Bjørn Tore Johansen

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Byrkjedal, Per Thomas; Johnsen, Are Walman; Madsen, Adrian Galdal & Kaarstein, Erik (2026). When technology meets judgment: outcome of football referees’ disciplinary decision-making after the implementation of VAR in the English Premier League. Frontiers in Psychology. 17. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1769008. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction Video Assistant Referee (VAR) is a decision-support system that helps referees make more accurate decisions and eliminate clear and obvious errors. However, the implementation of VAR in world football has been one of the most significant and controversial technological procedures used. Methods This study examines how the introduction of VAR has affected refereeing decisions in the English Premier League (EPL) by examining the number of red cards and penalties per match. Yellow cards were also implemented in the analyses as a possible hypothesis-generating cause. Using match-level data from the 2018/19 season (without-VAR) and the 2023/24 season (with-VAR), and using the English Championship as a control group, we apply a difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis to estimate the contributive effect of VAR’s impact on three key outcomes: red cards, penalties and yellow cards awarded per match. Results The results suggest a statistically significant increase in all three outcomes in the Premier League following the introduction of VAR, compared to the Championship where VAR was not implemented. The increase in red cards and penalties, both explicitly governed by the VAR protocol, likely reflects improved identification of clear and obvious errors. The observed rise in yellow cards suggests that VAR may exert an indirect influence on referee’s behaviour, although this finding needs further investigation to be verified. Discussion Notably, the estimates found in current study reflect only differences between the Premier League and the Championship and no further definitive causal effects should be drawn. This study contributes to the ongoing debate about VAR’s role and potential impact on football referees’ disciplinary decision-making behaviour and provides a foundation for further empirical research on the broader implications of VAR in football.

• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Knight, Camilla J. & Haugen, Tommy (2025). Like Father, like Son: A Qualitative Study on Father-Son Dyads at Senior National Football Team Level. Journal of Expertise. 8(2-3), s. 179–199. doi: https:/www.journalofexpertise.org/articles/volume8_issue2-3/JoE_8_2-3_Erikstad_etal.html. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The phenomenon of father-son dyads in professional sports is commonly acknowledged through anecdotes, but there is limited understanding regarding the dynamics within multi-generational sporting families. This study aimed to investigate father-son dyads within professional football, seeking insights into the influence of former professional athlete parents on their children’s sporting development. Interviews were conducted with the fathers and sons from three dyads, all of whom represented the Norwegian national football team. The data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. The results that were generated through the analytic process highlighted several key aspects: (1) Former professional athlete-fathers perceived as role models that shaped their sons’ interests, behaviors, and aspirations for success, (2) Active involvement where the fathers played football with their sons and ensured quality practice, (3) Fathers as providers of opportunities, drawing from their own experiences, recognition, and professional networks, and (4) Fathers providing tangible and emotional support while balancing demands and expectations. Across all themes, fathers maintained a relaxed perspective on elite sport, emphasizing that football’s primary value lies in enjoyment and positive youth development rather than becoming an elite athlete. Notably, the results highlighted that the fathers’ behaviors, actions, and approaches aligned with existing literature and recommendations pertaining to parental involvement in sport. However, it was also apparent in the findings that the sons benefited from some unique aspects arising from having a parent with elite athlete status. This included fathers serving as an inspiring figure due to their professional career, granting access to exclusive experiences, and possessing insights into the demands of professional sports thereby offering invaluable advice and guidance. In essence, this study not only reaffirms established guidelines for parental involvement in sports but also illuminates the potential added value derived from having a parent with a background in elite athletics.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Sersland, Andreas; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Knight, Camilla J.; Ivarsson, Andreas & Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). The Association Between Psychosocial Factors and Reported Injuries Among Youth Grassroot Soccer Players. European Journal of Sport Science (EJSS). ISSN 1746-1391. 25(6). doi: 10.1002/ejsc.12314. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Regular participation in grassroot sports may benefit adolescents by developing movement skills, fostering peer relationships, and cultivating positive attitudes and behaviors. However, increased volume and intensity of sport participation raise the risk of injuries, which may lead adolescents to quit sport. Hence, sport injuries are a public health concern, yet knowledge about injury prevalence in grassroot settings remains limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate: (a) the prevalence of injury in youth grassroot football players and (b) the relationships between prevalence of injury and potential risk factors; namely, sex, age group, social support, coach and peer autonomy support, and training load. Adolescents (n = 568; M age = 15.7 years; and SD = 1.4) playing for U14–U19 teams in Agder County in Norway provided information pertaining to their participation in grassroot football. Although no differences in the prevalence of injuries or substantial injuries were found between sex and age groups, the results indicated differences in injury anatomical areas based on sex and age. Moreover, the results revealed that a higher injury prevalence was associated with a combination of lower levels of peer autonomy support, higher weekly accumulated total football activity, and being female. For substantial injuries, the combination of higher amounts of match time or being a player who perceived lower levels of coach autonomy support in the group accumulating least match time was associated with a higher injury prevalence. Our results showed a surprisingly high prevalence of injury in youth grassroot football, highlighting the need for future intervention studies.

