Tom Roar Eikebrokk

• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2024). The Triple Bottom Line Co-Creation Canvas. Procedia Computer Science. ISSN 1877-0509.
• Olsen, Dag Håkon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2024). Conceptualizing Business Process Management Capabilities In Digitalization Contexts. Procedia Computer Science. ISSN 1877-0509.
• Danilova, Kjersti Berg; Iden, Jon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2022). Prosessledelse og digitalisering. NIKT: Norsk IKT-konferanse for forskning og utdanning. ISSN 1892-0713. 2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  I denne artikkelen utforsker vi om det er en gjensidig sammenheng mellom prosessledelse og digitalisering. Prinsipielt handler prosessledelse om å ha kontroll med virksomhetens prosesser og forbedre dem ved behov, mens digitalisering handler om å utvikle og innføre digitale løsninger basert på moderne digital teknologi. I artikkelen drøfter vi om, og eventuelt på hvilken måte disse påvirker hverandre og om det sterke fokuset det er på digitalisering i dag har innvirkning på prosessledelse som fag. Og hvis digitalisering påvirker prosess- ledelse, vil dermed prosessledelse bli mer relevant som støtte til virksomheters digitaliseringsarbeid? For å undersøke dette henter vi inn erfaringer fra norske virksomheter gjennom en undersøkelse med 104 respondenter. Funnene bidrar til økt forståelse for forholdet mellom prosessledelse og digitalisering, og har implikasjoner for praksis og videre forskning.

• Danilova, Kjersti Berg; Ulfsten, Andreas; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Iden, Jon; Johannessen, Trond Vegard & Johanson, Bjørn Daniel (2022). Explaining individual job performance in work from home (WFH) arrangements. Information Technology and People. ISSN 0959-3845. doi: 10.1108/ITP-01-2021-0039. Vis sammendrag

  Purpose – This study investigates which factors are conducive to individual job performance in large-scale work from home (WFH) arrangements that rely on the current generation of technology, such as information and communications platforms. Design/methodology/approach – The researchers proposed a research model based on research on WFH arrangements. The model was tested based on a survey of 1,183 respondents who engaged in large-scale WFH arrangements during an extensive national COVID-19 lockdown. Findings – The proposed research model explains 41% of the variance in individual job performance in WFH arrangements. The findings show that the strongest positive predictors for job performance are home office quality and the reach and communication quality of information and communications platforms. A sense of professional isolation was found to have a negative impact. Originality/value – This study is based on a unique situation of large-scale mandatory WFH arrangements that are comparable to a natural experiment, and it is one of the first studies to conduct an extensive exploration of WFH that relies on the current generation of digital technology.

• Acilar, Ali; Olsen, Dag Håkon; Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2021). Factors Contributing to the Business Digital Divide: A Systematic Literature Review. I Pucihar, Andreja; Borstnar, M. Klajic; Bons, Roger; Cripps, Helen; Sheombar, Anand & Vidmar, Doroteja (Red.), Bled 2021 Proceedings. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 978-961-286-485-9.
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik; Olsen, Dag Håkon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2021). The Co-creation Canvas. Procedia Computer Science. ISSN 1877-0509. 181, s. 189–197. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.120. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2021). Co-creation in networks of SMEs: a conceptual model of the co-creation process. Procedia Computer Science. ISSN 1877-0509. 181, s. 360–366. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.179. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bøe, Tove; Gulbrandsen, Boge Bredholdt & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2021). Information systems continuance: the role of incentives and goal harmony. International Journal of Information Technology and Management. ISSN 1461-4111. 20(4), s. 335–355. doi: 10.1504/IJITM.2021.119897. Vis sammendrag

  This paper extends information systems continuance theory (ISCT) and integrates it with a managerial perspective. Our study integrates principal-agent theory (PAT) to capture the managerial influence on users' continued use of information technology. We argue that the two theories offer complementary explanations, ameliorate each other's shortcomings, and enhance our ability to explain and predict IS continuance. As predicted by PAT, the study finds support for the effects of goal harmony and incentives on users' continuance decisions. Additionally, goal harmony reduces the positive relationship between incentives and continuance. While the supported ISCT model shows an explained variance of 37%, the full model explains 51% of the variance of the dependent variable, indicating that the integrative model is more powerful in explaining user continuance than is ISCT in isolation. The study advances the theoretical understanding of continued use of IS from both a personal and a managerial perspective and offers proposals for organisational actions.

