Jonathan Mukiza Peter Kansheba

• Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack & Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter (2026). Unraveling the Crypto Conundrum: how climate policy uncertainty shapes the cryptocurrency market. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment. ISSN 2043-0795. doi: 10.1080/20430795.2026.2683375. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Our study examines the impact of climate policy uncertainty on the volatility of Bitcoin, Ethereum and Litecoin. Using monthly Climate Policy Uncertainty Index data from 2010 to 2024, we forecast daily cryptocurrency volatility with a GARCH-MIDAS model. The results show that higher climate policy uncertainty significantly increases volatility across all three cryptocurrencies over the full sample period. Out-of-sample analysis, which captures structural changes in energy consumption, reveals stronger effects for Bitcoin. Ethereum shows insignificant responses following its transition to a proof-of-stake mechanism, while Litecoin exhibits a significant positive relationship with uncertainty. Overall, climate policy uncertainty proves to be a strong predictor of cryptocurrency volatility, particularly for energy-intensive assets. The findings highlight the importance of policy-related information in shaping investor behaviour in crypto markets and provide useful implications for cryptocurrency issuers, retail investors and portfolio managers seeking to manage risk under changing regulatory and environmental conditions.

• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter; Gwaze, Takudzwa Mudzingwa; Fubah, Clavis Nwehfor & Spillan, John E. (2026). Geopolitics in international business research: mapping the terrain and future agenda. Review of International Business and Strategy. ISSN 2059-6014. s. 1–26. doi: 10.1108/RIBS-08-2025-0126. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose Despite decades of accumulated knowledge and scholarly efforts to explore geopolitical dynamics in international business (IB), this domain remains theoretically and empirically fragmented, necessitating further knowledge synthesis. This study aims to synthesise the geopolitics–IB literature, identify emerging research themes, and propose avenues for future research. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a systematic review of 105 novel contributions published between 2000 and 2025. The articles were extracted from two comprehensive databases, namely,Web of Science and Scopus. The analysis includes two phases. First, a descriptive analysis followed by content analysis based on a thematic categorization of geopolitics–IB research domain. Findings The findings reveal four major trending themes in current geopolitics–IB research, namely: (i) causes of geopolitical uncertainty, (ii) challenges and impacts of geopolitical uncertainty on multinational corporations (MNCs), (iii) MNCs’ coping strategies during geopolitical uncertainty and (iv) MNCs’ (sustainable) corporate purpose during geopolitical uncertainty. Originality/value The authors contribute to the ongoing geopolitics–IB debate and body of knowledge by exploring the complexities of identified trending themes, their implications for the IB field and offering directions for future research.

• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter; Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack; Fubah, Clavis Nwehfor & Bhat, Mohd Abass (2026). Psychological capital and firms' performance during crises: the role of entrepreneurial ecosystem quality. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. ISSN 1462-6004. s. 1–24. doi: 10.1108/JSBED-06-2025-0367. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kajuna, Jovinary; Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter & Abdallah, Johari Twaha (2026). From intention to behavior: the moderating role of IT infrastructure on crowdfunding dynamics. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. ISSN 1567-4223. 77. doi: 10.1016/j.elerap.2026.101596. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Crowdfunding has emerged as an alternative financing option, reshaping the funding landscape beyond traditional channels. However, disparities in its adoption between developed and developing economies persist due to challenges such as the “intention-behavior gap,” in which individuals’ intentions to contribute do not always translate into actual contributions. In this study, we draw upon the reasoned action and planned behavior lenses to explore the moderating role of information technology (IT) infrastructure in reducing the aforementioned gap. We employ hierarchical multiple linear regressions to analyze data from 471 survey respondents in Tanzania, a developing economy with growing interest in crowdfunding. We find that IT infrastructure positively moderates the effects of crowdfunding information-sharing intentions on both information-sharing and financial contribution behaviors. However, while IT infrastructure positively moderates the relationship between crowdfunding financial contribution intention and behavior, its moderating effect remains limited on the relationship between financial contribution intention and information sharing behavior. The paper concludes by discussing

