER-REINFORCED ULTRA-HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Vertes, Katalin (2018). Lowering environmental impact from ultra high performance concrete, utilizing industrial by-products. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Vertes, Katalin (2018). EFFICIENT USE OF FIBERS IN UHPC – A STRUCTURED SCOPING REVIEW. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). Søkeprosessen 2017 - erfaringer fra et prosjekt; More Efficient and Environmental Friendly Road Construction - MEERC. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). Resultater og planer for MEERC-prosjektet - status november 2018. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). Offentlige anskaffelser - drivere og terskler for innovasjonsprosesser i BA-bransjen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). Frontnæringer i Agder om 20 år. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hindar, Silje Kristine & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2022). Enhancing Material Reduction in the Construction Industry Through Modern Technologies. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The problem area of this master thesis is how can modern technologies be utilized in bespoke concrete construction to reduce material mass and incorporate traditional architectural features into today's construction industry without having a tremendous effect on cost and the environment. This thesis answers "How can computer-aided design and 3D printing enhance the optimization of material used in concrete construction elements?" This is answered by conducting a literature review about topology optimization and empirical work. The literature review studied optimization methods used in construction research. The empirical work followed a design process, and iterations within the design were limited. A dome was designed in SolidWorks computer-aided design software, and a topology optimization simulation was performed on the dome to reduce material consumption. Finally, the dome was manufactured with a 3D printer to make bespoke formwork with silicone for concrete casting. The results showed a discrepancy between the computer-aided design and the casted concrete dome. The main reason for this was the inaccuracy of the silicone mould. Computer-aided design and 3D printing can improve the construction industry with new production methods. Design which has previously been too complicated to produce, can now be implemented due to the new technology. In addition, traditional architectural features can be restored with additive manufacturing moulds and reused and reproduced for modern buildings.

• Dahlberg, Joakim; Øksenholt, Johan & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2022). Hva kjennetegner et risikofylt byggeprosjekt? Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Risk management has been a severe tool in the construction industry for several decades. Not only in terms of health, environment and security, but profitability and viability as well. The industry is exposed for an increasingly amount of complexity which further leads to an uncertainty that needs to be managed properly. If not, the entrepreneurs may encounter problems that involves negative impacts seen from different perspectives. However, the entrepreneurship with their expertise relies on risk in projects due to clients ability to partial or fully resign responsibility concerning risk and transfer it to the entrepreneur. Hence a viable profitability outcome. The purpose of this master thesis builds around how methodical risk management can provide profitability in construction projects. In cooperation with Kruse Smith Entreprenør AS who have collected a substantial amount of data from the execution phase in projects over the past years, it is carried out a comprehensive analysis. The analysis' motive is to answer issues that financially benefits Kruse Smith Entreprenør AS regards to risk management. Issues in terms of risk quantification, sample space description and implementation of former experience have been discussed. In addition to analyzing data, multiple interviews have been conducted with members within the organization and outside to provide applicable material regards to risk management which led to a better understanding. A thorough literature research has been conducted as well to supply a more theoretical perspective in terms of risk as a phenomenon and how the industry operates around it. The overall findings revealed that risk management is a helpful and necessary tool when it comes to achieving profitability in the construction industry. It generates predictability, accuracy and ownership which benefits Kruse Smith seen from multiple perspectives.

• Vestbøstad, Kristoffer; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Gundersen, Alfred (2022). Anvendelsesområder for 3D-printing av betongkonstruksjoner. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The intention of this master thesis is to investigate the application area for 3D printing of concrete in the construction industry and was written during the spring of 2022 at the University of Agder. 3D printing or "additive manufacturing" is a process that combines materials in liquid- or powder-form, where a printer produces the digital 3D model. Productivity in today's construction industry does not satisfy society's growing need for rapid completion of today's new buildings, and projects exceeding in time and cost is not uncommon. Through this work, the authors will investigate challenges and possibilities of various projects such as large-scale 3D printed concrete constructions on-site, as well as 3D printing of pre-produced concrete elements on-site or in the vicinity of the construction sites. The study will explore the methods for 3D-printing of concrete, associated design possibilities and the technology's economic and environmental aspects. The report is mainly based on a literature study, but qualitative interviews were also conducted for better insight into how 3D printing of concrete is used in the current construction industry and what the future potential is. The results indicated that 3D printing of concrete can streamline the construction industry through automation of manual work processes and reduce total construction time and labor compared to conventional construction methods. 3D printing of concrete strengthens the interaction with the BuildingInformationModeling (BIM) platform. It also turns out that printing large-scale concrete structures will reduce cold bridges. The area of application will depend on the type of construction, project characteristics, geographical location and the weather and climate environment. The use of 3D printing in the construction industry will provide greater freedom in the design and building of more geometrically complex constructions, as the printer is unaffected by the level of complexity of the design. The use of topology-optimized constructions will also create opportunities for slimmer and lighter constructions, as well as new economic and environmental savings compared to conventional construction methods. The technology also places different demands on concrete technology than that of conventional casting of concrete, and today's 3D printers mainly print smaller constructions up to a maximum of three floors. On the same note, this will also create substantial challenges regarding the design phase, standardization and implementation.