• Olsen, Dag Håkon; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Aspø, Kristian Flygel & Sajets, Elaine Christabel Nillama (2020). Co-creation for Digitalization : A Study of Co-creation in Norwegian Business Clusters. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 12066, s. 126–137. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-44999-5_11.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2020). Towards a process theory of is business value co-creation. Insights from enterprise systems adoption in an SME cluster. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. 32(2), s. 1–35.
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik; Helmersen, Migle & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2020). Employee-driven Digitalization in Healthcare: Codesigning Services that Deliver. Health Policy and Technology. ISSN 2211-8837. 9(2), s. 247–254. doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.03.001.
• Iden, Jon; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Marrone, Mauricio (2020). Process reference frameworks as institutional arrangements for digital service innovation. International Journal of Information Management. ISSN 0268-4012. 54. doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102150.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2020). Robotic Process Automation and Consequences for Knowledge Workers; a Mixed-Method Study. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 12066 LNCS, s. 114–125. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-44999-5_10.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2019). ROBOTIC PROCESS AUTOMATION FOR KNOWLEDGE WORKERS – WILL IT LEAD TO EMPOWERMENT OR LAY-OFFS? NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 27(1).
• Busch, Peter André & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2019). Digitizing Discretionary Practices in Public Service Provision: An Empirical Study of Public Service Workers’ Attitudes. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). ISSN 1530-1605. s. 3130–3139. doi: 10.24251/HICSS.2019.379. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik; Helmersen, Migle & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2018). Achieving Good Worklife Ergonomics in eHealth Co-Creation - The ‘What’, the ‘Why’ and the ‘How’. International Journal on Advances in Life Sciences. ISSN 1942-2660. 10(3).
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik; Helmersen, Migle & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2018). Worklife Ergonomics in Digital Co-Creation: The ‘What’, the ‘Why’and the ‘How’. European Journal of Workplace Innovation. ISSN 2387-4570. 4(1). doi: 10.46364/ejwi.v4i1.503.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Lind, Emma & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2018). Digital transformation in small and micro-sized firms; a case study of a performing arts cluster. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 26(1).
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Lind, Emma & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2018). Co-creation of IT-value in a cluster of small enterprises. Procedia Computer Science. ISSN 1877-0509. 138, s. 492–499. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.068. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Thygesen, Elin; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Fensli, Rune Werner & Slettebø, Åshild (2018). Barriers to exchanging healthcare information in inter-municipal healthcare services: a qualitative case study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. ISSN 1472-6947. 18(92), s. 1–14. doi: 10.1186/s12911-018-0701-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Fensli, Rune Werner; Thygesen, Elin & Slettebø, Åshild (2018). Critical issues for employees in inter- municipal health care services: a multiple case study. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 18(805), s. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12913-018-3586-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Iden, Jon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2017). The adoption of ITIL in the Nordic Countries: exploring regional differences. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 25(1). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2017). Dynamic capabilities in e-health innovation: Implications for policies. Health Policy and Technology. ISSN 2211-8837. 6(3), s. 292–301. doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2017.02.003.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Nilsen, Etty Ragnhild & Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik (2017). Exploring the role of process orientation in healthcare service innovation: the case of digital night surveillance. I Strong, Diane & Gogan, Janis (Red.), The 23rd Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS). Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 978-0-9966831-4-2.
• Nguyen, Hai T.T.; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Moe, Carl Erik; Tapanainen, Tommi & Dao, Trung Kien (2016). Exploring health information technology implementation success factors: A comparative investigation in Nordic countries. International Journal of Healthcare Technology and Management. ISSN 1368-2156. 15(4), s. 326–351. doi: 10.1504/IJHTM.2016.084134.
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2016). Capabilities for e-Health Collaboration; a Study of Inter-municipal Networks in Norway. I Shin, Bongsik; Nickerson, Robert & Sharda, Ramesh (Red.), AMCIS 2016 Proceedings, San Diego CA, August 11-14, 2016. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 978-0-9966831-2-8.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Moe, Carl Erik & Stendal, Karen (2016). Pilotprosjekter i kommunal e-helse – fremmes eller hemmes tjenesteinnovasjon? NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 24(1). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Busch, Peter André (2016). Progress and Stewardship in Information Systems Research: Addressing Barriers to Cumulation through Active Process Ownership. I Shin, Bongsik; Nickerson, Robert & Sharda, Ramesh (Red.), AMCIS 2016 Proceedings, San Diego CA, August 11-14, 2016. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 978-0-9966831-2-8.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Iden, Jon (2016). Enabling a culture for IT services; The role of the IT infrastructure library. International Journal of Information Technology and Management. ISSN 1461-4111. 15(1), s. 14–40. doi: 10.1504/IJITM.2016.073911.
• Nguyen, Thi Thanh Hai; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Moe, Carl Erik; Medaglia, Rony; Larsson, Hannu & Tapanainen, Tommi (2015). A cross-country comparison of success factor priorities for health information technology managers: Evidence of convergence in the nordic countries. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). ISSN 1530-1605. 2015-March, s. 2824–2833. doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2015.342.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Iden, Jon (2015). Strategising IT service management through ITIL implementation: model and empirical test. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence. ISSN 1478-3363. 28(3-4), s. 238–265. doi: 10.1080/14783363.2015.1075872.
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2014). Critical Success Factors for Inter-Organizational Process Collaboration in eHealth. I Gemert-Pijnen, Lisette Van (Red.), eTELEMED 2014 Conference proceedings. International Academy, Research and Industry Association (IARIA). ISSN 9781632662491.
• Iden, Jon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2014). Exploring the Relationship between Information Technology Infrastructure Library and Process Management: Theory Development and Empirical Testing. Knowledge and Process Management. ISSN 1092-4604. 21(4), s. 292–306. doi: 10.1002/kpm.1437.
• Iden, Jon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2014). The impact of senior management involvement, organisational commitment and group efficacy on ITIL implementation benefits. Information Systems and E-Business Management. ISSN 1617-9846. 13(3), s. 527–552. doi: 10.1007/s10257-014-0253-4.
• Iden, Jon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2014). Using the ITIL Process Reference Model for Realizing IT Governance: An Empirical Investigation. Information systems management. ISSN 1058-0530. 31(1), s. 37–58. doi: 10.1080/10580530.2014.854089. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Fensli, Rune Werner; Thygesen, Elin & Slettebø, Åshild (2013). Important challenges for coordination and inter-municipal cooperation in health care services: a Delphi study. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 13(451). doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-451. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Demographical changes have stimulated a coordination reform in the Norwegian health care sector, creating new working practices and extending coordination within and between primary and hospital care, increasing the need for inter-municipal cooperation (IMC). This study aimed to identify challenges to coordination and IMC in the Norwegian health care sector as a basis for further theorizing and managerial advice in this growing area of research and practice. Methods A Delphi study of consensus development was used. Experts in coordination and IMC in health care services were selected by the healthcare manager or the councillor in their respective municipalities. In the first round, an expert panel received open-ended questions addressing possible challenges, and their answers were categorized and consolidated as the basis for further validation in the second round. The expert panel members were then asked to point out important statements in the third round, before the most important statements ranked by a majority of the members were rated again in the fourth round, including the option to explain the ratings. The same procedure was used in round five, with the exception that the expert panel members could view the consolidated results of their previous rankings as the basis for a new and final rating. The statements reaching consensus in round five were abstracted and themed. Results Nineteen experts consented to participate. Nine experts (47%) completed all of the five rounds. Eight statements concerning coordination reached consensus, resulting in four themes covering these challenges: different culture, uneven balance of power, lack of the possibility to communicate electronically, and demanding tasks in relation to resources. Three statements regarding challenges to IMC reached consensus, resulting in following themes: coopetition, complex leadership, and resistance to change. Conclusions This study identified several important challenges for coordination and it supports previous research. IMC in health care services deals with challenges other than coordination, and these must be addressed specifically. Our study contributes to extended knowledge of theoretical and practical implications in the field of coordination and IMC in health care sector.