• Fubah, Clavis Nwehfor; Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter; Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack & Acikdilli, Gaye (2026). Green Entrepreneurship Research: A Review of the Domain and Future Research Agenda. Business Strategy and the Environment (BSE). ISSN 0964-4733. doi: 10.1002/bse.70813. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter; Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack; Fubah, Clavis Nwehfor & Solano, Christopher (2025). Crossing the Chasm: A Review and Future Agenda on the Fintech-Based Financial Inclusion in Africa. Journal of African Business. ISSN 1522-8916. s. 1–30. doi: 10.1080/15228916.2025.2591971. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Despite the burgeoning of financial technologies (fintech) in Africa, there are still inconclusive findings on its transformative impact on financial inclusion (FI). This article aims to synthesize extant research on how fintech shapes the FI dynamics in this continent, with great potential but still less developed. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of 91 novel peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and July 2025. Despite the growth in research, the results reveal theoretical, methodological, and contextual gaps. The results also reveal that research on fintech-driven FI in Africa currently clusters itself around four trending themes, including i) antecedents, ii) accelerators, iii) processes, and iv) outcomes. The paper further discusses the (inter)connections among these themes and offers nuanced implications for policy designs and interventions. The article concludes by providing potential research avenues that can further the fintech-FI development in the region.

• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter; Fubah, Clavis Nwehfor; Tabas, Abdollah Mohammadparast & Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack (2025). Strategic Pathways for New Venture Legitimacy within the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem. European Management Journal. ISSN 0263-2373. doi: 10.1016/j.emj.2025.03.004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Understanding how new ventures establish legitimacy within entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) is crucial for fostering their growth and survival. Using data from 228 Finnish firms, we employ fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to explore the configurations of strategic paths that (new) ventures adopt to establish legitimacy within the dynamic and resource-dependent environments of EEs. The results reveal different strategic configurations (solutions) for new ventures' passive and active legitimacy. The findings show that while conformance and selection are fundamental traditional strategies for gaining passive legitimacy, new ventures can still employ innovative strategies such as manipulation and selection. However, new ventures strictly employ innovative strategies (manipulation and creation) to gain active legitimacy. The study highlights the imperative of understanding the complexity of strategic choices and the resulting dynamic nature of new ventures’ legitimacy within EEs. It also suggests that policymakers and managers should consider flexible, context-specific approaches to foster small- and medium-sized companies' success by capitalizing on innovative strategies for active engagement and sustainable growth.

• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter; Tabas, Abdollah Mohammadparast; Theodoraki, Christina & Fubah, Clavis Nwehfor (2025). Innovation newness shaping venture legitimation strategy choices in the entrepreneurial ecosystem: An empirical analysis based on fsQCA. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation. ISSN 1465-7503. doi: 10.1177/14657503251330088. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Establishing and sustaining the legitimacy of new ventures is a complex endeavour for entrepreneurs. In this article, we draw insights on ecosystem and legitimacy theories, and we employ a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis approach to study effective configurations of (technological and market) innovation newness influencing the new-venture legitimation strategy orientations of 228 startups in Finland. The results reveal that the startups operating in established markets (existing markets) with incremental technology (as essential [core] conditions) are likely to opt for conformance and selection legitimation strategies. However, a firm's radical technology has been revealed as a supplementary (peripheral) condition in this context. Furthermore, the results show that startups are likely to opt for a manipulation strategy when operating in new markets (as a core condition, with incremental technology as a peripheral condition). We further find that startups can opt for a creation strategy when operating in new markets with radical technology (as core conditions). We conclude by offering the implications of our findings and avenues for further research.

• Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack; Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter & Munim, Ziaul Haque (2025). Geopolitical uncertainty and shipping stock returns: An event study of the Israel-Hamas conflict. Journal of Transport Geography. ISSN 0966-6923. 123. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2025.104122. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This article investigates the impact of the Israeli-Hamas conflict on maritime sector stocks using an event study approach, highlighting the sector's vulnerability during crises. Analyzing 32 companies across container, tanker, and dry bulk sub-sectors, we employ the Fama and French three-factor model to assess how maritime stocks respond to conflict-related news. Our findings reveal predominantly adverse stock reactions, particularly in the container and tanker segments, with the dry bulk sub-sector less affected. Notably, container shipping stocks showed significant declines following missile attacks on cargo vessels. Conversely, the market response to positive news, such as a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas, was muted, suggesting that good news impacts trading behaviour less than bad news. This study underscores the importance of monitoring news during major crises for theoretical and practical implications in the maritime industry, as it significantly influences stock performance.