• Hovda, Christoffer Ovidth & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2022). Dispensasjon i strandsonen En analyse av dispensasjonsvedtak til Plan- og bygningslovens §1-8. i Lillesand. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Med en økende andel påvirket strandsone [1], blir stadig mer av strandsonen utilgjengelig for allmennheten. Fra regjeringen [2], kommer det frem at strandsonen opplever høyest utbyggingspress, i tillegg til at strandsonen benyttes til rekreasjon og friluftsliv. Langs kysten i Agder fylke er byggepresset definert som stort [3], og for sørlandskommunen Lillesand er andelen tilgjengelig for allmennheten 50,5 % per 2021 [4]. Denne økende privatiseringen gjør det interessant å se på dispensasjonsvedtak for Plan- og bygningslovens §1-8. for Lillesand kommune, for å analysere hvilke faktorer som påvirker utfallet av vedtakene. I denne rapporten måles dette etter % innvilget, som gir indikasjon på sannsynligheten for å få innvilget en dispensasjonssøknad, og er antall innvilget/antall saker, for den gjeldende kategorien. Med denne bakgrunnen, omhandler rapportens overordnede problemområde: Privatisering i strandsonen. Rapporten blir bygget opp om problemområdet, og det blir gjennomført analyse av dispensasjonsvedtak i strandsonen for Lillesand kommune over en 6-årsperiode. Denne analysen har gitt en rekke interessante funn, som påvirker % innvilget: Organisasjoner som ansvarlig søker reduserer sannsynlighet for innvilgelse, hvor det er store differanser mellom organisasjoner. Det er også store forskjeller for saksbehandlere, både i grad av innvilgelse og saksmengde. Enkelte saksbehandlere innvilger 100 % av sakene. Saksbehandleres mangelfulle vurderinger kan være fordelaktig for søker, ettersom mangelfull vurdering av hensynsvilkåret gir 100 % innvilget. Tiltak med flere enn 10 saker varierer mellom 62 % og 96 % innvilgelse. Dersom tiltak gjelder oppføring av fritidsbolig, øker sannsynligheten for innvilgelse med rivning før oppføring. På den andre siden, reduseres sannsynligheten for innvilgelse ved rivning, dersom det gjelder andre tiltak. For uttalelser er det store differanser i % innvilget, som påvirkes av hvem uttalelsen kommer fra, og om kommunen tar hensyn til uttalelsen. Dersom det ikke foreligger uttalelse, er % innvilget betraktelig høyere. Saksbehandlingstid over 12 uker har høyest % innvilget, hvor innvilget uten dato er 57 % lavere. Det er generelt reduksjon av % innvilget ved høyest og mest forekommet kostnad, men for 2021 er disse verdiene høyere. Mest forekommet kostnad i 2021 var 0 kr. Alle punkter med redusert gebyr resulterer i økt % innvilget. Seks grunnummer har over 5 saker og 100 % innvilget.