• Iden, Jon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2013). Implementing IT Service Management: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Information Management. ISSN 0268-4012. 33(3), s. 512–523. doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.01.004. Vis sammendrag

  This article provides a systematic review of existing research related to the implementation of IT Service Management (ITSM) and the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL). The review's main goals are to support research; to facilitate other researchers’ search for relevant studies; and to propose areas for future studies within this area. In addition, we provide IT managers with useful information on ITSM and ITIL, based on research-based knowledge of their implementation. The review results suggest that motives, critical success factors, implementation status, and benefits are the most frequently studied areas, and that each of these areas would benefit from further exposure

• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Iden, Jon (2012). ITIL Implementation: The Role of ITIL Software and Project Quality, 23rd International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, DEXA 2012, Vienna, Austria. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 978-1-4673-2621-6. s. 60–64. doi: 10.1109/dexa.2012.17.
• Iden, Jon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2011). Understanding the ITIL Implementation Project: Conceptualization and Measurements. I Marik, Vladimir (Red.), Proceedings of 22nd International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2011. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 978-0-7695-4486-1. s. 21–25. doi: 10.1109/dexa.2011.87. Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this research is to contribute to the theorizing of ITIL. The paper provides a model that conceptualizes the scope and content of an ITIL implementation project, and it tests and validates measurements based on a literature study and data from a survey of 446 Nordic ITIL experts.

• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Iden, Jon; Olsen, Dag Håkon & Opdahl, Andreas Lothe (2011). Understanding the determinants of business process modelling in organisations. Business Process Management Journal. ISSN 1463-7154. 17(4), s. 639–662. doi: 10.1108/14637151111149465.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Iden, Jon; Olsen, Dag H. & Opdahl, Andreas Lothe (2010). Determinants to the use of business process modeling. I Sprague, Jr., Ralph H. (Red.), 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 978-0-7695-3869-3. Vis sammendrag

  This article addresses a theoretical gap in the BPM literature on factors that influence the acceptance of process modeling (PM) in organizations. Literature review on PM and 34 qualitative interviews were combined into a PM acceptance model and empirically tested with data from 74 companies showing that PM is to a large extent a mandated activity, explaining the missing link between PM attitudes on PM intention. The study extends the TAM and the TPB to the context of process modeling and demonstrates that less studied socio-political factors in addition to awareness of PM are important to understand PM acceptance. The findings show that social influence from different stakeholder reference groups should be analyzed separately to reveal their influence on PM acceptance. The results have theoretical implications for the study of technology acceptance in general and for PM acceptance in particular and practical implications for the management of PM.

• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Olsen, Dag H. (2010). Supporting SMEs towards e-business success: exploring the importance of training, competence and stimulation, Supporting SMEs towards e-business success: exploring the importance of training, competence and stimulation. IGI Global. ISSN 9781616923006. s. 234–263. Vis sammendrag

  The low e-Business implementation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is an important issue in most countries. This chapter examines the relationship between training, competence and performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and discusses the implications for practice and further research. The study combined data about e-business competences and performance in 339 SMEs with data about training supply from 116 providers of e-business related training in three European countries. We find a positive relationship between training, competence and performance and show that training explains variances in e-business competences and performance in terms of efficiency, complementarities, lock-in and novelty. The research contributes to theoretical development by lending support to the idea that methodological issues are an important reason behind the lack of empirical support frequently reported in the literature. The study has practical implications for public policy makers, training suppliers and SME managers.

• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Iden, Jon; Olsen, Dag Håkon & Opdahl, Andreas Lothe (2010). Determinants to the use of business process modeling. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). ISSN 1530-1605. s. 1–10. doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2010.143.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Olsen, Dag H. (2009). Training, competence, and business performance: evidence from e-business in European small and medium-sized enterprises. International Journal of E-Business Research. ISSN 1548-1131. 5(1), s. 92–116. Vis sammendrag

  This article examines the relationship between training, competence and performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the context of e-business. Literature review combined with a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods were used to investigate these relationships. Data about e-business competences and performance in 339 SMEs in three European countries was combined with data about training supply from 116 providers of e-business related training. The empirical findings document a positive relationship between training, competence and performance and show that training explains variances in e-business competences and performance in terms of efficiency, complementarities, lock-in and novelty. The research has both theoretical and practical implications. It contributes to theoretical development by lending support to the idea that methodological issues are an important reason behind the lack of empirical support frequently reported in the literature. The study has practical implications for public policy makers, training suppliers and SME managers.

• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Iden, Jon; Olsen, Dag H.; Olsen, Dag H. & Opdahl, Andreas Lothe (2008). Validating the Process-Modelling Practice Model. Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures - An International Journal. ISSN 1860-6059. 3(2), s. 3–17.
• Flak, Leif Skiftenes; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Dertz, Willy (2008). An Exploratory Approach for Benefits Management in e-Government: Insights from 48 Norwegian Government Funded Projects, Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 1530-1605. Vis sammendrag

  Efforts to improve governance and government functions through the use of information technology continue to draw considerable parts of the budgets of government agencies. To meet public and political demands for increased visibility of effects of e-Government investments, there is a trend to extend existing practices of evaluation towards more holistic management practices, commonly referred to as benefits management. However, benefits management practices and effects of such practices are poorly documented. This paper presents a particular approach to benefits management that has been developed by the Norwegian government. The technique has been applied in 48 e-Government projects and this paper presents insights from the application of the technique and discusses its¿ strengths and weaknesses.

• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Iden, Jon; Olsen, Dag H.; Opdahl, Andreas Lothe & Olsen, Dag H. (2008). Exploring Process-Modelling Practice: Towards a Conceptual Model, Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 1530-1605. s. 376–383. Vis sammendrag

  Despite the importance of process modelling for business process management and related tasks, there are few theories and empirical studies of process-modelling practice available that can serve as the basis for understanding and improving this important practice. To contribute to the development of better theory, this paper proposes a model of process modelling practice, focussing on the relations between process modelling purpose, process modelling process, model artefact, process modelling outcome as well as initial and eventual modelling and process maturity. The proposed model is based on the existing literature and validated in a study of 34 Norwegian process-modelling projects. Results from a combined qualitative and quantitative analysis of the empirical data indicate that the modelling process is clearly related to process-modelling outcome. Surprisingly, we were not able to relate the model artefact to any main category.

• Sørebø, Øystein; Sørebø, Øystein & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2008). Explaining IS continuance in environments where usage is mandatory. Computers in Human Behavior. ISSN 0747-5632. 24(5), s. 2357–2371. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.011. Vis sammendrag

  Several research efforts over the last decade have attempted to explain user acceptance in mandated environments. This research is an attempt in the same direction. It addresses users' satisfaction in mandated environments to further contribute to our understanding of how we can manage mandated use of information systems (IS) effectively beyond initial adoption. To better explain users' IS continuance a revised post-acceptance model is proposed and empirically tested using the structural equation modelling technique. The results demonstrate the reliability and validity of the proposed measurement model and further demonstrate that confirmed expectations and ease of use perceptions explain 61% of the users' satisfaction in this setting. Our findings have important implications for the management of users in mandated environments as well as for further research in the area of mandated use. To that end, we offer directions for future research. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Olsen, Dag H. (2007). An empirical investigation of competency factors affecting e-business success in European SMEs. Information & Management. ISSN 0378-7206. 44(4), s. 364–83. Vis sammendrag

  In the last decade there was growing interest in strategic management literature about factors that influence a company¿s ability to use IT. There is general consensus that knowledge and competency are necessary in developing an IT capability, but there is very little understanding of what the necessary competencies are, and how they influence IS usage in different contexts. The small and medium-sized enterprise context is particularly interesting for two reasons: it constitutes a major part of the economy and it has been relatively unsuccessful in exploiting e-business. We explored the relationship between e-business competency and its success in European SMEs. A literature review was used to determine factors representing e-business competency, and develop hypotheses, which were tested using data collected from 339 SMEs in Europe. Our results provide evidence on the importance of certain e-business competencies on e-business success, and have implications for both research and practice in the field of SMEs.