• Furre, Runar; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Knight, Camilla J.; Mosewich, A.D. & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). A longitudinal interpretative phenomenological analysis study of athletes' lived experiences in elite disc golf competitions. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 34(1). doi: 10.1111/sms.14556. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Gaining the inside perspective of an elite athlete throughout the competitive season provides a unique approach to understand the lived experience during multiple competitive events. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how elite disc golf athletes perceive and interpret their experiences of performing during various training and competitive events over the course of an elite disc golf season. Two elite disc golf athletes, one man and one woman, were recruited using homogeneous purposive sampling. The participants were interviewed three times and observed during three competitive events, as well as before and after a training session. A longitudinal interpretative phenomenological analysis (LIPA) was adopted to capture temporal and dynamic changes of the participants' lived experiences. The findings illustrated the athletes' personal experiences of performing during competitive disc golf events, with both athletes' experiences of competition changing during the season. Their competitive experiences appear to relate to the meaning disc golf has for the athletes, which in this study had both an experiential and existential level of meaning over time. Such a finding illustrates the importance of honoring athletes' unique experiences in making sense of their performances during an elite disc golf season. Taking the time to understand athletes' perceptions of their personal experiences appear important in attempting to understand their sense-making of their hot cognition before, during, and after competitions.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Kaarstein, Erik & Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald (2024). Begrepsavklaringer i LK20. I Røynesdal, Øystein & Thorjussen, Ingfrid M. (Red.), Kroppsøving i praksis: læreplanbegreper, klasseledelse og undervisningsmetode. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215063744. s. 43–58. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald; Hordvik, Mats Melvold & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2023). “Fake it or hide it till you make it”: A thematic analysis of hiding techniques in physical education among students in secondary school. European Physical Education Review. ISSN 1356-336X. doi: 10.1177/1356336X231198824. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Some students find engaging in physical education (PE) problematic or undesirable to the extent that it makes them adopt strategies to avoid taking part, also known as hiding techniques. There is a need to get a deeper understanding of hiding techniques as a behavioral strategy in PE, especially the underlying causes as to why students choose to engage in them. Hence, the purpose of the current study was two-fold: (a) to investigate the situations and activities in which students engage in hiding techniques in PE and (b) to elucidate students’ motives for engaging in these hiding techniques. 10 Norwegian ninth-grade students (six girls and four boys, all aged 14 years) participated in in-depth interviews using vignettes. Reflexive thematic analysis of the data revealed that hiding techniques can be characterized into active and passive hiding techniques. Active hiding techniques were divided into: “avoiding the ball,” “reducing effort,” and “social dizziness.” Passive hiding techniques were divided into: “forgetting gym clothing,” “faking soreness,” and “warming the bench.” Furthermore, the use of different hiding techniques was found to be situationally related and activity specific. The findings also revealed the following motives for using hiding techniques: low perceived competence, fear of failure, too high expectations, and exposure of perceived low athletic skills. The findings of the current study allow us to reflect on possible ways to organize PE to prevent the use of hiding techniques.

• Fasting, Merete Lund; Høyem, Jannicke; Neresen, Cathrine & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2023). Friluftsliv og psykisk helsearbeid: Hvordan sosialt friluftsliv, bevegelsesglede og naturnærvær kan bidra til livsmestring. Tidsskrift for psykisk helsearbeid. ISSN 1503-6707. 20(3), s. 174–186. doi: 10.18261/tph.20.3.2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Hensikten med denne studien er å utforske hvordan utøvelse av friluftsliv kan bidra til opplevelse av livsmestring. Designet er kvalitativt, og datainnsamlingen ble gjort i form av gående semistrukturerte samtaler med åtte unge voksne i natur. Studien viser hvordan friluftsliv kan bidra til livsmestring gjennom tre funn: 1) sosialt friluftsliv, 2) bevegelsesglede og 3) naturnærvær. Funnene impliserer at friluftsliv kan ha verdi innen psykisk helsearbeid på flere nivå.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Nordnes, Eileen Sunde & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2023). ‘Busy as a bee’: a qualitative dual analysis of life fulfillment among Norwegian competitive recreational athlete mothers in endurance sports. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. ISSN 2159-676X. doi: 10.1080/2159676X.2023.2243969. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of the present study was to explore the experiences of meaning-making relating to psychological well-being (PWB) among Norwegian competitive recreational athlete mothers while training for and competing in different endurance sports. The participants were six Norwegian women in the age range of 35–46 (Mage = 39.17) years; all were university college graduates in full-time employment who had at least one child (under 18 years of age) and trained for an average of 10 hours per week. The data collection method was semi-structured interviews and a qualitative dual analysis combining thematic analysis (TA) and interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used. This decision was made for obtaining a complex, multi-layered description in both breadth and depth of competitive recreational athlete mothers’ sport experiences. TA resulted in creation of four themes: (a) motivation; (b) sportswoman; (c) body and health; and (d) PWB. The analysis revealed how PWB explained through life fulfillment was pre-eminent in the participants’ sport experiences. The IPA of the meaning-making relating to the life fulfillment theme displayed the importance of a) My game and no shame, b) Solution-focused and adaptable, and c) A sporting life is a fulfilling life. The dual analysis enabled us to unpack different possible meanings of the different PWB components that seem to play an important role in the lifeworld of Norwegian competitive recreational athlete mothers. Future research should continue to make use of various qualitative analytic approaches to investigate key psychosocial aspects of competitive recreational athlete mothers’ sport experiences.