• Lilletvedt, Andre & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2022). Fiberarmert betong i vegg- og bjelkeelementer. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This report is written as a final thesis for a master's degree in civil engineering at the University of Agder. The scope of this report is fiber-reinforced concrete in walls and especially fiber-reinforced concrete in a cast-on-site wall versus beam forms cast in a laboratory. There are currently no clear regulations for the constructive use of fiber-reinforced concrete. Number of guidelines have been published for the design, control and execution of fiber-reinforced concrete, and this report can be seen as part of further research in the area. The report looks at the difference in the strength of a fiber-reinforced wall with and without bar reinforcement compared to the strength of a fiber-reinforced beam cast in beam form. It was also looked at how the fiber distributes and orients itself in the different castings. Throughout this thesis it has been performed a literature study and a large part of practical laboratory investigations. This involves casting two pieces of full-scale walls from which beams are cut, and casts of beams in forms. These beams have then been compared. The findings in this report are that the residual flexural tensile strength of a fiber-reinforced concrete wall with bar reinforcement compared to practical laboratory results shows a clearly lower residual flexural tensile strength in the strength of the wall compared to results measured in the fiber-reinforced concrete cast in beam forms. It has also been found that large parts of the fibers accumulate almost like a ball between or just below the reinforcing bars. This leads to very little fiber reinforcement just above the reinforcing bars, which in turn leads to these areas becoming weaker. And that in some parts of the castings the fibers are placed irregularly, which means that certain parts of the fiber-reinforced concrete become significantly weaker than other parts.

• Armeen, Ali; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Arsamakov, Sulumbek (2022). Stålfiberbetong; konsistens og mekaniske egenskaper. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this era of rapid urban, the demand of concrete has also increased. This has given rise to more research on concrete performance and approach towards changes in concrete composition to fight global warming challenges. Addition of steel fiber has for many years been a pivotal point for researchers as a concrete performance enhancing adhesive. Steel fibers can also be added in concrete as a cement replacing adhesive, thus reducing C𝑂2 releases in the atmosphere. It has been established that steel fibers reduce workability and consistency in concrete. On the other side, it also improves mechanical behavior in concrete and increase the lifetime of concrete. Residual flextural performance has been an interesting research topic for concrete as to understand and investigate behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete after fracture. This brings us to the research question of this master`s thesis “How does different steel fiber volume fractions and fiber geometry effect the workability and mechanical properties in concrete”. The research question was sub-divided into several methods that were utilized to answer the research question. Different volume fractions of 0,33%, 0,66% and 1% were chosen along with 4D and 5D steel fiber types with similar aspect ratios. Slump flow test, LCPC box and rheometer test were chosen to investigate the rheological properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete. Compression test, elasticity module test and flexural test were used to determine the mechanical properties of the concrete. The slump-flow test results indicated decrease in concrete workability with increase in steel fiber volume fractions. The decrease in workability with increasing steel fiber content was also observed for LCPC-box and rheometer test results. The reduction in workability for 4D fiber type concrete was higher than 5D fiber type. Compression test, elasticity module and residual flexural results showed increase in compressive strength with increase in steel fiber content for both 4D and 5D fiber types. Comparison between the effect of elasticity module for 4D and 5D fibers was inclusive due to low sample size. 4D fiber results showed high compressive strength and 5D fibers, whereas 5D fiber demonstration better results than 4D fiber for the residual flexural strength test. Based on the results mentioned hereinabove, it can be concluded that concrete reinforcement with steel fibers reduces workability in concrete. Increase in steel fiber content increased elasticity module, but future studies should consider testing more samples for a better conclusion. Residual flexural strength also increases with increase in steel fiber volume fraction, which goes on to answer the research question about effect of steel fiber volume fraction on mechanical properties of concrete.

• Kolstad, Kristian Sandland & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2022). Nytteverdi av grunnundersøkelser med georadar i nye vegprosjekter. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This master thesis addresses the topic of utility value of site investigations with ground penetrating radar in new road projects. The thesis aims to answer the following research question: How can site investigations with ground penetrating radar create utility value for both the project owner and the contractor? To answer the research question, a literature study, a field investigation and five interviews were conducted. The theoretical basis was the principal of propagation of electromagnetic waves through the ground. Literature about ground penetrating radar usage in Norway and at international level showed a tendency of usage in maintenance and rehabilitation. The interviews, however, showcased more usage of the ground penetrating radar when planning new projects. In conclusion, the use of site investigations with ground penetrating radar can create utility value for both the project owner and the contractor in several ways. First, the identification of layers in the ground where there is uncertainty about the conditions will lead to better mass balance. Second, the risk attached to unforeseen changes in the conditions of the ground will be reduced and thereby the HSE will be strengthen. Third, the knowledge about layers and depth in the bedrock will be useful for both planning and execution of new projects. Fourth, the gap between drill points will be tightened. Recommendations for future research emerged from the limitations of the study. Future research should include a discussion of the economical aspect of implementing the ground penetrating radar in site investigation.