• Iden, Jon; Opdahl, Andreas Lothe; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Olsen, Dag H. & Olsen, Dag H. (2007). What Makes Process Modelling Effective? Modelling or Project Factors? Business Process and Services Computing. Gesellschaft für Informatik. ISSN 1617-5468. Vis sammendrag

  Process modelling is a central topic in the information systems field. This paper reports from an empirical study of 34 Norwegian process change projects where process modelling was used. The paper investigates which factors that were most important for effective process modelling: project-specific factors or modelling-related factors? By comparing the practices of the most effective initiatives with those of the less effective, this paper concludes that project-specific factors matter more than modelling-related factors.

• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Iden, Jon; Olsen, Dag H. & Opdahl, Andreas Lothe (2006). Process Modelling Practice: Theory Formulation and Preliminary Results, NOKOBIT 2006 - Norsk Konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av IT. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this paper is to examine the impact e-Government initiatives have on the municipal back-office structure, work processes and employees. Today, Norwegian municipalities face the challenge of meeting their role as service providers within tightening budgets and the reforms in public service organisations. When dealing with these issues, the public administration seeks solutions in the form of e-Government systems often coupled with inter-municipality collaboration. The implementation of new information systems invariably leads to new organisational structures and work process re-engineering. In this paper, we report findings from an interpretative case study from an e-Government inter-municipality initiative called the Smartkom project in the North-Jæren region in Norway. We used models of public government as the interpretive lens to analyse our data. We found that the organizational forms that emerge as a result of such initiatives include characteristics of different models and are continuously evolving. Based on our findings, we propose a new model that incorporate features of a specific type of network model called production network that the case municipalities can implement in the near future.

• Olsen, Dag H. & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2006). Training for the e-business competition: an empirical investigation of the relationship between competence, training and performance in European SMEs, Proceedings from the 39th annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 1530-1605.
• Iden, Jon; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Olsen, Dag H. & Opdahl, Andreas Lothe (2005). Prosessforbedring – en vurdering av nasjonal praksis, Proceedings from the Norwegian conference for organizations' use of information technology (NOKOBIT). Tapir Akademisk Forlag.
• Olsen, Dag H. & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2005). Co-opetition and e-Business Success in SMEs: An Empirical Investigation of European SMEs, Proceedings of the 38th annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 1530-1605.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Furuholt, Bjørn (2005). Company Investments in Home-PCs: Realising Business Value through Human Resource Development? Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on Computer personnel research. ACM Publications. s. 97–103.
• Sørebø, Øystein; Sørebø, Øystein; Christensen, Gunnar E. & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2004). The impact of purposeful end-user computing activities on job performance: An empirical investigation. Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology. ISSN 1443-458X. 36(2), s. 111–124. Vis sammendrag

  It is generally agreed within information systems research that end-user computing (EUC) among professionals is critical to their job performance. The main assumption among IS-researchers is that software usage contributes to improved performance. Thisstudy suggests that end-user computing may influence job performance in a more comprehensive way than earlierassumed. To address this issue, a set of purposeful core activities in EUC has been identified. The influence of these EUCactivities on job performance is tested in a study of 328 professionals. The results demonstrate that the activities ?job-task specific computer utilization?,?non-job task specific computer utilization? and the ?providing of support to colleagues? have impact on professionals? job performance. Our findings have important implications for management of EUC and forresearch in the area of EUC. To that end, we offer directions for future research.

• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Olsen, Dag H. (2003). Understanding e-business competencies in SMEs: a conceptual and operational approach, Seeking success in e-business. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Moe, Carl Erik & Oleshchuk, Vladimir (2023). Proceedings of the 34th Norwegian ICT conference for research and education – NIKT 2022. OpenProceedings. ISBN 978-3-16-148410-0. 12 s.