• Giske, Rune; Gjerde, Joar; Høigaard, Rune & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2022). Shared Mental Models: National Representative Coaches’ Thinking on Importance, Characteristics, and Development. Journal of Expertise. 5(1), s. 12–28. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aims of the study were to explore how national representative handball coaches reflect on the cognitive properties of the team and how these attributes are developed through team practice. A theoretical (shared mental models) thematic analysis was conducted, and five coaches with extensive experience from the national team and elite clubs participated. The data were analyzed with regard to three overarching topics: importance, characteristics, and development of shared mental models. The interviews revealed that measures intended to influence a shared mental model permeate team practice and underpin the assumption of opponent-specific shared mental models. Alignment between briefings and debriefings as well as field practice were emphasized and used to enhance a shared mental model and understood as measures that facilitate pattern recognition and primed decisions. Single-loop as well as double-loop learning were identified as coaching initiatives to promote the development of shared mental models. Systematic practice with the goal of promoting coordination through repetition of the coordinative patterns in critical game situations was emphasized. Implicit communication is a characteristic of teams sharing a mental model, and distinct proactive bodily movements were emphasized as a crucial requirement for coordination. A model was elaborated to show how the categories can be understood in the cyclic relation between matches and the development of shared mental models.

• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Bere, Elling Tufte & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2022). Towards More Sustainable Sports: Analyzing the Travel Behavior of Adolescent Soccer Players in Southern Norway. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 19(15), s. 1–7. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159373. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Mitigating climate change is a global challenge demanding effort from all sectors, and sports are no exception. While transportation is one of the key issues regarding sustainable sports, the methods by which children and adolescents get to practice have not received much attention. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to present how adolescents in Southern Norway travel to soccer practice and assess how the mode of transportation is related to sex, socioeconomic status, age, ethnicity, and distance from home to practice. Cross-sectional data were collected from 558 adolescent soccer players (398 boys and 190 girls) representing 30 different clubs from settlements of varying rurality. While most of the participants lived within cycling distance from the field of practice, the majority opted for passive modes of transportation (55% passive vs. 45% active). A logistic regression analysis found that traveling distance and age were associated with active transportation habits, while sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status were not. Further research is needed to examine the main barriers to active travel for this already active population, as active transport represents an opportunity for sports to become more sustainable.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Haugen, Tommy & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2022). Coping with external stressors in handball and football elite refereeing: The relationship with referee efficacy. Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (SJSEP). 4(1), s. 20–26. doi: 10.7146/sjsep.v4i1.129894. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study investigated the association between referee efficacy and self-reported coping with external stressors among elite handball and football referees. The participants were 224 Norwegian elite referees of handball (n = 111, m age = 35.3 years, 13.5% females) and football (113, m age = 30.8 years, 8% females) who had been referees for an average of 14.4 years (sd = 7.77 years; min: 4, max: 37) and a referee at the present level for 6.8 years (sd = 6.20 years, min: 1, max: 32). Referee self-efficacy was measured using the Norwegian version of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale. Self-reported coping with external stressors was measured using responses to statements related to the referee’s self-perceived decision-making process in the presence of several sources of external stressors. Referee self-efficacy was positively associated with coping with external stressors (b = .24 (se = .11), p = .021). Football referees reported higher levels of coping with external stressors (b = .28 (se = .08), p = .001) than handball referees, and the number of years of elite refereeing was positively related to coping with external stressors. The findings provide evidence of a positive relationship between referee efficacy and coping with external stressors when making decisions. Keywords: Referee Self-Efficacy Scale, decision-making, social pressure, team sport referees

• Sæther, Stig Arve; Nygaard, Anders; Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2021). Talentutvikling via studieprogrammet idrettsfag: En retrospektiv studie av unge fotballspilleres opplevelse av å kombinere videregående skole og satsning på en fotballkarriere. Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum. 12, s. 85–111. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to gain insight into how young football players experience combining sports-related upper secondary education with being a player at a high national level. More specifically, this study will look at players’ experience of the opportunity to complete a “dual career” (Stambulova & Wylleman, 2015) in the form of time and facilitation of investment in both football and school, and regulation of organized training in the form of deliberate practice (Ericsson et al., 1993) to optimize players’ opportunities for development as football players. The participants consist of eight informants who have all attended a sports study program in upper secondary school and were included in the senior squad of a club in Norwegian top football. The informants were interviewed about their experience of how it affected their development as football players. The results showed that the players’ motives for choosing a sports discipline were mainly based on sporting motives and to a lesser extent school-related, where in many ways they consider the sports program study program only as a tool to prioritize football and increase their commitment to a football career. The players also described a large degree of facilitation for sporting development with a holistic approach, although they sometimes describe large amounts of training, which they perceived as positive for their development, but also as a tough physical strain. The results showed a clear difference in favor of the best players who had a better organized everyday life compared to players with a lower skill level. Even though the school tried to facilitate the school subjects, this arrangement worked, according to the players, somewhat worse than the sporting one. An important function in this context was that the players had a contact person between the club and the school, who arranged between the two parties, to some frustration among the teachers according to the players, who perceived that the facilitation went too far. It may seem that the sports-related fields of study fulfill their purpose of facilitation, but mainly on the basis of the sporting and to a lesser extent in relation to the school subjects, with the exception of the study-specific subjects.