• Fubah, Clavis Nwehfor; Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter; Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack & Tabas, Abdollah Mohammadparast (2025). Youth entrepreneurship: a systematic literature review of the domain and future research agenda. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. ISSN 1462-6004. 32(2), s. 496–516. doi: 10.1108/JSBED-07-2024-0346. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose – The purpose of this article was to review the existing literature on youth entrepreneurship (YE), focusing on the context, methodological and theoretical approaches employed, alongside any emerging themes on the subject. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted, drawing on an evidence base of 77 articles identified from different databases. These articles were either published in Association of Business Schools (ABS list 2021 edition) or Australian Business Deans Council (ABDC) listed journals. Findings – The review revealed that the majority of research on the topic has been conducted in Africa, employing a quantitative methodology. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has been the dominant theoretical lens used by scholars. The four major themes covered on the topic to date include (1) entrepreneurial motivations; (2) entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) and entrepreneurial attitudes (EAs); (3) entrepreneurial competencies, education, training, and support, and (4) innovation and technology adoption. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this SLR is the first review that addresses this fastgrowing area of research. This paper incorporated insights on YE across academic disciplines. It also provided a nuanced discussion of the major themes covered in the research and suggested directions for future research.

• Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack & Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter (2024). Airlines and climate policy uncertainty: Are the sector's stocks soaring or stalling? Journal of Air Transport Management. ISSN 0969-6997. 115, s. 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102536. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter; Fubah, Clavis Nwehfor & Wald, Andreas Erich (2024). New venture legitimacy diffusion beyond the local entrepreneurial ecosystem: the transformative role of brokerage and network activities. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. ISSN 1355-2554. 30(11), s. 164–180. doi: 10.1108/IJEBR-08-2023-0867. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tabas, Abdollah Mohammadparst; Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter & Theodoraki, Christina (2024). Igniting a knowledge renaissance: revolutionising entrepreneurial ecosystems with transactive memory systems. Journal of Knowledge Management. ISSN 1367-3270. 28(11), s. 199–220. doi: 10.1108/JKM-08-2023-0685. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lello, Didas S.; Huang, Yongchun & Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter (2024). Knowledge ambidexterity in construction project-based organizations: predicaments of knowledge networking intention within outbound consultant-supplier interfaces. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. ISSN 1753-8378. 17(1), s. 126–152. doi: 10.1108/IJMPB-09-2023-0206. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter; Fubah, Clavis Nwehfor; Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack & Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack (2024). Unravelling the entrepreneurial ecosystem conditions spurring the global value chains: a configurational approach. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. ISSN 1355-2554. 30(6). doi: 10.1108/IJEBR-07-2023-0738. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter; Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack & Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack (2024). Weathering the Unforeseen: The Interplay of Resilience and Innovation in Start-Up Performance Amidst Crisis. Journal of African Business. ISSN 1522-8916. 26(1), s. 225–242. doi: 10.1080/15228916.2024.2361501. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack & Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter (2023). Asymmetric volatility spillover between hospitality sub-sectors during COVID-19: evidence from the USA. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. ISSN 2514-9792. 6(5), s. 2139–2157. doi: 10.1108/JHTI-08-2022-0322. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack & Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter (2023). High frequency volatility spillover between oil and non-energy commodities during crisis and tranquil periods. SN Business & Economics. 3(91). doi: 10.1007/s43546-023-00463-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack & Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter (2022). Asymmetric volatility spillover between hospitality sub-sectors during COVID-19: evidence from the USA. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. ISSN 2514-9792. doi: 10.1108/JHTI-08-2022-0322. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tabas, Abdollah Mohammadparast; Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter & Komulainen, Hanna (2022). Drivers for SMEs participation in entrepreneurial ecosystems: evidence from health tech ecosystem in Northern Finland. Baltic Journal of Management. ISSN 1746-5265. 17(6), s. 1–18. doi: 10.1108/BJM-02-2022-0065. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose – The entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) literature is dominated by conceptual studies with insufficient theoretical foundations and empirical evidence on the micro-level. This study aims to explore the largely overlooked question of what the drivers that motivate small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to participate in an ecosystem are. Design/methodology/approach – The study adopts a qualitative exploratory approach. The empirical data consists of 19 semi-structured interviews with top management of SMEs in the health tech ecosystem in Finland. The data were analyzed using a thematic content analysis. Findings – This study reveals a typology of drivers that motivate SMEs to participate in an ecosystem. These include social drivers (networking and cooperation and communication and knowledge sharing), resource drivers (access to resources, formal and informal support and market access) and cognitive drivers (shared goals and common values). Research limitations/implications – The study contributes to the EE research by highlighting the drivers that motivate health tech SMEs to become members of the local ecosystem. It suggests that managers and entrepreneurs need to be aware of the factors related to social, resource and cognitive drivers to ensure the future success of their business. Originality/value – The study draws evidence from a micro-level perspective which enriches the understanding of the EE phenomenon. It also explores an increasingly relevant but under-researched field, the health tech ecosystem.

• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter & Marobhe, Mutaju Isack (2022). Institutional quality and resource‑based economic sustainability: the mediation effects of resource governance. SN Business & Economics. 2(19). doi: 10.1007/s43546-021-00195-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The discovery of extractive resources is associated with multiple opportunities and unbridled optimism on achieving socio-economic development for many countries. However, the question how the host governments meet expectations of indigenous people by ensuring an ideal resource-based economic sustainability (RES) has been receiving less research attention. Using the global panel dataset of 80 resourceendowed economies from 2010 to 2017, we postulate and empirically examine the mediating efect of the resource governance (RESOGV) on the relationship between institutional quality (IQ) and RES. The ANOVA and post hoc ANOVA results revealed signifcant disparities in terms of IQ, RESOGV, and RES among countries with diferent levels of economic development, regions, and sector (mining or petroleum). Moreover, the fxed efects (FE) and ordinary least square (OLS) results confrmed that IQ marginally infuenced RES. However, the infuence was more pronounced when it was partially (but complementarily) mediated by the RESOGV. The paper, therefore, stresses the importance of host governments in improving the quality of their institutions. This will ultimately help enhancing their RESOGV capabilities for attaining economic, social and environmental sustainability.

• Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack & Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter (2022). Stock market reactions to COVID-19 shocks: do financial market interventions walk the talk? China Finance Review International (CFRI). ISSN 2044-1398. doi: 10.1108/CFRI-01-2022-0011. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter; Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack & Wald, Andreas Erich (2022). Cushioning the Covid-19 Economic Consequences on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: The Role of Stakeholders` Engagement, Collaboration, and Support. Journal of African Business. ISSN 1522-8916. 24(2), s. 214–234. doi: 10.1080/15228916.2022.2078933. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Covid-19 (corona virus) disruptions have necessitated a new way of thinking about how entrepreneurship and its environments (ecosystems) function in times of heightened uncertainty. Based on a sample of 237 entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) stakeholders in Tanzania – an emerging economy, we examine the pandemic economic consequences steered by government countermeasures on the EE-perceived quality and performance. We further examined the role played by EE stakeholders` engagement, collaboration, and support during the crisis. Our structural equation model results suggest that strictness of government counter measures for containment of the current pandemic predicament has a bearing on EE- perceived quality and performance by fueling EE vulnerability via amplifying the magnitude of the negative effects. We further find that stakeholders` engagement and collaboration play a significant role in improving the EE-perceived quality and slowing down EE-vulnerability. We conclude by providing the implications and avenues for future research.

• Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack; Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter & Wald, Andreas Erich (2022). Cushioning the Covid-19 Economic Consequences on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: The Role of Stakeholders' Engagement, Collaboration, and Support. Journal of African Business. ISSN 1522-8916. 24(2), s. 214–234. doi: 10.1080/15228916.2022.2078933. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter & Wald, Andreas Erich (2021). Entrepreneurial ecosystems quality and productive entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial attitude as a mediator in early-stage and high-growth activities. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. ISSN 1462-6004. 29(2), s. 311–329. doi: 10.1108/JSBED-05-2021-0209. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose This study examines the mediation effects of entrepreneurial attitudes (EAs) on the nexus of the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) quality and productive entrepreneurship for early-stage and high-growth entrepreneurial activities. Design/methodology/approach The study employs global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM) panel data of 137 economies from 2014 to 2018. Random effect panel regressions and relative effect size estimations were used for data analysis. Findings The study’s findings show complementary mediation effects suggesting that EE quality steers entrepreneurial activities via the EA. However, such mediation is much more vivid towards high growth than early-stage activities. Vibrant EEs provide necessary resources that boost the attitude of potential and nascent entrepreneurs to engage in early stage and high-growth entrepreneurial activities.

• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter & Wald, Andreas Erich (2020). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. ISSN 1462-6004. 27(6), s. 943–964. doi: 10.1108/JSBED-11-2019-0364. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: The emerging concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems has captured the attention of scholars, practitioners and policymakers. Although studies on entrepreneurial ecosystems continue to grow, their contributions are still disintegrated. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to present a systematic review of extant literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems and to develop a research agenda. Design/methodology/approach: The study deployed a systematic literature review of 51 articles obtained from three comprehensive databases of Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus. The analysis includes two phases. First, a descriptive account of research on entrepreneurial ecosystems and second, a content analysis based on a thematic categorization of entrepreneurial ecosystems research. Findings: The findings show that the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems is both under-theorized and it has been recently dominated by conceptual studies. The focus of empirical research is on technology-based industries in Western economies using cases studies as methodological approach. Research limitations/implications: This review contributes to the body of knowledge on entrepreneurial ecosystems research by providing a systematic review following a thematic grouping of extant research into antecedents, outputs and outcomes of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Originality/value: It reveals existing theoretical and empirical gaps in research as well as offering avenues of future research on entrepreneurial ecosystems.

• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter (2020). Small business and entrepreneurship in Africa: the nexus of entrepreneurial ecosystems and productive entrepreneurship. Small Enterprise Research: The Journal of SEAANZ. ISSN 1321-5906. 27(2), s. 110–124. doi: 10.1080/13215906.2020.1761869. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The impact of entrepreneurship and small business activities in Africa has habitually been lower and receives less attention in research. This study aims at investigating the mediation role of innovations on the relationship between entrepreneurial ecosystem approach and productive entrepreneurship. Using panel dataset of 35 African countries, the study contributes to the existing literature in two ways. First, the panel regression findings contribute to the theoretical debate and fill the empirical gap, recent research has been dominated by conceptual works. The findings reveal mixed (positive and negative) and weak insignificant direct influence of eco-factors such as finance, government support and programmes, knowledge, market and culture on productive entrepreneurship. However, their influence is more pronounced when innovations mediate the relationship. Second, it provides new insight to policymakers and practitioners in developing policies and programmes that foster entrepreneurial ecosystems and improved innovation performance for better entrepreneurship development. It concludes with suggestions for future research.

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• Marobhe, Mutaju Isaack & Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter (2022). Stock market reactions to COVID-19 shocks: do financial market interventions walk the talk? China Finance Review International (CFRI). ISSN 2044-1398. 12(4), s. 623–645. doi: 10.1108/CFRI-01-2022-0011. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kansheba, Jonathan Mukiza Peter (2022). Fostering Productive Entrepreneurship : An Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Perspective. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 9788284270814. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Entrepreneurial activities and entrepreneurs do not emerge in isolation rather in a very integrated and complex system (ecosystem) with multiple actors (Cowell et al., 2018). The magnitude of entrepreneurship’s contribution to socio-economic development is contingent upon the respective country’s entrepreneurial enabling environments (ecosystems)-EEs (Colombo & Dagnino, 2017). As the newly emerged research stream, entrepreneurial ecosystem has increasingly captured the attention of scholars, policy makers and practitioners (Malecki, 2018). Moreover, the term entrepreneurial ecosystem has been used to express and explicate the frameworks on how entrepreneurs and start-ups interact with other actors. The success of entrepreneurs is fueled by conducive entrepreneurial supporting environments characterized by multiple interconnected players who offer valued resources to them (Audretsch et al., 2019). Thus, the phenomenon of entrepreneurial ecosystems has been recently used as the framework to describe and explain the integrated nature of economic, political, social, and cultural aspects that boost the growth of innovative new enterprises and supports high risk endeavors (Philip, 2017).

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