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• Osmundsen, Karen S; Costabile, Carolina; Bygstad, Bendik; Iden, Jon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2023). Diversity in digital platform ecosystems: Purposes, governance, and outcomes.
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Helmersen, Migle (2020). The Core of Design Thinking and its Impact on Digital Transformation in Healthcare .
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2020). Co-creation in networks of SMEs: a conceptual model of the co-creation process.
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2020). The Co-Creation Canvas.
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik; Gamperiene, Migle & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2019). Enabling Employee Co-Creation in eHealth - Propositions for a Methodology.
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik; Helmersen, Migle & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2018). Worklife Ergonomics in eHealth Co-Creation Governance “You can’t manage what you don’t measure”.
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik; Helmersen, Migle & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2018). Digital Transformation in Healthcare: Enabling Employee Co-Creation through Web 2.0 .
• Iden, Jon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2017). The adoption of ITIL in the Nordic Countries: exploring regional differences.
• Meum, Torbjørg; Nilsen, Etty Ragnhild; Dugstad, Janne H; Eide, Hilde; Eide, Tom & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Implementation of Digital Surveillance Technology – Innovation through Cooperation and Co-creation .
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2016). Digitalisering - det handler om endringsledelse.
• Iden, Jon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2016). IT Service Management: Exploring ITIL Adoption over time in the Nordic Countries.
• Nilsen, Etty Ragnhild; Dugstad, Janne H; Eide, Hilde; Eide, Tom; Winness, Monika Gullslett & Stendal, Karen [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Innføring av velferdsteknologi. Kommunene kan lykkes hvis ... Lågendalsposten. s. 2–2.
• Nilsen, Etty Ragnhild; Dugstad, Janne H; Eide, Hilde; Eide, Tom; Winness, Monika Gullslett & Stendal, Karen [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Teknologi og eldreomsorg. Drammens tidende. ISSN 0805-3731. s. 10–10.
• Nilsen, Etty Ragnhild; Dugstad, Janne H; Eide, Hilde; Eide, Tom; Winness, Monika Gullslett & Stendal, Karen [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Nyttig velferdsteknologi i eldreomsorgen. Agderposten. ISSN 0805-3723. s. 16–16.
• Iden, Jon & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2015). Implementing IT Service Managment.
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2014). Critical Success Factors ofr Inter-Organizational Process Collaboration in eHealth.
• Nguyen, Thi Thanh Hai; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Moe, Carl Erik; Medaglia, Rony; Larsson, Hannu & Tapanainen, Tommi (2014). Information Technology Managers and Critical Success Factors in Healthcare Organizations in Nordic Countries.
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2014). Theoretical perspectives on success with BPM in e-health.
• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2014). The role of collaborative BPM for process improvement in e-health.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Iden, Jon (2012). ITIL implementation: The role of ITIL software and project quality.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Iden, Jon; Olsen, Dag H.; Opdahl, Andreas Lothe & Olsen, Dag H. (2008). Towards a model of process-modelling practice: quantitative validation and results, Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems. Vis sammendrag

  The paper revises an existing model of process-modelling practice and uses it in a survey of Norwegian model-based process-change projects. A central hypothesis is confirmed. There is a positive relationship between modelling processes. in terms of management support, lack of resistance, in-project training and model types, and project outcome. Further work should improve instrument validity and the research model by including other organisational and social dimensions of process-modelling behaviour and effects.

• Nyhus, Ellen Katrine & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2008). The Consideration Of Future Consequences Scale: An Assessment And Review, IAREP/SABE World Meeting. Economics and Psychology: Methods and Synergies. September, 3-6, 2008. Luiss University Press. Vis sammendrag

  This study examines the factor structure of the 12-item Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) scale (Strathman et al, 1994) which is a frequently used scale for measuring future time perspective (Petrocelli, 2003). CFC is defined as a stable individual trait describing the extent to which people consider distant versus immediate consequences of their behaviour. Degree of CFC is found associated with behaviour relating to health, academic achievement, environmental and financial behaviour. The CFC-scale consists of 12 statements (7 reversed-scored), to which respondents express their opinion by using a 5-point scale. So far, the scale has been tested using rather small student samples. Strathman et al, used samples of 167 and 323 respondents when developing the original 12-item 1-factor scale. Petrocelli, being the first to validate the scale, used a larger sample of 664 students and concluded that a 1-factor 8-item version of the CFC scale is more appropriate. This study is the first validation study using panel data from a large representative sample. Internal consistency for the 12-item scale was found satisfactory for both waves of data collection (range of Chronbach's alpha was .73 - .76). For both years, alpha would increase if deleting 2 items. Test-retest reliability for respondents who had answered the CFC scale in both years (n=1591) was .65, showing reasonable stability in responses to the scale. The factor structure was tested by confirmatory factor analyses. We found the CFC scale to include several factors, and that a 3-factor solution fit the data best. We found indications of a measurement error since all non-reversed scored items loaded on Factor 1, while the reversed scored items loaded on Factors 2 and 3. If correcting for the measurement error by allowing error-terms to correlate, we find support for the 1-factor 12-item solution. Implications of the study are discussed.

• Flak, Leif Skiftenes; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Dertz, Willy (2008). An Exploratory Approach for Benefits Management in e-Government: Insights from 48 Norwegian Government Funded Projects. Vis sammendrag

  Efforts to improve governance and government functions through the use of information technology continue to draw considerable parts of the budgets of government agencies. To meet public and political demands for increased visibility of effects of e-Government investments, there is a trend to extend existing practices of evaluation towards more holistic management practices, commonly referred to as benefits management. However, benefits management practices and effects of such practices are poorly documented. This paper presents a particular approach to benefits management that has been developed by the Norwegian government. The technique has been applied in 48 e-Government projects and this paper presents insights from the application of the technique and discusses its¿ strengths and weaknesses.