• Breiseth, Sebastian & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2022). Risikostyring i prosjektgjennomføring: En casestudie av risikostyring i prosjektgjennomføring hos Kruse Smith. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This master’s thesis is conducted at the University of Agder in cooperation with Kruse Smith Entreprenør. The thesis is a case study on risk management in Kruse Smith. In 2018, Kruse Smith implemented a new method for risk management for all levels in their organization and all phases of their construction projects. Ever since the new method was implemented, a lot of qualitative and quantitative data has been stored. Now, Kruse Smith wished to use the collected data to assess their methodology and its usage. In collaboration with these thesis’ supervisors, the following research question was formed: How does the risk management methodology contribute to the company’s risk management? In addition, the making of three sub-questions and further limitations helped set the scope of the master’s thesis. The knowledge background consists of the following: different aspects of risk management; the concept of Wisdom of Crowds – which is a central part of Kruse Smith’s risk management methodology; a short explanation for sample space, and theory on early warning signs – a topic particularly relevant for one of the sub-questions. A combination of literature study, observations, content analysis on Kruse Smith’s stored risk data, and interviews of company personnel have been used to answer the research question. Some of the main findings are that: the company’s management now has a wider overview of the company’s total risk exposure; they have gotten clearly defined risk management processes and a defined risk culture; more people are now involved in the risk management; and that it is challenging to use the risk data for continuous improvement in its current state.

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2022). C&S-report 001/2022: UiAs bidrag til Eramets arbeid for å bruke Silica Green Stone (SiGS) som bindemiddel/sementerstatning i betong (inkludert NFR-prosjektet ValSiGS). Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  UiAs involvering i arbeidet med å undersøke og dokumentere potensialet for at prosessert slagg fra Eramets manganproduksjon kan benyttes som delvis erstatning for Portlandsement i betong ble innledet 21. januar 2019 etter initiativ fra Magne Dåstøl (Styrhuset AS). Dåstøl var engasjert av Eramet som prosjektleder. Eramets bestrebelser har medført utvikling av produktet «Silica Green-Stone» (SiGS). ValSiGS-prosjektet, som delfinansieres av NFR i perioden 2020-2022 i tildeling med prosjektnummer 309641, ble etablert «to valorize Silica Green Stone», som del av Eramets strategi mot markedsintroduksjon av produktet. Eramet er prosjekteier av ValSiGS. Byggavdelingen ved UiA er engasjert både forut for, som del av, og i forlengelse av ValSiGS-prosjektet. Vårt bidrag til ValSiGS er primært nedfelt i rapportene nedenfor nummerert fra 3 til 8. Rapportene listet som nr 1 og 2 er medtatt selv om de egentlig kun er forløpere for ValSiGS, da de utgjør en del av grunnlaget for at prosjektet ble etablert. UiAs bidrag har i hovedsak bestått av innsats fra professor emeritus Per Jahren og dosent Rein Terje Thorstensen, samt syv serier med laboratorieundersøkelser utført som BSc-/MSc-prosjekter av studenter under veiledning av Thorstensen. Noen av prosjektene har også hatt medveiledere fra involverte bedrifter. Arbeidene er dokumentert i følgende rapporter: 1. Rapport fra laboratorietesting av silikomanganslagg brukt som sementerstatning (11 sider) 2. Standardgitte forutsetninger og begrensninger på bruk av annen type slagg enn GGBS i sement- og betongproduksjon for alminnelige bygge- og anleggsarbeider, (15 sider) 3. SiGS som SCM – Effekt av nedkjølingsprosess og malingsgrad, (59 sider) 4. Silicomanganese slag as a supplementary cementitious material in mortar (90 sider) 5. Environmental aspects of utilising Silicomanganese slag as cement substitute (101 sider) 6. Experimentation on the possibilities of partly substituting cement with Silicomanganese slag (SiGS) (83 sider) 7. Silica Green Stone as SCM in concrete paving stones production (148 sider) 8. SiGS som sementerstattende material i våtbetong (konstruksjonsbetong) (44 sider)