• Hovdal, Dag Ove Granås; Haugen, Tommy; Larsen, Inger Beate & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2021). “It’s Not Just About the Activity, It’s Also About How the Activity is Facilitated”: Investigating Students’ Experiences in Two Competitive Situations in Physical Education. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. ISSN 0031-3831. doi: 10.1080/00313831.2021.2006306. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hovdal, Dag Ove Granås; Haugen, Tommy; Larsen, Inger Beate & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2021). Students’ experiences and learning of social inclusion in team activities in physical education. European Physical Education Review. ISSN 1356-336X. 27(4), s. 889–907. doi: 10.1177/1356336X211002855. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Erikstad, Martin K.; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Johnsen, Marius; Haugen, Tommy & Côté, Jean (2021). "As many as possible for as long as possible" - A case study of a soccer team that fosters multiple outcomes. The Sport Psychologist. ISSN 0888-4781. 35(2), s. 131–141. doi: 10.1123/TSP.2020-0107. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The personal assets framework suggests that dynamic elements of (a) personal engagement in activities, (b) quality social dynamics, and (c) appropriate settings will influence an athlete’s long-term outcomes of performance, personal development, and continued participation in sport. The aim of the present study was to conduct a case study of a Norwegian age-restricted team that was successful in promoting participation, performance, and positive development for individual participants and to investigate how the dynamic elements of activities, social dynamics, and settings have led to these long-term outcomes. The results indicated that the case is a best-practice example of successful attainment of personal development and long-term participation and performance through appropriate structure and application of the dynamic elements within the personal assets framework, including enjoyable peer-led play activities and quality practice, quality relationships with teammates and coaches, and access to facilities.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Brynjulfsen, Trine; Seiler, Hilde Lohne; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Berntsen, Sveinung (2021). Experiences of Older Adults Preparing for Their First Triathlon: "A Qualitative Study of the Participation in an Endurance Training Intervention. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. ISSN 1748-2623. 16(1). doi: 10.1080/17482631.2021.1872824. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: The overall aim of the present study was to explore the experiences of older adult exercisers participating in an individualized training program lasting 3 months preparing for completing a triathlon competition. Methods: Fourteen older Norwegian adults (median age (interquartile range, IQR) for males (N=10) and females (N=4) were 70.0 (65.0-75.5) and 57.5 (56.3-62.5) years, respectively) participated in 3-month individualized training program comprising three weekly sessions of running, cycling, and swimming. Both field- and laboratory-based testing were conducted. The participants attended two sports nutrition and competitive psychology seminars focusing on triathlon competition. The participants were interviewed in depth in three different focus groups. Thematic analysis was utilized to analyze the findings. Results: Participants improved their performance in all field-based tests. After completion of the thematic data analysis the main finding and overarching theme of well-being and being fit emerged. Additionally, three main themes were identified: 1) motivation; 2) progress and coping; and 3) breaking barriers. Conclusion: Psychological well-being and satisfaction of being fit seem to be vital to participate in a triathlon competition. Promoting specific age-appropriate participation in sports activities can be an effective strategy for promoting a healthy lifestyle among the elderly. Keywords: Running; being fit; cycling; elderly; personalized training; sport participation; swimming; triathlon; well-being.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2021). A Preliminary Analysis of the Importance of Distance, Angle, and Insight When Soccer Referees Make Penalty Decisions. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2020.595703. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hovdal, Dag Ove Granås; Larsen, Inger Beate; Haugen, Tommy & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2020). Understanding disruptive situations in physical education: Teaching style and didactic implications. European Physical Education Review. ISSN 1356-336X. 27(3), s. 455–472. doi: 10.1177/1356336X20960498. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Several studies have emphasized the importance of handling disruptive situations in the physical education (PE) learning environment; however, few have investigated complex disruptive situations in PE and included both teacher and student perspectives. The aims of this study, which discusses an alternative teaching style for reducing disruptive situations, were to gain a better understanding of student and teacher experiences of complex disruptive situations in PE, and to explore how the teacher handled these situations. The philosophical perspective used in this study was Rorty’s philosophical pragmatism. Methods included written narratives, interviews, observation, and video recordings of PE lessons. Data were thematically analysed. The results showed the complexity of teacher and student experiences in disruptive situations in PE. Disruptive situations occurred when there were environmental opportunities for them, such as during periods of waiting and situations in which the teacher spoke too much, did not pay attention to the whole class, or did not intervene. The teacher used an instructional teaching style for handling disruptive situations, including being very clear, nagging, yelling, waiting them out, making eye contact, and talking to them later. The instructional teaching style provided fewer opportunities for the teacher to understand the students’ behaviour, fewer opportunities for students to learn self-control and personal and social responsibility, and did not lead to a reduction of disruptive situations over the data creation period. The practical consequence of this teaching style seemed to be the frequent use of behaviour corrections for reducing disruptive situations.