• Hu, Qing; Frisk, Elisabeth; Hallikainen, Petri; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Päivärinta, Tero & Nurmi, Antti (2007). IT Investment Evaluation as a Socio-Political Process: Determinants to Managerial Adoption and Use. Vis sammendrag

  Researchers have long recognized that IT investment evaluation is a complex socio-technical process. Some scholars even consider it as a socio-political process based on the argument that evaluations are conducted from the vantage points of the stakeholders. While anecdotal evidences of these arguments are plenty, empirical support based on large samples and rigorous methodologies are rare in the current IT evaluation literature. In this study we present the results of a structural equation analysis of a socio-political model of using survey data collected from 312 Swedish companies. Our results show that organizational power and political factors play a significant role in forming the managers? intention to conduct formal IT investment evaluation, which in turn predicts the actual use of the formal evaluation methods and frameworks. While perceived usefulness still significantly influences intention, as previously reported, the power and political factors are shown to influence the action directly with or without the mediation of intention, supporting the strong influence of organizational politics in the IT investment evaluation process.

• Hallikainen, Petri; Hu, Qing; Frisk, Elisabeth; Päivärinta, Tero; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Nurmi, Antti (2006). The Use of Formal IT Investment Evaluation Methods in Organizations: A Survey of European Countries. Vis sammendrag

  IT investment evaluation has been the subject of many academic studies and often rated as one of the top concerns of IT managers. While many studies have focused on the issue of how to evaluate IT projects, we are more interested in understanding why formal IT evaluation methods and techniques are used or not used in various organizations. In this paper, we present the preliminary findings of a large scale, multi-country survey on the usage of formal IT evaluation methods in organizations. Our results show that, despite the fact that most IT managers consider IT investment evaluation as a critical issue in IT management, only about one third of IT investment projects are subjected to some formal evaluation processes. What is even more interesting is that only about 10% of the organizations surveyed claim to use formal quantitative evaluation methods such as ROI, NPV, IRR, or C/B, while over half of the organizations report that their IT investment decisions are made based on experience and manager discretion. We find that the managers? perception about the usefulness of and attitudes toward formal evaluation methods and techniques correspond well to the percentage of usage in each of the three countries we surveyed. Our findings provide an update to the state of the art of IT investment evaluation usage in organizations and raise some interesting questions for future research.

• Iden, Jon; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Olsen, Dag H. & Opdahl, Andreas Lothe (2006). Process Change Projects: A Study of Norwegian Practice, European Conference on Information Systems Proceedings.
• Hu, Qing; Frisk, Elisabeth; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Hallikainen, Petri; Päivärinta, Tero & Nurmi, Antti (2006). IT Investment Evaluation: Why Hasn't It Become an Organizational Routine. Vis sammendrag

  In this study we attempt to understand why formal evaluations of IT investment projects have not yet become an organizational routine. Using survey data gathered from business and IT managers in Sweden, we tested the research hypotheses about the factors influencing the attitudes and behaviour of managers towards using formal evaluation methods based on the theory of planned behaviour. We found that the intent to use formal evaluation methods in an organization is determined by the attitudes of the managers towards the formal methods, the common believes of the organization about the formal methods, and the perceived ability to perform formal evaluations. Interestingly, we found that the attitudes toward formal methods are determined mostly by the perceived usefulness of the methods and not by the perceived ease of use of these methods, suggesting that the decision to use formal methods is most likely based on rational analyses rather than individual preferences. We also found that awareness and self-efficacy contribute to the use of formal methods via influences on organizational believes and perceived ability to perform evaluation tasks. These findings provide some interesting managerial implications for advocating the use of formal methods in organizations. Future research directions are also presented.

• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Olsen, Dag H. (2002). e-Business Success and External Governance in SMEs: an Empirical Study of European SMEs.
• Olsen, Dag H. & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2002). Sourcing and alignment of competencies and e-business success in SMEs: an empirical investigation of Norwegian SMEs.
• Olsen, Dag H. & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2002). Understanding e-business competencies in SMEs: a conceptual and operational approach.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2002). Reviewer for the Norwegian Conference on Organizations' use of IT 2001.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2002). Reviewer for the ECIS 2002 Conference, European conference on information systems.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Olsen, Dag H. (2001). Mapping e-business competencies in SMEs; conceptual and operational approach.
• Olsen, Dag H. & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2001). Mapping e-business competencies in SMEs: conceptual and operational approach.
• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Sørebø, Øystein; Sørebø, Øystein & Christensen, Gunnar E. (2001). Core Activities in End-User Computing: An Empirical Investigation of Content and Relationship to Job Performance.
• Duc, Anh Nguyen; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Johannessen, Trond Vegard; Karlsen, Anniken Th; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan & Toussaint, Pieter Jelle (2019). Vol. 27 No. 1 (2019): Proceedings from the annual NOKOBIT conference held in Narvik 26-27 November 2019. NOKOBIT/OJS Norge. Vis sammendrag

  Siden 1993 har NOKOBIT vært en nasjonal konferanse innen informasjonsvitenskap/informasjonssystemer. Den tar opp aktuelle temaer knyttet til utvikling, implementering og bruk av IKT i organisasjoner, samt samfunnsmessige problemstillinger ved IKT. Alle artikkelbidrag går gjennom blind-review. Aksepterte bidrag blir publisert og er meritterende på nivå 1.