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Askildsen, Even (2021). UiA Byggavdelingens rapportserie, Rapport no 002/2021: Etablering av Pilotvei Finsland. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  I denne rapporten beskrives opparbeidelsen av «Pilotvei Finsland». Pilotvei Finsland består av to fylkeskommunale veier beliggende på Finsland i nye Kristiansand kommune, som uansett skulle opprustes. I forbindelse med opprustningen ble det på hver av veiene opparbeidet 15 prøvefelt av ca 100m lengde. Prosjektet gjennomføres i regi av Agder fylkeskommune og Universitetet i Agder, med bidrag fra 15 bedrifter. Bedriftene har fremmet forslag som hevdes å kunne medføre innovasjon i måten veinettet forvaltes på, med mulig gevinst i både økonomisk og miljømessig betydning. Hensikten med prosjektet er å bidra til å redusere usikkerheten knyttet til bruk av de produkter og prosesser som fremmes av de deltakende bedrifter. Med usikkerhet menes i denne sammenheng både teknisk, miljømessig og økonomisk usikkerhet.

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2021). UiA Byggavdelingens rapportserie, Rapport no 003/2021: Hybridbetong Morken. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2020). Fremdriftsraport til SKF 2020 på prosjektet Innovasjonsnettverk Nye Veier/Forskningsprosjektet MEERC. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Norby, Mariann; Engelsen, Christian John & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2020). Nytt resirkulert tilslag produsert fra grave- og byggavfall. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Recycled aggregate produced from excavation and construction waste is an important resource. This is because increased use of recycled aggregate will contribute to reduce the amount of waste delivered to landfill, which is an important environmental benefit. Recycled aggregate will replace some of the application areas of natural crushed aggregate, this will reduce the extraction of primary raw materials. The focus of this master thesis is to investigate and document variations in mechanical properties of recycled aggregate produced from excavation mass. The purpose of this is to document the stability of mechanical properties and examine how changes in the source material will affect test results. Stable mechanical properties will contribute to an extended use of excavation mass, instead of being delivered as landfill. In order to investigate variations in recycled aggregate there is used methods like Los-Angeles, micro-Deval, petrographic analysis and x-ray diffraction (XRD). To get an overview of existing research on recycled aggregate and variations in mechanical properties, a literature review is conducted. In conclusion, the methods used shows consistently good results. Recycled aggregate is a well-suited material for road projects, and as filler in pipe trenches.

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). STANDARDGITTE FORUTSETNINGER OG BEGRENSNINGER PÅ BRUK AV ANNEN TYPE SLAGG ENN GGBS I SEMENT- OG BETONGPRODUKSJON FOR ALMINNELIGE BYGGE- OG ANLEGGSARBEIDER. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Verdens totale forbruk av sement er stipulert til 4,65 mrd tonn i 2016, og forventes å stige kraftig bl a i takt med befolkningsveksten frem til 2050. Betongindustrien hevdes ofte å forårsake 5-7% av verdens samlede menneskeskapte CO2-utslipp. Masovnslagg fra jernproduksjon (GGBS) brukes for å erstatte en andel av Portlandklinkeren i (Portland-)sement. Dette bidrar til at det slippes ut tilsvarende mindre CO2 fra sementproduksjonen. I en ny studie laget på oppdrag for UN Environmental Program Sustainable Building and Climate Initiative viser en oversikt at nær alt masovnslagg nå brukes på denne måten, men også at dette kun utgjør 1/3 av den slaggen fra metallproduksjon som antas å kunne brukes tilsvarende. Gjeldende standarder for sement- og betongsektoren ansees å hindre bruk av slik alternativ slagg. Formålet med denne rapporten er å kartlegge hvilke forutsetninger og begrensninger som legges på bruk av andre slaggtyper enn de som i dag er inkludert i standardene for sement og betong til vanlige bygge- og anleggsformål.

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). RAPPORT FRA LABORATORIETESTING AV SILIKOMANGANSLAGG FRA ERAMET, BRUKT SOM SEMENTERSTATNING (SUBSTITUTING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL - SCM). Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Engelsen, Christian John; Norby, Mariann & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). Nytt resirkulert tilslag produsert fra grave- og byggavfall. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). FREMDRIFTSRAPPORT TIL SKF 2019 PÅ PROSJEKTET INNOVASJONSNETTVERK NYE VEIER/ FORSKNINGSPROSJEKTET MEERC. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). Sluttrapport til SKF på prosjekt Teknologiledelse/Global engineering. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). Rapport til SKF på prosjekt Innovasjonsnettverk Nye Veier/MEERC. Universitetet i Agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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