• Giske, Rune; Rodahl, Stein Edgar; Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Høigaard, Rune (2020). Self-reported playing time and justice as predictors of coach satisfaction: An analysis of elite ice-hockey and handball players. Cogent Social Sciences. 7(1). doi: 10.1080/23311886.2020.1860452. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Intrateam competition for specific roles and playing time is a continuous imperative process in elite sport teams. The assessment of this competition is done by the coach and the outcome of this process has a significant impact on the team and the players. The following hypothesis was put forward for testing: Self-reported playing time and perceptions of justice among elite ice-hockey and handball players predict their satisfaction with the coach. Elite ice-hockey and handball players (N = 231) reported playing time and completed the Perceived Justice and Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaires. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses show that self-reported playing time, distributive justice, and procedural justice explains 41% to 45% of the variance in the dependent variable of satisfaction with a coach, thereby confirming the hypothesis. Self-reported playing time does not explain as much as the justice variables. The results complement earlier research showing that training and instructions as well as positive feedback were strong determinants of satisfaction with leadership. In an elite team setting perceived justice emerges as an important predictor coach satisfaction and the management of intrateam positional competition is therefore an important leadership task to consider. Moreover, coaches allocating limited resources among players should reflect on the justice criteria these decisions are based on if satisfaction with the coach is at stake.

• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2020). Referee Bias in Professional Football: Favoritism Toward Successful Teams in Potential Penalty Situations. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00019. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Past studies have indicated that multiple factors may influence sport referees' decisions, such as pressure from spectators and athletes' reputation. Grounded in the social impact theory framework, this study examined whether Norwegian Premier League (NPL) referees are biased by a team's success when awarding penalties. Using video footage (similar to video assistant referees), an expert panel (EP) of four NPL referees evaluated all potential penalty situations (N = 43) involving either of two successful teams during an entire NPL season. Fifty-five potential penalty situations from matches without successful teams were also rated. Overall, the match referees identified 73.3% (22 of 30) of the EP-identified penalties during matches without successful teams. Successful teams were awarded 110% (11 of 10) of the EP-identified penalties, while their opponents were awarded 12.5% (1 of 8). Chi square statistic revealed that successful teams were more likely to receive an incorrect penalty compared with their opponents, and less likely to be denied a penalty they should have been awarded. These findings indicate that referees' decisions may be unintentionally biased by a team's success, extending our knowledge about how football referees may be influenced by social forces.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Østrem, Ketil; Sæther, Stig Arve & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2019). Relative age and perceptions of soccer specific skills among elite youth players in Norway. Current Issues in Sport Science. 4. doi: 10.15203/CISS_2019.006. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  One common feature among the selected players in talent development programs are the well-known relative age effect (RAE), characterized by a skewed birth distribution among selected players with an over-representation of players born early in the selection year. The aim of the present study was to examine the coaches and players’ perceptions of soccer-specific skills between players selected for national talent program born in the first half of the year compared to the players born in the second half of the year. A total of 753 elite male U 14 (N = 363) and U 13 players (N = 390) from 16 of 18 soccer regions in Norway participated. The results showed that players born early in the selection year considered themselves stronger and faster than late born players. Similar, coaches considered the players born early in the selection year stronger than players born late in the selection year. Neither the players or coaches considered the early born players as technically, tactically and mentally better. Within a talent development program, we argue that coaches and recruiters should be aware of differences in relative age, and thus prevent that late born players must compensate their physical disadvantages to be allowed into such programs.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Olsen, Rose Mari; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Garred, Rudy & Enoksen, Elisabeth (2019). Team Supervision of Doctoral Students: A Qualitative Inquiry. International Journal of Doctoral Studies (IJDS). ISSN 1556-8881. 14, s. 069–084. doi: 10.28945/4177. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim/Purpose The aim of this study is to contribute to current knowledge of team supervision. Specifically, we examine the relationship between main supervisor and cosupervisor regarding credibility in the division of roles and responsibilities within supervision teams. Background The overall intention of this article is to provide more information about the dynamics in the relationship between supervisors and to identify and describe the mechanisms that support the doctoral students in their endeavor for doctorateness. Methodology A qualitative descriptive approach combined with a thematic analysis is used to analyze in-depth interviews with ten supervisors working in five different doctoral supervision teams. Contribution The body of literature in the field of doctoral supervision at Norwegian universities is scarce. Moreover, the supervisor perspective has received less attention than the doctoral student perspective. We contribute to reduce this knowledge gap by bringing forward the voices of five supervisor teams at three different universities.

• Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Haugland, Siri Håvås & Stea, Tonje Holte (2018). Participation in organized sports is associated with decreased likelihood of unhealthy lifestyle habits in adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 28(11), s. 2384–2396. doi: 10.1111/sms.13250. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Haugen, Tommy (2018). Referee efficacy in the context of Norwegian soccer referees – A meaningful construct? Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 38, s. 184–191. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.013. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: The purpose of this study was two-fold. Firstly, to examine the measurement/factorial validity and invariance of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) among Norwegian soccer referees. Secondly, extending scale validation, we also tested a structural model in which a second-order version of the REFS was modelled to mediate a set of theoretically informed antecedents and outcomes. Design: Cross-sectional. Method: One hundred and eleven Norwegian elite referees and 81 non-elite referees completed an electronic questionnaire measuring expected antecedents and outcomes of perceived self-efficacy in the role as referees. Results: Analyses provided support for the first – and second order versions of the REFS scale as well as for scale invariance. Further, a task goal and experience as referee related positively to referee positive affect, mediated by referee efficacy. Unexpectedly, physical preparation related directly to positive affect, whereas no mediation effects or direct effects for mental preparation and ego goal were observed. Conclusions: Measurement/factorial validity and invariance of the REFS were fully supported. Validity of the scale in mediation model by Guillén and Feltz (2011) was only partly supported.

• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Høigaard, Rune; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin & Haugen, Tommy (2018). Childhood football play and practice in relation to self-regulation and national team selection; a study of Norwegian elite youth players. Journal of Sports Sciences. ISSN 0264-0414. 36(20), s. 2304–2310. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1449563. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2018). Difference in physical fitness in children with initially high and low gross motor competence: A ten-year follow-up study. Human Movement Science. ISSN 0167-9457. 62, s. 143–149. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.10.007. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vernegaard, Kristian; Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Haugen, Tommy (2017). Students’ motivation in a disc golf-lesson and a soccer-lesson: An experimental study in the Physical Education setting. Journal for Research in Arts and Sports Education. 1, s. 32–46. doi: 10.23865/jased.v1.629. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Mæhle, Martine; Oland, Øyvind & Haugen, Tommy (2017). “Being together in the locker room is great, but showering together – just forget it!” The Janus Face of the Wardrobe Practice in Physical Education. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research (ILJTER). ISSN 1694-2493. 16(10), s. 41–57. doi: 10.26803/ijlter.16.10.4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Høigaard, Rune; Haugen, Tommy; Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Giske, Rune (2017). Team identity in youth soccer: The role of coaches’ feedback patterns and use of humour. International journal of sports science & coaching. ISSN 1747-9541. 12(6), s. 697–707. doi: 10.1177/1747954117738843. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Giske, Rune; Haugen, Tommy & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2016). Training, mental preparation, and unmediated practice among soccer referees: An analysis of elite and sub-elite referees’ reported practice. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences. ISSN 1598-2939. 28(1), s. 31–41. doi: 10.24985/ijass.2016.28.1.31. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2015). Reasons for officiating soccer: the role of passion-based motivations among Norwegian elite and non-elite referees. Movement & sport sciences. ISSN 2118-5735. s. 23–30. doi: 10.1051/sm/2014012. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study examines the reasons for officiating soccer among Norwegian elite and non-elite referees. Eighty-three elite referees and 44 non-elite referees completed a web-based questionnaire (SurveyXact) that solicited their three main reasons for officiating soccer. The data were obtained by bracketing, intuiting, and describing their different reasons. Three main categories of descriptions emerged (percentage elite/non-elite): passion-based motivations (57/25%), social-based motivations (25/25%), and fitness-based motivations (13/31%). Norwegian elite referees are significantly more passion-based motivated than non-elite referees in the lower-level leagues. The prevalence of fitness-based motivations was significantly lower for elite referees than for non-elite referees. Social-based motivations had approximately the same importance for the two different groups of soccer referees.

• Enoksen, Eystein; Fahlström, Per Göran; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Hageskog, Carl-Axel; Christensen, Jens Behrend & Høigaard, Rune (2014). Perceptions of leadership behavior and the relationship to athletes among Scandinavian coaches. Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum. 5, s. 131–147. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the perceptions of leadership behavior and coach–athlete relationship in Scandinavian coaches. A secondary purpose was to investigate if differences in national sport education, level of coaching and coaching experiences in individual or team sport have an influence on leadership behavior and coach–athlete relationships. One hundred and forty nine coaches at international level or national top level from Denmark, Norway and Sweden participated in this study (134 male and 15 female). The methods of investigation were Chelladurai’s Leadership scale of sport (LSS) (Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980) and Jowett’s coach–athlete relationship perspective (Jowett & Wyllemann, 2006). The results showed that the most frequent self-reported behavioral components between the described coach–athlete relationship subscales and preferred leadership behavior among Scandinavian top-level coaches were training and instructions, positive feedback and democratic behavior, respectively. The study also revealed a positive coach–athlete relationship between (1) commitment and training and instruction, (2) positive feedback and social support, and (3) between complementarities and training and instruction behavior. A significant difference was found between top coaches in Denmark and Sweden on commitment and complementarity, and more experienced coaches used significantly more training and instruction and social support in their coaching than did less experienced coaches. Coaches in team sports reported more autocratic behavior and less democratic behavior than coaches in individual sports.