• Rolland, Knut-H.; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Karlsen, Anniken Th; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Netteland, Grete (2018). Vol. 26 No. 1 (2018): Proceedings from the annual NOKOBIT conference held at Svalbard the 18th-20th of September 2018. NOKOBIT/OJS. Vis sammendrag

  Siden 1993 har NOKOBIT vært en nasjonal konferanse innen informasjonsvitenskap/informasjonssystemer. Den tar opp aktuelle temaer knyttet til utvikling, implementering og bruk av IKT i organisasjoner, samt samfunnsmessige problemstillinger ved IKT. Alle artikkelbidrag går gjennom blind-review. Aksepterte bidrag blir publisert og er meritterende på nivå 1.

• Garmann-Johnsen, Niels Frederik; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Helmersen, Migle & Lindland, Kristiane Marie Fjær (2018). Agder Living Lab - Følgeforskningsrapport. Agderforskning. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rolland, Knut-Helge Ronæs; Netteland, Grete; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Karlsen, Anniken Th & Eikebrokk, Tom Roar (2017). Proceedings from the annual NOKOBIT (&UDIT) conference held in Oslo the 27th-29th of November 2017. NOKOBIT/Bibsys OJS. ISSN 1892-0748. 25( 1). Vis sammendrag

  NOKOBIT (Norsk Konferanse om Organisasjoners Bruk av IT) er en etablert nasjonal konferanse for formidling av forskningsresultater rundt informasjonsteknologi i en organisatorisk sammenheng. Proceedings inneholder 18 fagfellevurderte artikler som ble presentert på NOKOBIT i Oslo 27.-29. november 2017. Vi mottok i utgangspunktet 24 innsendte bidrag, og etter fagfellevurdering ble 18 artikler valg ut til publisering i dette tidsskriftet. Nummeret inneholder også 6 av artiklene som ble presentert på UDIT, en samlokalisert konferanse om Utdanning og Didaktikk i IT-fag. Samlet mottok UDIT 17 bidrag og publiserer 11. Disse bidragene ble fagfellevurdert av en egen programkomite for UDIT. UDIT har også denne gangen 3 korte praksisbidrag som ikke har vært gjennom fagfellevurdering, men som har blitt godkjent av redaksjonskomité. Øvrige bidrag på UDIT ble publisert i tidsskriftet til NIK. NOKOBIT’s redaksjonskomité ønsker å gi en spesiell takk til den lokale arrangementskomiteen ved Westerdals Oslo ACT: Siri Fagernes, Tor-Morten Grønli, Knut H. Rolland og Wanda Presthus. Samt Andreas Biørn-Hansen, som har bidratt sterkt med tilrettelegging av websider og annet praktisk håndverk. Redaksjonskomité for tidsskriftet i 2017, har bestått av • Knut Helge Rolland, Universitetet i Oslo • Grete Netteland, Høgskolen i Sogn og Fjordane • Jens Kaasbøll, Universitetet i Oslo • Anniken Karlsen, NTNU • Tom Roar Eikebrokk, Universitetet i Agder

• Nilsen, Etty Ragnhild; Dugstad, Janne H; Eide, Hilde; Eide, Tom; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar & Knudsen Gullslett, Monika [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). DIGITALT TILSYN – EN REISE I SAMHANDLING OG SAMSKAPING RAPPORT FRA FORSKNINGSPROSJEKTET Implementation of welfare technology. Digital surveillance in municipalities and its impact on innovation of services and organization . Universitetet i Sørøst-Norge/Universitetet i Søraust-Noreg. Vis sammendrag

  Prosjektet «Digitalt tilsyn» har vært en arena for læring, og gjennom samhandling og samskaping har ansatte i åtte kommuner fått innsyn i hverandres utfordringer med implementering av velferdsteknologi. Et innovasjonsprosjekt og et forskningsprosjekt har gått hånd i hånd. Leverandører og utviklere har deltatt i samskapingsprosessen, og forskergruppen har deltatt aktivt. Nedenunder er en kort sammenfatning over gevinster, utfordringer og anbefalinger for involverte aktører.

• Sindre, Guttorm; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Karlsen, Anniken Th; Kaasbøll, Jens Johan; Netteland, Grete & Opdahl, Andreas Lothe [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). NOKOBIT - Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi, Proceedings fra NOKOBIT 2016, Bergen, 29.-30. november 2016. Bibsys OJS. ISSN 1892-0748. 24(1).
• Olsen, Dag H.; Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Moe, Carl Erik; Hauge, Elisabet & Braadland, Frode (2002). SME's competence for e-business success Exploring the gap between the needs for e-business competence and the training offered.

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