• Haugen, Tommy; Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2014). The role of gender in the relationship between physical activity, appearance evaluation and psychological distress. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. ISSN 1475-357X. 19(1), s. 24–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.00671.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Haugen, Tommy (2013). Anxiety level and decision-making among Norwegian top-class soccer referees. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. ISSN 1612-197X. 11(2), s. 215–226. doi: 10.1080/1612197x.2013.773665. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Høigaard, Rune & Fjeld, Jon Besse (2009). Nyere perspektiv innen idrett og idrettspedagogikk. Cappelen Damm Høyskoleforlaget. ISBN 9788276347920. 203 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Sigurdsen, Wenche Olivia; Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Leibinger, Eva (2026). Frustrating, time consuming work with potential: Pros and cons of using pedagogical models in PE. doi: https:/virtual.oxfordabstracts.com/event/public/75762/session/216673. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: This study explores physical education (PE) teachers’ experiences implementing pedagogical models (PMs) with a focus on the challenges and opportunities of student-centered approaches in secondary schools. Methods: Using an action research design, five secondary school PE teachers implemented four different PMs, each teacher applying only one PM, Personalized System for Instruction (PSI), Sport Education (SE), Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU), and Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR). Data were collected through observations, interviews, teacher narratives, and reflexive conversations, and analyzed to identify key themes in teachers’ practices and reflections. Results: Three themes were identified: (1) framework and preconditions for teaching, (2) pedagogical models in practice, and (3) models-based practice. Initially, teachers expressed discomfort with relinquishing control but reported increased reflection, student engagement, and pedagogical awareness. They frequently adapted their approaches to aligning local contexts and student needs. While all PMs aligned with the national curriculum's emphasis on student-centered teaching and deep learning, barriers such as time constraints, assessment difficulties, and structural constraints at the schools were highlighted. Conclusions: Models-based practice (MbP) has the potential to support teachers in developing more meaningful and student-centered approach, but its sustainability requires time, institutional support, and collaborative professional communities. This study provides valuable insights into how teachers navigate the tension between pedagogical ideals and the practical realities of PE teaching.

• Sigurdsen, Wenche Olivia; Forsström, Sanna Erika; Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Leibinger, Eva (2025). The "how" of teaching in physical education: A systematic scoping review. doi: https:/virtual.oxfordabstracts.com/event/42085/submission/198. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Systematic scoping review that aims to explore and present a comprehensive picture of the current state of research over the last 18 years on teaching different types of pedagogical models and teaching approaches in PE within primary and secondary settings. During the rigorous review, systematic steps were followed with transparency and replicability (Gough et al., 2017), adhering to PRISMA guidelines (Rethlefsen et al., 2021). Through a systematic search of five databases, we identified 998 publications. After removing duplicates, 537 papers were screened by title and abstract, with 388 excluded through a double-blind process based on pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 149 studies were included in the review after full-text screening of 244 papers. Between 2006-2014, there was a moderate adoption of various pedagogical models, with a noticeable shift in 2015, marked by a substantial increase. A total of 35 countries have contributed to various teaching approaches and pedagogical models, with Spain, the United Stated and United Kingdom leading the research in this field. Sport Education is the most researched pedagogical model across all educational levels. Motivation and engagement appear to be key issues in application of pedagogical models and teaching approaches. Social and emotional learning also receives a notable amount of research attention. Additionally, teaching and assessing is another key aspect. The overall landscape witnessed a diversification of pedagogical models and teaching approaches. The shift in 2015 suggest a growing interest in pedagogical models, with a stronger emphasis on student-centred end experimental leaning approaches. Due to the ambition about lifelong learning of currently PE it is not surprising that motivation and engagement and social and emotional learning are frequently researched. Teaching and assessing is another key aspect, valuing the importance of teaching and assessment processes in facilitating student learning. These outcomes are crucial to succeed with student-active, student-centered approaches and to achieve curriculum standards, requirements and competence goals. Understanding and enhancing motivation and engagement are essential for fostering students' long-term involvement in physical activity and ensuring they meet educational and developmental objectives. Gough, D. A., Oliver, S., & Thomas, J. (Eds.). (2017). An introduction to systematic reviews (2nd ed.). SAGE. Rethlefsen, M. L., Kirtley, S., Waffenschmidt, S., Ayala, A. P., Moher, D., Page, M. J., Koffel, J. B., & Group, P.-S. (2021). PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews. Syst Rev, 10(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2025). Mange skader blant unge fotballspillere i Agder. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/sport/i/PpK0l7/mange-skader-blant-unge-fotballspillere-i-agder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aartun, Iselin; Aasland, Erik; Nyberg, Gunn; Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Østrem, Ketil & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2025). Hva oppfatter kroppsøvingslærerstudenter at de skal kunne? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hovdal, Dag Ove Granås & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2025). Konkurranse i idrett og kroppsøving har ulike mål. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fasting, Merete Lund; Høyem, Jannicke; Neresen, Cathrine & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2024). Naturen gir livsmestring. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kaarstein, Erik & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2024). Øver du, eller trener du? Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fasting, Merete Lund; Høyem, Jannicke; Neresen, Cathrine & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2024). Naturen gir livsmestring. Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Haugen, Tommy (2024). Intentions to quit among Norwegian elite handball and football referees: Investigating the dualistic model of passion. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Byrkjedal, Per Thomas; Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2024). A successful first season implementation of VAR in Football: The Norwegian story. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald (2024). Hvordan kan lærere hjelpe elevers psykiske helse? Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kaarstein, Erik & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2024). Øver du, eller trener du? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aasland, Erik; Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Østrem, Ketil & Nyberg, Gunn (2024). Hva fremstår som viktig kunnskap i kroppsøvingslærerutdanningen? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aasland, Erik; Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Østrem, Ketil & Nyberg, Gunn (2024). Teaching and assessment in Norwegian PETE: What appears to be important knowledge? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2023). Ny studie om mødre som trener: Ett funn bekymrer. [Journal]. FVN. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Byrkjedal, Per Thomas & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2023). Vi er forberedt – er du? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2022). Derfor er de beste best. lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald (2022). «Fake it till you make it» – bruk av skjuleteknikker i kroppsøvingsfaget. lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2022). På rett plass til rett tid. lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2022). Idrettskonkurranser kan gi verdifulle fortrinn. lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2021). Det er lurt å spille på lag med dommeren. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2021). Det er lurt å spille på lag med dommeren. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2021). Det er lurt å spille på lag med dommeren. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2021). Det er lurt å spille på lag med dommeren. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hovdal, Dag Ove; Haugen, Tommy & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2020). “PASS THE BALL TO ME- BUT YOU WON’T GET IT BACK... “ - UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL INCLUSION IN TEAM ACTIVITIES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Olsen, Svein Rune & Rui, M (2020). FROM PLAY AND INTENDING TO REST – TO SEVERAL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS AND BEING THE BEST! - PROCUREMENTS OF EXPERT PERFORMANCE IN BIATHLON. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Pedersen, Andreas; Brynjulfsen, Trine & Byrkjedal, Per Thomas [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). FROM UNTRAINED 55+ TO A TRIATHLETE. A PILOT STUDY. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2020). Masterstudent forsket på Marte Olsbu Røiselands suksess. [Journal]. Fædrelandsvennen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Østrem, Ketil; Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2017). Talent identification in Norway - The relative age effect in selected youth soccer players. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eidsaa, Randi Margrethe; Kharatyan, Mariam; Despard, Annabelle; Svalsrød, Roger; Træen, Bente & Støkken, Anne Marie [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Tverrfaglig symposium i en kunstnerisk kontekst med utgangspunkt i fotograf Roger Svalsrøds utstilling Shaken 'n Stirred. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørnestad, John Olav & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2016). Effects of Physical Activity Used as Treatment in Community Mental Health Services. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Giske, Rune & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2016). Shared mental models in Handball and Soccer elite teams. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Østrem, Ketil; Haugen, Tommy; Høigaard, Rune; Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2016). The relationship between perceived motivational climate and satisfaction with personal treatment among young soccer players: The moderating role of coaches´ supporting behavior. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2015). Stressmestring - hva er det? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2015). Hvilke krav stilles til en fotball-dommer? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Haugen, Tommy & Helle, Inga (2014). Pre-Competition Anxiety Profile of Norwegian Equestrians. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2014). Awarding Red Card in Soccer: Are The Referees Decision-Making Influenced by Possible Consequences? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Giske, Rune & Haugen, Tommy (2014). Physical Training and Mental Preparation among Norwegian Elite Football Referees. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2014). Hva kjennetegner en god klubbdommer i fotball? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2014). Prestasjonskultur i Team Gym - hvordan takle press og stress sammen? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2014). Hvordan bli best mulig i håndball sammen? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2014). Kretsdommer i fotball - hva innebærer det? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2014). Prestasjonskultur hos fotball-dommere - er vi seriøs nok? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2014). Konkurransesituasjon i Team Gym. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Haugen, Tommy (2013). Passion Motives in Officiating Football: Differences between Norwegian Elite and Non-Elite Referees? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2013). Awarding Penalties in Soccer: Does Team Success Influence the Referee? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2013). Anxiety Level and Decision Making among Norwegian Top-Class Soccer Referees. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Bjørnestad, John Olav (2013). Perception, Personality and Anxiety among Norwegian Top-Class Referees when Officiating Football. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørnestad, John Olav & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2012). ANXIETY IN OFFICIATING FOOTBALL AMONG NORWEGIAN TOP-CLASS REFEREES. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Haugen, Tommy (2012). Passion motives among top-class referees in football. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2011). Konkurransesituasjonen - dommeren i fotball som presterende person. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2011). Sterkest (sammen) når det gjelder - i konkurranse og på trening. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2011). Stress i badminton - hvordan takler jeg det? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2011). Toppdommerrollen i fotball - kartlegging av stress, holdninger og motiver hos norske toppdommere. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2011). Konkurransesituasjon i fotball - hvordan takle stress og press? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2011). Kropp, bevegelse og energi - betydningen av å gå. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2011). Mestring av stress i seiling. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2011). Betydning av å gå seg en tur. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Bjørnestad, John Olav (2011). MOTIVES FOR BEING A REFEREE IN FOOTBALL. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Enoksen, Eystein; Enoksen, Eystein & Høigaard, Rune (2009). Leadership behaviour and coach-athlete relationships in Scandinavian coaches. Poster presentation. ?. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Enoksen, Eystein; Enoksen, Eystein & Høigaard, Rune (2009). Leadership behaviors and coach-athlete relationships in Scandinavian Coaches. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Enoksen, Eystein; Enoksen, Eystein & Høigaard, Rune (2009). Well educated and under paid ? The myth of the typical Scandinavian elite sport coach? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2009). Konkurransepsykologi: Stress i konkurransesituasjonen ? hvordan takle stress / press. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2009). TRENER ? UTØVER RELASJONEN Hvordan presterer vi best sammen? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2009). MOTIVASJON OG PRESTASJON ? to sider av samme sak? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA