Bjørg Dale

• Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty; Dale, Bjørg; Skinner, Marianne Sundlisæter & Karlsen, Tor-Ivar (2022). Associations between nurse managers’ leadership styles, team culture and competence planning in Norwegian municipal in-patient acute care services: A cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. ISSN 0283-9318. 36(2), s. 482–492. doi: 10.1111/scs.13064. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Increased complexity in the primary healthcare services has followed in the wake of health reforms and reveals the need for competence enhancement in the nursing services. Effective and visionary leadership, sufficiently qualified staff and cooperation among professionals are considered as key measures to safeguard quality in the services. Aims To identify which leadership styles characterise first-line nurse managers in Norwegian municipal in-patient acute care (MipAC) units and to investigate how first-line nurse managers’ leadership styles are associated with team culture and documented nursing competence planning. Methods A cross-sectional survey was distributed to all the first-line nurse managers in Norwegian MipAC units (n = 229). Data were collected between March and June 2019. The response rate was 80.5% (n = 182). First-line managers’ background information and data about their focus on team culture and competence planning were recorded. Furthermore, we noted organisational structural characteristics, and managers’ transformational (relational) leadership and transactional (task-oriented) leadership styles. Results The managers exhibited a high degree of transformational leadership behaviour, which was significantly associated with team culture. No significant associations between leadership behaviours and documented competence planning were found. Notably, we found a significant correlation between transformational and transactional leadership styles, indicating that the managers adapt their leadership behaviours to actual requirements and situations. Organisational structural factors: the share of registered nurses (RNs) on the staff and having a position for a professional development nurse were positively associated with competence planning. Conclusion A relational leadership style promotes team culture and both factors may empower the professional nursing environment. However, first-line nurse managers need to acknowledge nursing competence planning as a central part of effective leadership. Having a professional development nurse position seems to complement leadership and ease the manager's responsibilities regarding team culture and competence planning.

• Nilsen, Elin Rogn; Hollister, Brooke Ann; Söderhamn, Ulrika & Dale, Bjørg (2021). What matters to older adults? Exploring person-centred care during and after transitions between hospital and home. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15914. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty; Skinner, Marianne Sundlisæter; Karlsen, Tor-Ivar & Dale, Bjørg (2020). Nursing competence in municipal in-patient acute care in Norway: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nursing. ISSN 1472-6955. 19. doi: 10.1186/s12912-020-00463-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dale, Jan Gunnar; Eikrem-Lüthi, Alexander; Fundingsland Skaraas, Beate; Rundereim, Trude & Dale, Bjørg (2020). Testing Measurement Properties of the Norwegian Version of Electronic Health Literacy Scale (eHEALS) in a Group of Day Surgery Patients. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. ISSN 1178-2390. 13, s. 241–247. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S242985. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ekra, Else Mari Ruberg & Dale, Bjørg (2020). Systematic Use of Song and Music in Dementia Care: Health Care Providers’ Experiences. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. ISSN 1178-2390. 13, s. 143–151. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S231440. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty; Karlsen, Tor-Ivar & Dale, Bjørg (2019). Exploring nursing competence to care for older patients in municipal in-patient acute care: a qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. doi: 10.1111/jocn.14914. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nilsen, Elin Rogn; Söderhamn, Ulrika & Dale, Bjørg (2019). Facilitating holistic continuity of care for older patients: Home care nurses’ experiences using checklists. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 28(19-20), s. 3478–3491. doi: 10.1111/jocn.14940.
• Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty; Karlsen, Tor-Ivar & Dale, Bjørg (2019). Exploring nursing competence to care for older patients in municipal in‐patient acute care: A qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 28(17-18), s. 3339–3352. doi: 10.1111/jocn.14914.
• Dale, Bjørg & Frivold, Gro (2018). Psychometric testing of the Norwegian Version of the questionnaire Family Satisfaction in the Intensive Care Unit (FS-ICU-24). Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. ISSN 1178-2390. 11, s. 653–659. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S184003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dale, Jan Gunnar; MIdthus, Elin & Dale, Bjørg (2018). Using information and communication technology in the recovery after a coronary artery bypass graft surgery: patients’ attitudes. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. ISSN 1178-2390. 11, s. 417–423. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S175195.
• Frivold, Gro; Slettebø, Åshild; Heyland, Daren & Dale, Bjørg (2017). Family members’ satisfaction with care and decision-making in intensive care units and post-stay follow-up needs—a cross sectional survey study. Nursing Open. ISSN 2054-1058. 5, s. 6–14. doi: 10.1002/nop2.97. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dale, Jan Gunnar & Dale, Bjørg (2017). Implementing a new pedagogy in the nursing curriculum: Bachelor students’ evaluation . Journal of Nursing Education and Practice (JNEP). ISSN 1925-4040. 7(12), s. 98–104. doi: 10.5430/jn. Vis sammendrag

  Background: Inspired by the work of Benner and colleagues at Carnegie Foundation, a new course in nursing was implemented inthefirststudyyear’scurriculuminthebachelorprograminnursing. Thenewnursingcourseincludedashiftfromalecture-only classroom based approach to a problem-based and case-based approach. Reflections and discussions in groups with fellow students and supervisors was the main activity. The aim of this study was to examine how the students experienced the new nursing course. Methods: The survey study was conducted at a university in southern Norwegian. The sample consisted of students in two subsequent classes (n = 126 and n = 118), who had followed the new study plan in the first study year and the traditional study plan in the second study year. An electronic survey, including questions concerning the extent, quality and usefulness of the study plans were examined. Results: The students were, in general, satisfied with the new nursing course regarding the content and quality. The teachers’ presenceandabilitytoengage, challengeandfacilitatereflectionseemedtobedecisive. Reflectinganddiscussingreal-lifepatient cases in groups with fellow students and a supervisor was stimulating, motivating and useful for learning professional nursing. Conclusions: A problem based, case-based pedagogy might increase the students’ preparedness for solving patient problems that they encounter in clinical settings. Cooperation and reflection in small groups with fellow students and the supervisor enhance nursing students’ clinical reasoning skills, and might contribute to reduce the gap between theory and practice.

• Tomstad, Solveig Thorbjørnsen; Dale, Bjørg; Sundsli, Kari; Sævareid, Hans Inge & Söderhamn, Ulrika (2017). Who often feels lonely? A cross-sectional study about loneliness and its related factors among older home-dwelling people. International Journal of Older People Nursing. ISSN 1748-3735. 12(4). doi: 10.1111/opn.12162. Vis sammendrag

  Aim and objectives: To investigate the prevalence of individuals who often feel lonely among a sample of Norwegian older home-dwelling people aged ≥65 years old, as well as to identify any possible factors explaining their loneliness. Background: Loneliness is known to be common among older people. To identify those older adults who are lonely, and to acquire knowledge about the complexity of their loneliness, is important to provide them with adequate help and support. Design: This study employed a cross-sectional design. Method: A questionnaire was mailed to a randomised sample of 6,033 older home-dwelling persons aged ≥65 years. A total of 2,052 persons returned the questionnaire and were included in the study. The questionnaire consisted of questions asking whether the subjects often felt lonely or not, as well as health-related and background questions and instruments to measure the participants’ sense of coherence, mental problems, nutritional screening and self-care ability. The data were analysed using univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Results: A total of 11.6% of the participants reported often feeling lonely. Six factors emerged to be independently associated with often feeling lonely among the respondents: Living alone, not being satisfied with life, having mental problems, a weak sense of coherence, not having contact with neighbours and being at risk for undernutrition. Conclusions: The study shows that often feeling lonely among older home-dwelling persons is a health-related problem that includes social, psychological and physical aspects. Moreover, these persons have limited resources to overcome feelings of loneliness. Implications for practice: Lasting loneliness among older home-dwelling persons requires an overall, person-centred and time-consuming approach by nurses. Nurses with advanced knowledge on geriatric nursing may be required to offer appropriate care and support. Healthcare leaders and politicians should offer possibilities for adequate assessment, support and help.

• Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty; Thygesen, Elin & Dale, Bjørg (2017). Telemedicine to support coping resources in home-living patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Patients’ experiences. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. ISSN 1357-633X. 23(1), s. 126–132. doi: 10.1177/1357633X15626854.
• Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty; Thygesen, Elin & Dale, Bjørg (2016). Telemedicine to support coping resources in home-living patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Patients’ experiences. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. ISSN 1357-633X. doi: 10.1177/1357633x15626854.
• Hald, Helene Solfjeld & Dale, Bjørg (2016). Balansen mellom pasientenes behov og organisatoriske hensyn. Ergoterapeuters erfaringer knyttet til eldre pasienters overgangsfase fra sykehus til eget hjem . Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 2(1), s. 37–46. doi: 10.18261/issn.2387-5984. Vis sammendrag

  Bakgrunn og hensikt: Å mestre daglige aktiviteter etter utskrivelse fra sykehus kan innebære mange utfordringer for eldre mennesker. Hensikten med denne studien var å belyse ergoterapeuters erfaringer med å legge til rette for aktiviteter for eldre pasienter i overgangsfasen fra sykehus til eget hjem. Metode: Studien har et kvalitativt design. Åtte ergoterapeuter, fire som var ansatt på sykehus og fire i kommunal hjemmetjeneste, ble intervjuet. Kvalitativ innholdsanalyse ble anvendt i analysen av de transkriberte intervjutekstene. Funn: Analysen av intervjuene resulterte i tre hovedkategorier: “Å legge til rette for aktivitet og mestring på individnivå”, “Muligheter i pasientens fysiske og sosiale omgivelser” og “Samhandling mellom tjenestenivåer”. Et overordnet hovedtema var “Å finne balansen mellom pasientens behov og organisatoriske hensyn i en sårbar og kompleks overgangsfase”. Konklusjon: Ergoterapeuter er oppmerksomme på utfordringer og muligheter når det gjelder å fremme mestring av daglige aktiviteter hos eldre personer som utskrives fra sykehus til eget hjem.

• Frivold, Gro; Slettebø, Åshild & Dale, Bjørg (2016). Family members’ lived experiences of everyday life after intensive care treatment of a loved one: a phenomenological hermeneutical study. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 25(3-4), s. 392–402. doi: 10.1111/jocn.13059.
• Söderhamn, Ulrika; Sundsli, Kari; Cliffordson, Christina & Dale, Bjørg (2015). Psychometric properties of Antonovsky’s 29-item Sense of Coherence scale in research on older home-dwelling Norwegians. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 43(8), s. 867–874. doi: 10.1177/1403494815598863. Vis sammendrag

  Aim: The aim of this study was to test the homogeneity and construct validity of the Sense of Coherence 29-item scale (SOC-29) among older home-dwelling Norwegians. Methods: A postal questionnaire, consisting of background variables, five health-related questions, the SOC-29, and three other instruments measuring mental health, self-care ability, and risk for undernutrition, was sent to 6033 home-dwelling older people (65+ years) in southern Norway. A total of 2069 participants were included. Homogeneity was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and item-to-total correlations. The construct validity was assessed with “the known-groups technique,” a linear stepwise regression analysis with SOC score serving as the dependent variable and with confirmatory factor analysis. Results: With a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.91 and statistically significant item-to-total correlations, the SOC-29 was found to be homogeneous. Construct validity was supported because the SOC-29 could separate known groups with expected high and low scores. The factors that could predict SOC were mental health, self-care ability, feeling lonely, being active, and chronic disease or handicap. Evidence of construct validity was displayed in a confirmatory factor analysis that confirmed SOC-29 as one theoretical construct with the three dimensions, comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness. Conclusions: The Norwegian version of the SOC-29 is a reliable and valid instrument for use in research among older people. The results confirm that SOC has a particularly strong relationship with mental health and self-care ability.

• Hvalvik, Sigrun & Dale, Bjørg (2015). The Transition from Hospital to Home: Older People’s Experiences. Open Journal of Nursing. ISSN 2162-5336. 5, s. 622–631. doi: 10.4236/ojn.2015.57066. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eika, Marianne; Dale, Bjørg; Espnes, Geir Arild & Hvalvik, Sigrun (2015). Nursing staff interactions during the older residents' transition into long-term care facility in a nursing home in rural Norway: an ethnographic study. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 15(125). doi: 10.1186/s12913-015-0818-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Frivold, Gro; Dale, Bjørg & Slettebø, Åshild (2015). Family members' experiences of being cared for by nurses and physicians in Norwegian intensive care units: A phenomenological hermeneutical study. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing. ISSN 0964-3397. 31(4), s. 232–240. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2015.01.006. Vis sammendrag

  HermeneuticsSummaryObjectives: When patients are admitted to intensive care units, families are affected. This studyaimed to illuminate the meaning of being taken care of by nurses and physicians for relativesin Norwegian intensive care units.Research methodology/design: Thirteen relatives of critically ill patients treated in intensivecare units in southern Norway were interviewed in autumn 2013. Interview data were analysedusing a phenomenological hermeneutical method inspired by the philosopher Paul Ricoeur.Results: Two main themes emerged: being in a receiving role and being in a participating role.The receiving role implies experiences of informational and supportive care from nurses andphysicians. The participating role implies relatives’ experiences of feeling included and beingable to participate in caring activities and decision-making processes.Conclusion: The meaning of being a relative in ICU is experienced as being in a receiving role,and at the same time as being in a participating role. Quality in relations is described as crucialwhen relatives share their experiences of care by nurses and physicians in the ICU. Thosewho experienced informational and supportive care, and who had the ability to participate,expressed feelings of gratitude and confidence in the healthcare system. In contrast, those whodid not experience such care, especially in terms of informational care expressed feelings offrustration, confusion and loss of confidence. However, patient treatment and care outweighedrelatives’ own feelings

• Dale, Bjørg & Söderhamn, Ulrika (2015). Nutritional self-care among a group of older home-living people in rural Southern Norway. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. ISSN 1178-2390. 8, s. 67–74. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S75521. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Older home-living people are an at-risk group for undernutrition, particularly those who are living alone. Lack of knowledge about healthy dietary habits, altered taste sensation, and declined health status are shown to be some of the factors related to undernutrition. The aims of this study were to explore how a small group of older people in Southern Norway perceived their nutritional self-care. Methods: An exploratory qualitative approach, combined with a simple self-report questionnaire, was used. Five persons living in rural areas in Southern Norway, who in a former study were screened and found to be at risk for undernutrition, participated. Qualitative data assessed by means of individual self-care talks in the persons’ own homes were analyzed using directed content analysis. A simple self-report questionnaire containing demographic variables, two health-related questions, and the Nutritional Form For the Elderly (NUFFE-NO) instrument was filled out at baseline and 6 months after the self-care talks. Results: The qualitative data showed that the participants had adequate knowledge about healthy and nutritious diets. They were aware of and motivated to adapt their diet to their current state of health and to perform the necessary actions to maintain an optimal nutritional status and nutritional self-care. Conclusion: Older people living at home are a diverse group. However, this study showed that they may have sufficient knowledge, willingness, and ability to perform nutritional self-care, even if they live alone and have several chronic illnesses and impaired health. Keywords: adapting, decision-making, knowledge, self-care talks

• Dale, Bjørg; Leland, Arne & Dale, Jan Gunnar (2013). What Factors Facilitate Good Learning Experiences in Clinical Studies in Nursing: Bachelor Students’ Perceptions. ISRN Nursing. ISSN 2090-5483. doi: 10.1155/2013/628679.
• Dale, Bjørg & Hvalvik, Sigrun (2013). Administration of care to older patients in transition from hospital to home care services: home nursing leaders' experiences. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. ISSN 1178-2390. 6, s. 379–389. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S51947.
• Dale, Bjørg; Sævareid, Hans Inge & Söderhamn, Olle (2013). Testing reliability and validity of Lorensen’s Self-care Capability Scale (LSCS) among older home-living, care-dependent individuals in Norway. International Journal of Older People Nursing. ISSN 1748-3735. 8, s. 166–173. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-3743.2012.00339.x.
• Frivold, Gro & Dale, Bjørg (2013). Sykepleieres opplevelser av å være i interaksjon med pårørende i intensivavdeling. Nordisk sygeplejeforskning. ISSN 1892-2678. 3(2), s. 90–104. Vis sammendrag

  Intensivsykepleieres funksjon er kompleks, og involverer interaksjon med pårørende, i tillegg til avansert pasientbehandling. Forskning viser at interaksjon med pårørende i intensivavdelinger er viktig for pasienten og familien, men det er sparsomt med studier som har fokus på hvordan sykepleierne opplever dette. Hensikten med denne studien var å belyse og tolke en gruppe sykepleieres erfaringer med å være i interaksjon med pårørende i intensivavdeling. Seks intensivsykepleiere fra to norske sykehus ble intervjuet, og en fenomenologisk hermeneutisk metode ble brukt i analysene av de transkriberte tekstene. Analysen resulterte i fem hovedtemaer: å skape en inkluderende, identitetsbevarende atmosfære; å finne balanse mellom muligheter og begrensninger; et gjensidig avhengighetsforhold; opplevelse av mestring; og å skape trygghet og tillit. Studien viste at sykepleiernes interaksjon med pårørende i intensivavdelingen opplevdes som en balansegang mellom krav til høyteknologisk kompetanse og evnen til å yte god omsorg. Evnen til å bruke ulike typer kompetanse ut fra hva den enkelte praksissituasjonen krever, og til å skape en relasjon preget av tillit og trygghet, ble lagt stor vekt på.

• Hvalvik, Sigrun & Dale, Bjørg (2013). Nurses' experience of caring for older persons in transition to receive homecare: being somewhere in between competing values. Nursing Research and Practice. ISSN 2090-1429. 2013. doi: 10.1155/2013/181670. Vis sammendrag

  Older persons in transition to need professional care in their homes will constitute a large group in municipalities in the future. The aim of this study was to obtain insight into nurses’ experiences and perceptions of caring for patients in transition to receive homecare. Eleven home nurses divided into two focus groups were interviewed, and a phenomenological hermeneutical design was used. Four interpretations closely related to each other were revealed: it is essential to have an understanding of the patients’ transition history; the nurse’ repertoire is challenged in the transition process; care must be adapted to the patients’ life world; the excellence of care is threatened by the context. The nurses strived to provide care based upon respect for the independent individual as a living whole. Their ambitions were, however, challenged and threatened by the caring context. The cooperation across organizational levels was pointed out as a critical factor with potential for improvement. This must be taken seriously to support the nurses in their endeavors to provide excellent care.

• Söderhamn, Ulrika; Dale, Bjørg & Söderhamn, Olle (2013). The meaning of actualization of self-care resources among a group of older home-dwelling people - A hermeneutic study. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. ISSN 1748-2623. 8. doi: 10.3402/qhw.v8i0.20592. Vis sammendrag

  Self-care is an activity of mature persons who have developed their abilities to take care of themselves. Individuals can choose to actualise their self-care abilities into self-care activities to maintain, restore or improve health and well-being. It is of importance to understand the meaning of the actualisation of self-care resources among older people. The aim of this study was to investigate the meaning of the actualisation of self-care resources, i.e. actions taken to improve, maintain or restore health and well-being, among a group of older home-dwelling individuals with a high sense of coherence. The design of this study was to reanalyse narratives revealing self-care activities from 11 (five females and six males) Norwegian older home-dwelling people (65 years or older) identified as having a high sense of coherence. In order to reveal the meaning and get an understanding of why these self-care resources were realised or actualised, a Gadamerian-based research method was chosen. The analysis revealed four themes that showed the meaning of actualisation of self-care resources in the study group: “Desire to carry on”, “Be of use to others”, “Self-realisation” and “Confidence to manage in the future”. The findings showed what older people found meaningful to strive for and this information can be used as a guide for health professionals when supporting older people in their self-care. Older people with self-care resources can also be an important resource for others in need of social contact and practical help. These resources have to be asked for in voluntary work among older people in need of help and, thereby, can be a valuable supplement to the community health care system.

• Dale, Bjørg; Söderhamn, Ulrika & Söderhamn, Olle (2012). Psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) among older people living at home. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. ISSN 1179-1578. 5, s. 151–157. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S37502. Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: The incidence and prevalence of mental problems among older people are difficult to map because the causes are often complex and the symptoms manifest in a range of ways. Therefore, there is a need for robust and useful instruments for screening mental problems in this group. One instrument used in Norway and around the world is the 30-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30). Nevertheless, studies testing reliability and validity of the Norwegian version are scarce. Aim: The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties, by means of reliability and construct validity, of the Norwegian version of the GHQ-30 in a sample of older people living at home. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used. A postal questionnaire including background variables and a range of health related questions, including the GHQ-30, was mailed to 6033 older people (age 65 years or more) who lived in their own homes in southern Norway. A final sample of 2106 persons (34.9%) responded to and returned the questionnaire. Data were analyzed statistically regarding reliability and construct validity of the GHQ-30. Results: The reliability of the instrument, reflecting its homogeneity, was shown in a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.93 and in significant item-to-total correlations. Construct validity was supported as the GHQ-30 demonstrated robustness in separating groups with known mental problems. Construct validity was also demonstrated in a logical four factor solution, which accounted for 50.0% of the variance in the study group. The factor structure supported previous testing studies of the instrument. Conclusion: The GHQ-30 showed satisfactory psychometric properties regarding reliability and construct validity in this study group, which may indicate that the instrument is suitable for use in screening mental problems in older people living at home. Keywords: factor analysis, mental problems, psychological screening, reliability, validity

• Söderhamn, Ulrika; Dale, Bjørg; Sundsli, Kari & Söderhamn, Olle (2012). Nutritional screening of older home-dwelling Norwegians: a comparison between two instruments. Clinical Interventions in Aging. ISSN 1176-9092. 7, s. 383–391. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S35986. Vis sammendrag

  Background: It is important to obtain knowledge about the prevalence of nutritional risk and associated factors among older home-dwelling people in order to be able to meet nutritional challenges in this group in the future and to plan appropriate interventions. The aim of this survey was to investigate the prevalence of home-dwelling older people at nutritional risk and to identify associated factors using two different nutritional screening instruments as self-report instruments. Methods: This study had a cross-sectional design. A postal questionnaire, including the Norwegian versions of the Nutritional Form for the Elderly (NUFFE-NO) and Mini Nutritional Assessment – Short Form (MNA-SF), background variables, and health-related questions was sent to a randomized sample of 6033 home-dwelling older people in southern Norway. A total of 2106 (34.9%) subjects were included in the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses. Results: When using the NUFFE-NO and MNA-SF, 426 (22.3%) and 258 (13.5%) older persons, respectively, were identified to be at nutritional risk. The risk of undernutrition increased with age. Several predictors for being at risk of undernutrition, including chronic disease/handicap and receiving family help, as well as protective factors, including sufficient food intake and having social contacts, were identified. Conclusion: Health professionals must be aware of older people’s vulnerability to risk of undernutrition, perform screening, and have a plan for preventing undernutrition. For that purpose, MNA-SF and NUFFE-NO can be suggested for screening older people living at home. Keywords: aged, risk factors, undernutrition, screening

• Dale, Bjørg; Sævareid, Hans Inge & Söderhamn, Olle (2012). Testing the reliability and the validity of Lorensen’s Self-care Capability Scale (LSCS) among older home-living, care-dependent individuals in Norway. International Journal of Older People Nursing. ISSN 1748-3735. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-3743.2012.00339.x. Vis sammendrag

  Background: The assessment of self-care capability among older home-living people is essential for maintaining independence as long as possible in this group, and instruments covering several aspects of the self-care concept should be used. Aim: The aim of this study was to test reliability and validity of Lorensen’s Self-care Capability Scale (LSCS), based on Orem’s theories of self-care. Methods: A group of 242 home nursing patients, 75+ years of age and living in their own homes, constituted the study sample. Data were registered by the responsible home nurses. In addition to the LSCS, Barthel’s ADL Index was used to evaluate help dependency. Perceived subjective health and demographic characteristics were recorded. Reliability and validity were calculated using Spearman’s rank correlations, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and Mann–Whitney U-test. Factor analysis was performed using the principal components analysis with varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization. Results: Reliability of the LSCS was supported by a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.97, as a measure of homogeneity, and all items were found to be homogenous with the total scale in the item–total correlations, ranging from 0.33 to 0.79. Regarding validity, the six factors extracted in the factor analysis explained 69.8% of the variance in the group. The extracted factors supported the underlying theoretical assumptions. Construct validity was supported by significant differences in median scores between groups with expected low and expected high LSCS scores, respectively. Concurrent validity was established by a correlation coefficient at rs = 0.75 for the LSCS and the Barthel’s ADL Index. Conclusion: This study has shown that the LSCS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing self-care capability in home-living older people, and the instrument provides an accurate means to assess the self-care demands and resources in this group.

• Dale, Bjørg; Söderhamn, Ulrika & Söderhamn, Olle (2012). Life situation and identity among single older home-living people: A phenomenological-hermeneutic study. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. ISSN 1748-2623. 7. doi: 10.3402/qhw.v7i0.18456. Vis sammendrag

  Being able to continue living in their own home as long as possible is the general preference for many older people, and this is also in line with the public policy in the Nordic countries. The aim of this study was to elucidate the meaning of self-care and health for perception of life situation and identity among single-living older individuals in rural areas in southern Norway. Eleven older persons with a mean age of 78 years were interviewed and encouraged to narrate their self-care and health experiences. The interviews were audio taped, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutic method inspired by the philosophy of Ricoeur. The findings are presented as a na ̈ıve reading, an in- ductive structural analysis characterized by two main themes; i.e., ‘‘being able to do’’ and ‘‘being able to be’’, and a comprehensive interpretation. The life situation of the interviewed single-living older individuals in rural areas in southern Norway was interpreted as inevitable, appropriate and meaningful. Their identity was constituted by their freedom and self-chosen actions in their personal contexts. The overall impression was that independence and the ability to control and govern their own life in accordance with needs and preferences were ultimate goals for the study participants. Key words: Activity, adaptedness, freedom, health, independence, self-care actions

• Söderhamn, Ulrika; Dale, Bjørg; Sundsli, Kari; Tomstad, Solveig Thorbjørnsen & Söderhamn, Olle (2012). Psychometric testing of the Norwegian version of the Nutritional Form For the Elderly among older home-dwelling people. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. ISSN 1178-2390. 5, s. 121–128. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S32502. Vis sammendrag

  Background: Nutritional screening instruments need to be evaluated in terms of reliability and validity and being able to demonstrate sensitivity and specificity for use in clinical practice and research. The aims of this study were to test the reliability and validity of the Norwegian version of the Nutritional Form For the Elderly (NUFFE-NO) in a sample of older home-dwelling people, and to use the short form of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF) as a standard. Methods: A postal questionnaire, including the two instruments, background variables, and health-related questions, was sent to 6033 home-dwelling older people (65+ years) in southern Norway. In total, 2106 persons responded and were included. Data were analyzed statistically regarding homogeneity, concurrent and construct validity, sensitivity, and specificity of NUFFE-NO. Results: A Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.71 and significant item-to-total correlations were obtained as measures of homogeneity. Concurrent validity was assessed by a correlation coefficient of –0.37 (P , 0.001) between NUFFE-NO and MNA-SF. NUFFE-NO could separate known nutritional at-risk groups as a measure of construct validity. A cut-off point of ≥4 for identification of older people at nutritional risk was found for NUFFE-NO with MNA-SF as a standard. Conclusion: NUFFE-NO shows adequate psychometric properties regarding homogeneity and construct validity. MNA-SF was not found to be the most suitable standard to use, because a low correlation coefficient was obtained as a measure of concurrent validity and a lower cut-off point was found compared with another study using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA®) as a standard for NUFFE-NO. The obtained cut-off point of ≥4 is not recommended for use in practice or research, because many false positive nutritional at-risk persons would then be identified. Further studies with suitable design have to be performed among older home-dwelling people using the MNA as a standard. Keywords: nutritional screening instrument, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, validity

• Dale, Bjørg; Söderhamn, Ulrika & Söderhamn, Olle (2012). Self-care ability among home-dwelling older people in rural areas in southern Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. ISSN 0283-9318. 26(1), s. 113–122. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2011.00917.x. Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: The growing number of older people is assumed to represent many challenges in the future. Selfcare ability is a crucial health resource in older people and may be a decisive factor for older people managing daily life in their own homes. Studies have shown that self-care ability is closely related to perceived health, sense of coherence and nutritional risk. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe self-care ability among home-dwelling older individuals living in rural areas in southern Norway and to relate the results to general living conditions, sense of coherence, screened nutritional state, perceived health, mental health and perceived life situation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in rural areas in five counties in 2010. A mailed questionnaire, containing background variables, health-related questions and five instruments, was sent to a randomly selected sample of 3017 older people (65+ years), and 1050 respondents were included in the study. Data were analysed with statistical methods. Results: A total of 780 persons were found to have higher self-care ability and 240 to have lower self-care ability using the Self-care Ability Scale for the Elderly. Self-care ability was found to be closely related to health-related issues, self-care agency, sense of coherence, nutritional state and mental health, former profession, and type of dwelling. Predictors for high self-care ability were to have higher self-care agency, not receiving family help, having low risk for undernutrition, not perceiving helplessness, being able to prepare food, being active and having lower age. Conclusions: When self-care ability is reduced in older people, caregivers have to be aware about how this can be expressed and also be aware of their responsibility for identifying and mapping needs for appropriate support and help, and preventing unnecessary and unwanted dependency. Keywords: mental health, nutritional status, perceived health, self-care agency, sense of coherence

• Söderhamn, Ulrika; Dale, Bjørg & Söderhamn, Olle (2011). Narrated lived experiences of self-care and health among rural-living older persons with a strong sense of coherence. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. ISSN 1179-1578. 4, s. 151–158. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S27228. Vis sammendrag

  Sense of coherence (SOC), with its components comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness, is a major factor in the ability to cope successfully with stressors and is closely related to health. Qualitative studies related to SOC are scarce, and in this phenomenological interview study, self-care is investigated in relation to SOC. The aim of this study was to describe the lived experiences of self-care and features that may influence health and self-care among older home-dwelling individuals living in rural areas and who have a strong SOC. Eleven persons with a mean age of 73.5 years and a SOC value in the range of 153–188, measured by Antonovsky’s 29-item SOC scale, were interviewed. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed with a phenomenological descriptive method. The findings showed that successful self-care involves having, when needed, contact with the health care system, being conscious of a sound lifestyle, being physically and mentally active, being engaged, having social contacts with family and/or others, and being satisfied and positive and looking forward. Formal and informal caregivers should be conscious of the importance of motivating and supporting older individuals with respect to these dimensions of self-care. Keywords: aged, activity, contacts, phenomenology, well-being

• Dale, Bjørg; Sævareid, Hans Inge; Kirkevold, Marit & Söderhamn, Olle (2011). Older home-living patients’ perceptions of received home nursing and family care. Nordisk sygeplejeforskning. ISSN 1892-2678. 1(3), s. 219–234. Vis sammendrag

  Studies focusing on older patients’ perceptions of the nursing care, and their experiences related to receiving family care, are sparse. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe how older home nursing patients perceived the care they received from both the home nurses and their family. Structured interviews were used to collect data among 242 persons aged 75+ years who received home nursing, and 193 persons receiving family care. Perceptions about the amount and the quality of nursing care were investigated. Dependency, relationship and safety were focused in the questions about the family care. Descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test, the chi-square test, Spearman’s rho and stepwise multiple regression were used in the analyses. The level of satisfaction with the home nursing was high. Nevertheless, areas of improvement were identified: a lack of continuity in the care, the nurses’ shortage of time, and a lack of information and communication. The majority of the study group was comfortable with receiving family care, and did not perceive their care providers as worn out. More than half of the group was not confident that their family could extend their help if needed. Key words: caregivers, next of kin, older people, patient satisfaction

• Dale, Bjørg; Dale, Jan Gunnar; Fensli, Marthe M. Fosse & Fensli, Rune Werner (2010). Omsorg og teknologi: i dag og i morgen. I Andersen, Anders Johan Wickstrøm; Larsen, Inger Beate & Söderhamn, Olle (Red.), Utdanning til omsorg : i fortid, nåtid og framtid. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 978-82-05-40070-2. s. 180–197. Vis sammendrag

  Morgendagens helsetjenester forventes å bære preg av stor grad av sentralisert spesialisering av de mest avanserte behandlingstilbud, samtidig med en sterk desentralisering av enklere behandlingsformer, etterbehandling/oppfølging og rehabilitering. Samarbeid i virtuelle team vil bringe kompetanse ut til pasienten gjennom telemedisinske løsninger, det vil bli etablert flere lokale distriktsmedisinske sentre, og hjemmebehandling vil erstatte mye av dagens sykehusdrift. Samtidig vil vi i årene fremover få en betydelig økning av eldre befolkningsgrupper, hvor helse- og sosialsektoren står overfor store utfordringer. Dette vil innebære behov for nytenkning og innovasjon, både i forhold til den medisinske behandling, pleie og omsorg, og ikke minst i forhold til å utvikle og ta i bruk nye teknologiske løsninger. I dette kapittelet vil vi belyse noen sentrale aspekter ved hva teknologibruken vil bety for pasienter, pårørende og helsepersonell, og hva den kan medføre av behov for økt kunnskap og kompetanseheving.

• Dale, Bjørg; Sævareid, Hans Inge; Kirkevold, Marit & Söderhamn, Sven Olle Mårten (2010). Older home nursing patients' perception of social provisions and received care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. ISSN 0283-9318. 24(3), s. 523–532. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2009.00744.x. Vis sammendrag

  Social loneliness and isolation may be some of the consequences that older people experience regarding age-related changes and losses, and nurses should be engaged in identifying social networks and social needs in this group. The aims of this study were to describe perceived social provisions in a group of older home-dwelling care-dependent patients, and to explore the relationship between perceived social provisions, physical functioning, mental state and reception of formal and informal care. The sample consisted of 242 persons aged 75+ years from seven municipalities in southern Norway, all receiving home nursing. Data were collected by means of structured interviews. Social support was assessed using the revised Social Provisions Scale. Physical functioning was assessed using the Barthel Index, and mental state using questions about loneliness, depressive symptoms and anxiety. Types and frequencies of social network contacts and formal and informal care were registered. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U-tests, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and stepwise multiple regression were used in the analyses. In general, the level of perceived social provisions and togetherness in the study group was high, especially among women and the married. Decreased physical functioning and declined mental state were related to lower level of social provisions. The majority of the individuals had frequently contacts with several types of social networks, like friends, neighbours and religious communities, in addition to close family. Contact with these informal networks was found to be close related to perceived social support and togetherness. Reduced social provisions was related to increased amount of home nursing, which could indicate that demand for home care may work as a strategy to gain social contact. In this sense, dependence in daily life functioning could possibly contribute to social contact rather than reduce it.

• Dale, Bjørg; Sævareid, Hans Inge & Söderhamn, Olle (2009). Testing and using Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire: Mental health in relation to home nursing, home help, and family care among older, care-dependent individuals. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. ISSN 1445-8330. 18(2), s. 133–143. Vis sammendrag

  The aims of this study were to test the Norwegian version of Goldberg's 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) in a group of older, care-dependent individuals living at home; to describe self-reported mental health; and to relate mental health to receiving home nursing, home help, and family care. A sample of 234 home nursing patients in Norway aged 75 years and older was interviewed. Mental state was assessed using the GHQ-30. Reliability and validity were calculated with Spearman's rank correlations, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and Mann-Whitney U-test. The factor analysis was performed using the principal components analysis with varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization. Demographic characteristics and amounts of formal and family care were recorded, and descriptive statistics and stepwise multiple regression were used in the analyses. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the GHQ was 0.92. The item-total correlations were generally acceptable. For items concerning depression and anxiety, the item-total correlations ranged from r(s)= 0.60 to 0.77. The factors extracted in the factor analysis explained 70% of the variance in the group. Females < 85 years of age living in urban areas were associated with reduced mental health. There were no associations between general mental health and the amounts of formal and family care provided.

• Dale, Bjørg; Saevareid, HI & Soderhamn, O (2009). Testing and using Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire: Mental health in relation to home nursing, home help, and family care among older, care-dependent individuals. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. ISSN 1445-8330. 18(2), s. 133–143. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0349.2009.00593.x.
• Dale, Bjørg; Sævareid, Hans Inge; Kirkevold, Marit & Söderhamn, Olle (2008). Formal and informal care in relation to activities of daily living and self-perceived health among older care-dependent individuals in Norway. International Journal of Older People Nursing. ISSN 1748-3735. 3(3), s. 194–203. Vis sammendrag

  Background. Research about formal care of older home-living people in the Nordic countries is comprehensive, while research on informal care has been less inclusive. Aim: To describe self-reported activities of daily living and perceived health, and relate them to amount and types of formal and informal care received by a group of care-dependent, home-living older individuals in Norway. Design and methods. A sample consisted of 242 persons aged 75+ years receiving home nursing services. Data were collected by means of structured interviews with questions about activities of daily living (ADL), amount and types of formal and informal care and demographic variables. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U-test and stepwise multiple regression were used in the analyses. Findings. ADL dependency was the only predictor for explaining quantity of home nursing received. Those who received a generous amount of formal care also received a lot of care and support from informal networks. The type of care from the two sources differed. The home nurses performed PADL-tasks. While the informal caregivers offered help with IADL-tasks. Conclusion. This study of receiving help in this group of older people in Norway shows that formal and informal care resources complement each other.

• Dale, Bjørg (2005). Hvordan vurderer eldre selv den hjemmesykepleie de mottar i forhold til sine opplevde behov? Årbok for eldreomsorg.
• Dale, Bjørg (2004). Eldre pasienter i hjemmesykepleien - hvor tilfreds er de med sin livssituasjon, Årbok : nytt aktuelt fagstoff on eldreomsorg på Agder. Forum for eldreomsorg.
• Dale, Bjørg; Dale, Jan Gunnar & Lorensen, Margarethe (2001). Livskvalitet hos eldre hjemmeboende som mottar hjemmesykepleie. Vård i Norden. ISSN 0107-4083. 21(2), s. 4–10.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty; Dale, Bjørg; Skinner, Marianne Sundlisæter & Karlsen, Tor-Ivar (2022). Kompetanseutvikling og ledelse i sykepleietjenesten i KAD.
• Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty; Skinner, Marianne Sundlisæter; Karlsen, Tor-Ivar & Dale, Bjørg (2020). Correction to: Nursing competence in municipal in-patient acute care in Norway: a cross-sectional study (BMC Nursing, (2020), 19, 1, (70), 10.1186/s12912-020-00463-5). BMC Nursing. ISSN 1472-6955. 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s12912-020-00519-6.
• Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty; Dale, Bjørg; Karlsen, Tor-Ivar & Skinner, Marianne Sundlisæter (2020). Sykepleiekompetanse ved kommunale akutt døgnplasser .
• Olsen, Rose Mari & Dale, Bjørg (2020). Aktuell forskning publisert i andre tidsskrift. Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 6(1), s. 1–3. doi: 10.18261/issn.2387-5984-2020-01-13.
• Olsen, Rose Mari & Dale, Bjørg (2019). Aktuell forskning publisert i andre tidsskrift. Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 5(2), s. 1–3. doi: 10.18261/issn.2387-5984-2019-02-01.
• Dale, Bjørg (2019). Ensomhet blant eldre.
• Dale, Bjørg (2019). Eldres psykiske helse nedprioriteres. [Radio]. NRK Sørlandet.
• Dale, Bjørg (2019). Eldres psykiske helse er nedprioritert. [Radio]. NRK Sørlandet.
• Dale, Bjørg (2018). Hva er en god alderdom?
• Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty; Karlsen, Tor-Ivar & Dale, Bjørg (2018). KRITISKE ASPEKTER VED SYKEPLEIEKOMPETANSEN I KOMMUNALE AKUTTE DØGNENHETER. SYKEPLEIERE OG LEGERS ERFARINGER.
• Nilsen, Elin Rogn; Söderhamn, Ulrika & Dale, Bjørg (2018). Helhetlige pasientforløp for eldre i kommunene - sykepleieres erfaringer med sjekklister .
• Olsen, Rose Mari & Dale, Bjørg (2018). Aktuell forskning publisert i andre tidsskrifter. Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 4(2), s. 180–181. doi: 10.18261/issn.2387-5984-2018-02-14.
• Dale, Bjørg; Arntzen, Cathrine; Jacobsen, Frode F.; Moe, Aud & Obstfelder, Aud (2018). Skal noen velges bort, Michaelsen? . Agderposten. ISSN 0805-3723.
• Dale, Bjørg; Arntzen, Cathrine; Jacobsen, Frode F.; Moe, Aud & Obstfelder, Aud (2018). Skal noen velges bort, Michaelsen? . Oppland arbeiderblad. ISSN 0805-5076.
• Dale, Bjørg; Arntzen, Cathrine; Jacobsen, Frode F.; Moe, Aud & Obstfelder, Aud (2018). Skal noen velges bort, Michaelsen? . Nordlys. ISSN 0805-5440.
• Arntzen, Cathrine; Dale, Bjørg; Jacobsen, Frode F.; Moe, Aud & Obstfelder, Aud (2018). Skal noen velges bort, Åse? . Dagbladet. ISSN 0805-3766. s. 27–28.
• Olsen, Rose Mari & Dale, Bjørg (2018). Aktuell forskning publisert i andre tidsskrifter. Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 4(1), s. 82–83. doi: 10.18261/ISSN.2387-5984-2018-01-12.
• Westbye, Berit & Dale, Bjørg (2017). Helsefremmende hjemmebesøk.
• Olsen, Rose Mari & Dale, Bjørg (2017). Aktuell forskning publisert i andre tidsskrifter. Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 3(3), s. 262–263.
• Frivold, Gro; Slettebø, Åshild & Dale, Bjørg (2017). Relatives’ experiences related to a close family member’s stay in an intensive care unit.
• Dale, Bjørg (2017). Et godt og verdig liv - også i eldre år?
• Dale, Bjørg & Olsen, Rose Mari (2017). Aktuell forskning publisert i andre tidsskrifter. Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 3(1), s. 71–72.
• Westbye, Berit & Dale, Bjørg (2016). Forebyggende hjemmebesøk til eldre i Agder .
• Olsen, Rose Mari & Dale, Bjørg (2016). Aktuell forskning publisert i andre tidsskrift. Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 2(3), s. 264–265. doi: 10.18261/issn.2387-5984-2016-03-13.
• Vatnøy, Torunn Kitty; Thygesen, Elin & Dale, Bjørg (2016). Telemedisin for å understøtte mestring hos pasienter med KOLS. BestPractice Lungemedicin. 6(22), s. 14–16.
• Söderhamn, Ulrika; Dale, Bjørg; Sundsli, Kari & Tomstad, Solveig Thorbjørnsen (2015). Ernæring, egenomsorg og helse hos eldre.
• Dale, Bjørg & Hvalvik, Sigrun (2014). God omsorg for eldre pasienter i overgangsfasen fra sykehus til eget hjem-Sykepleielederes erfaringer.
• Frivold, Gro; Dale, Bjørg & Slettebø, Åshild (2014). Being cared for by nurses and physicians in Norwegian intensive care units - family members perspective.
• Dale, Bjørg (2012). Enslige hjemmeboende eldres opplevelse av sin livssituasjon og identitet.
• Söderhamn, Olle; Dale, Bjørg; Sundsli, Kari & Söderhamn, Ulrika (2012). Health among very old people. Vis sammendrag

  Due to increase in the older population, self-care and health promotion have become important in countries like Norway. Health is a state of expanding consciousness, where the individual perceives life as comprehensible, manageable and meaningful. This sense of coherence (SOC) experience is fundamental in our lives and significant when health promotion among very old people is studied. The aim of this study was to investigate factors that may influence health among home-dwelling people 80+ years of age. A questionnaire, with health related questions and instruments, was sent to a randomized sample of home-dwelling people, 65+ years, in southern Norway. A total of 2106 (34.9%) persons were included, and data from individuals aged 80+ years (n=518) were used in this study. Univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used in the analyses. There was no difference in SOC scores between males and females. More males than females were in good health (p=0.005). Health was explained by self-care ability and not being helpless among the males (R2=0.49), and by not being helpless, satisfaction with life, not having chronic disease/handicap, and good nutritional state among the females (R2=0.65). Different factors influence health among older males and females. Health promotion among these groups should, therefore, have an individual and gendered focus. Key words: gender, helplessness, self-care

• Dale, Bjørg; Söderhamn, Ulrika & Söderhamn, Olle (2012). Perceived life situation and identity among older home-living people. Vis sammendrag

  The public policy in the Norway is that older people should live a good life in their own homes as long as possible, even with functional declines. Managing daily life independently in own home is also found to be important for the older persons themselves. The aim of this study was to explore the meaning of self-care and health for perceived life situation and identity among single living older individuals in rural areas in southern Norway. Eleven older persons with an age ranging from 69 to 85 years were interviewed and asked to narrate experiences related to own self-care and health. The narrated text was analyzed using a phenomenological-hermeneutic method including an initial naïve reading, an inductive structural analysis and a final comprehensive interpretation. Two main themes emerged from the structural analysis: “being able to do” and “being able to be”. The life situation of the interviewed persons was interpreted as inevitable, appropriate and meaningful. Their identity was constituted by their freedom and self-chosen actions in their personal contexts. The overall impression was that independence and the ability to control and govern own life in accordance with preferences were ultimate goals for the study participants.

• Dale, Bjørg; Söderhamn, Ulrika & Söderhamn, Olle (2011). Viktige faktorer for opplevelse av egenomsorg blant hjemmeboende eldre i Sør-Norge. Vis sammendrag

  Bakgrunn: Det er en generell oppfatning og et mål hos norske helsemyndigheter at eldre skal bo i sine hjem så lenge som mulig. For å kunne realisere dette målet kan deres evne til egenomsorg være helt avgjørende. Hensikten med denne studien var derfor å undersøke mulige faktorer relatert til egenomsorgsevne blant eldre som bodde i eget hjem i landdistrikt i Sør-Norge. Metode: Et tilfeldig utvalg av 1050 personer over 65 år, som bodde i eget hjem i landlige strøk i fem fylker i Sør-Norge, besvarte et tilsendt spørreskjema. Skjemaet inneholdt blant annet spørsmål om leveforhold, opplevelse av sammenheng, ernæringstilstand, opplevd helse og oppfattelse av egen livssituasjon, i tillegg til egenomsorgsevne. Datamaterialet ble analysert ved hjelp av statistiske metoder. Resultater: De fleste av respondentene hadde god egenomsorgsevne. Prediktorer for høy egenomsorgsevne var blant annet å ha lav risiko for underernæring og det å lage sin egen mat, å ha egenomsorgskapasitet, å være aktiv, å ikke oppleve hjelpeløshet, å ikke motta hjelp fra familien. Yngre alder var relatert til høyere egenomsorgsevne. Konklusjon: Det er viktig at helse- og omsorgspersonell er oppmerksomme på faktorer som er relatert til eldre menneskers egenomsorgsevne. De har også et viktig ansvar når det gjelder å identifisere og fremme eldres ressurser så vel som behov for støtte, slik at uønsket hjelpeavhengighet kan unngås. Nøkkelord: aktivitet, egenomsorgskapasitet, ernæringsstatus

• Söderhamn, Ulrika; Dale, Bjørg & Söderhamn, Olle (2011). Helse og egenomsorg hos en gruppe eldre personer med sterk opplevelse av sammenheng og som bor i landstrøk i Sør-Norge. Vis sammendrag

  Helse kan ses på som det å nå vitale mål i livet, og egenomsorg er de tiltak individet gjør selv for seg selv i den hensikt å opprettholde, gjenvinne eller øke helse og velvære. En betydningsfull faktor for helse og det å mestre livet er opplevelse av sammenheng (OAS). En person med sterk OAS ser tilværelsen som begripelig, håndterbar og meningsfull, og studier har vist at sterk OAS bidrar til økt livskvalitet hos eldre. Det finnes også studier som viser at egenomsorgsevne er positivt assosiert til OAS og at begge disse faktorer bidrar til økt bedre helse hos eldre personer. OAS har oftest blitt undersøkt som en deskriptiv kvantitativ variabel, men det er også behov for å studere betydningen av det å ha en sterk OAS med andre vitenskapelige tilnærminger. Hensikten med denne studien var å beskrive levd erfaring av egenomsorg og hva som kan ha innflytelse på helse og egenomsorg blant eldre hjemmeboende personer i landlige strøk og som har en sterk opplevelse av sammenheng. Et utvalg av 11 eldre personer (67-89 år) som bodde i landlige strøk i tre fylker i Sør-Norge, og som i en annen studie var kartlagt å ha en sterk OAS, ble intervjuet med en fenomenologisk tilnærming. Intervjuene ble skrevet ordrett ned og analysert med en deskriptiv fenomenologisk metode. Funnene viste at egenomsorg, slik det ble fortalt av disse personene med en sterk opplevelse av sammenheng, var det å ha kontakt med helsevesenet, være fysisk og mentalt aktiv, være engasjert, ha sosial kontakt med familie og andre, være bevisst på en sunn livsstil, samt å være tilfreds, positiv og se fremover i livet. Funnene er i samsvar med både egenomsorgsteori og andre studier av eldre personer. Nøkkelord: aktivitet, aldring, livskvalitet, salutogenese

• Söderhamn, Ulrika; Dale, Bjørg; Sundsli, Kari & Söderhamn, Olle (2011). Rett mat og fysisk aktivitet bidrar til økt helse hos eldre.
• Dale, Bjørg (2010). Kompensatorisk omsorg blant hjemmeboende, pleieavhengige eldre i Agder.
• Dale, Bjørg (2010). Formell og uformell omsorg blant hjemmeboende, pleieavhengige eldre på Agder.
• Dale, Bjørg & Dale, Jan Gunnar (2010). Informal care, social networks and support for older home nursing patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 19, s. 98–99. Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Social loneliness and isolation may be some of the consequences that older people experience regarding age-related changes and losses, and nurses should be engaged in identifying social networks and social needs in this group. Research reflecting older people?s physical health and functioning have often been focused in studies of formal care receipt, while studies focusing emotional and social support seem to be more prevalent regarding informal networks and care. The aims of this study were to describe perceived social provisions and support in a group of older home-dwelling care-depended persons, and to explore the relationship between perceived social provisions, physical functioning, mental state and reception of informal care. Methods and materials: The sample consisted of 242 persons aged 75+ years from seven municipalities in Norway, all receiving home nursing. A cross-sectional design was used, and data were collected by means of structured interviews in the persons own homes. Social support was assessed using the revised Social Provisions Scale (SPS). This scale included four social provisions shown to be important for persons? experiences of social and emotional togetherness with other people; i.e. ?reassurance of worth?, ?attachment?, ?opportunity for nurturance?, ?social integration?. Physical functioning was assessed using the Barthel Index (BI) for description of dependency in activities of daily living (ADL). Questions about loneliness, depressive symptoms and anxiety were used to assess the mental condition. Types and frequencies of social network contacts and informal care were registered. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric statistics and stepwise multiple regression were used in the analyses. Results: In general, the level of perceived social provisions and togetherness in the study group was high, especially among women and the married individuals. Decreased physical functioning and declined mental state were related to lower level of social provisions. The majority of the individuals had frequently contacts with several types of social networks, like friends, neighbours and religious communities, in addition to close family. Contact with these informal networks was found to be close related to perceived social support and togetherness. The individuals in the study group received a considerable amount of informal care, and family members were the main informal caregiver recourse. The amount of family care was positively related to perceived social provisions. Spousal relationship, living in non-sheltered accommodation, and lower level of ADL functioning was also related to amount of family care. Conclusions: Although the older individuals in this study group perceived themselves as having high levels of social provisions and togetherness, this experience was clearly associated with frequency of contact with various social networks, and with amount of informal care. The importance of regular telephone use and attendance of leisure activities was also demonstrated. Nurses have an important role to play in facilitating social support. This result also highlights the importance of nurses in assessing, encouraging and cooperating closely with the informal networks of older home-dwellers to avoid loneliness and social isolation.

• Dale, Jan Gunnar & Dale, Bjørg (2010). Using technology in the care of older people: development of a eHealth research laboratory. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 19, s. 90–90. Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: The growing number of older people in the years to come indicates important challenges for the health care services, and for family caregivers. A great number of older people will continue to live in their own homes, even with chronic diseases. Future generations of older people will have another background and have other preferences than today. They will be better educated, have more competence and experiences in computer technology use, and they will emphasize an independent and self-determined lifestyle. eHealth offers many opportunities for home based care, chronic disease management and prevention, and will widen access to health care services for most patients. New knowledge of how eHealth solutions can be integrated into everyday life for patients and older home-dwelling people can contribute to maintain quality of life and independent living. This growing industry is ripe for exploration by nurses who can empower the patient and caregiver to gain self-care and coping skills. Health care personnel, and particularly home nurses, need to be engaged in the development and research of eHealth technologies to enable the patient's home to be the point of care. The aim of this poster presentation is to demonstrate how a new and modern eHealth laboratory may work for simulating real patient situation. Actual project: An eHealth research laboratory is to be established at the University of Agder in Norway in 2010. In order to develop and carry out empirical trials, the evaluations of new eHealth solutions can be implemented under realistic but yet controlled conditions, and not interfering with patient treatment and actively running health care services. The laboratory provides a lot of opportunities to explore integrated technological solutions for hospital wards, nursing homes, and for patients living in own home, i.e. ?smart house? solutions which can be used to support older and disabled people, providing safe and empowering environments. Integrated solutions for older people and their family caregivers can be simulated in close collaboration between different sectors and levels of health care. User guidelines can be developed based on experiences from research projects carried out. There will be a wireless infrastructure designed as a copy of a wireless hospital network. A dedicated room will be furnished as a private home for a home care patient, with integration of ?smart-house? technologies like sensors, detectors and alarms installed to prevent dangerous situations. In addition to students at all educational levels, health care professionals will be invited to participate in training, research and developmental projects. Conclusion: The presented laboratory will be unique in Scandinavia, and probably exceptional in an international perspective. It provides a lot of opportunities for simulating complex patient scenarios and advanced health care services, and to evaluate technological and electronic equipment planned to be implemented in real patient situations.

• Dale, Jan Gunnar & Dale, Bjørg (2010). Using technology in the care of older people: development of a eHealth research laboratory. Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: The growing number of older people in the years to come indicates important challenges for the health care services, and for family caregivers. A great number of older people will continue to live in their own homes, even with chronic diseases. Future generations of older people will have another background and have other preferences than today. They will be better educated, have more competence and experiences in computer technology use, and they will emphasize an independent and self-determined lifestyle. eHealth offers many opportunities for home based care, chronic disease management and prevention, and will widen access to health care services for most patients. New knowledge of how eHealth solutions can be integrated into everyday life for patients and older home-dwelling people can contribute to maintain quality of life and independent living. This growing industry is ripe for exploration by nurses who can empower the patient and caregiver to gain self-care and coping skills. Health care personnel, and particularly home nurses, need to be engaged in the development and research of eHealth technologies to enable the patient's home to be the point of care. The aim of this poster presentation is to demonstrate how a new and modern eHealth laboratory may work for simulating real patient situation. Actual project: An eHealth research laboratory is to be established at the University of Agder in Norway in 2010. In order to develop and carry out empirical trials, the evaluations of new eHealth solutions can be implemented under realistic but yet controlled conditions, and not interfering with patient treatment and actively running health care services. The laboratory provides a lot of opportunities to explore integrated technological solutions for hospital wards, nursing homes, and for patients living in own home, i.e. ?smart house? solutions which can be used to support older and disabled people, providing safe and empowering environments. Integrated solutions for older people and their family caregivers can be simulated in close collaboration between different sectors and levels of health care. User guidelines can be developed based on experiences from research projects carried out. There will be a wireless infrastructure designed as a copy of a wireless hospital network. A dedicated room will be furnished as a private home for a home care patient, with integration of ?smart-house? technologies like sensors, detectors and alarms installed to prevent dangerous situations. In addition to students at all educational levels, health care professionals will be invited to participate in training, research and developmental projects. Conclusion: The presented laboratory will be unique in Scandinavia, and probably exceptional in an international perspective. It provides a lot of opportunities for simulating complex patient scenarios and advanced health care services, and to evaluate technological and electronic equipment planned to be implemented in real patient situations.

• Dale, Bjørg & Dale, Jan Gunnar (2010). Informal care, social networks and support to older home-nursing persons. Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Social loneliness and isolation may be some of the consequences that older people experience regarding age-related changes and losses, and nurses should be engaged in identifying social networks and social needs in this group. Research reflecting older people?s physical health and functioning have often been focused in studies of formal care receipt, while studies focusing emotional and social support seem to be more prevalent regarding informal networks and care. The aims of this study were to describe perceived social provisions and support in a group of older home-dwelling care-depended persons, and to explore the relationship between perceived social provisions, physical functioning, mental state and reception of informal care. Methods and materials: The sample consisted of 242 persons aged 75+ years from seven municipalities in Norway, all receiving home nursing. A cross-sectional design was used, and data were collected by means of structured interviews in the persons own homes. Social support was assessed using the revised Social Provisions Scale (SPS). This scale included four social provisions shown to be important for persons? experiences of social and emotional togetherness with other people; i.e. ?reassurance of worth?, ?attachment?, ?opportunity for nurturance?, ?social integration?. Physical functioning was assessed using the Barthel Index (BI) for description of dependency in activities of daily living (ADL). Questions about loneliness, depressive symptoms and anxiety were used to assess the mental condition. Types and frequencies of social network contacts and informal care were registered. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric statistics and stepwise multiple regression were used in the analyses. Results: In general, the level of perceived social provisions and togetherness in the study group was high, especially among women and the married individuals. Decreased physical functioning and declined mental state were related to lower level of social provisions. The majority of the individuals had frequently contacts with several types of social networks, like friends, neighbours and religious communities, in addition to close family. Contact with these informal networks was found to be close related to perceived social support and togetherness. The individuals in the study group received a considerable amount of informal care, and family members were the main informal caregiver recourse. The amount of family care was positively related to perceived social provisions. Spousal relationship, living in non-sheltered accommodation, and lower level of ADL functioning was also related to amount of family care. Conclusions: Although the older individuals in this study group perceived themselves as having high levels of social provisions and togetherness, this experience was clearly associated with frequency of contact with various social networks, and with amount of informal care. The importance of regular telephone use and attendance of leisure activities was also demonstrated. Nurses have an important role to play in facilitating social support. This result also highlights the importance of nurses in assessing, encouraging and cooperating closely with the informal networks of older home-dwellers to avoid loneliness and social isolation.

• Dale, Bjørg (2009). Uformell og formell omsorg til hjemmeboende eldre. Vis sammendrag

  Hovedmålet med doktorgradsavhandlingen var å undersøke kompensatorisk omsorg blant hjelpavhengige hjemmeboende eldre. Kompensatorisk omsorg ble gitt av hjemmesykepleie, hjemmehjelp, ektefelle, familie eller andre. Data ble samlet inn gjennom strukturerte intervjuer blant mottakere av hjemmesykepleie 75 år eller eldre, på Agder. Evne til å utføre dagliglivets aktiviteter (ADL), psykisk helse, sosialt nettverk og opplevelse av sosial støtte relatert til mottak av kompensatorisk omsorg ble kartlagt, samt tilfredshet med hjemmesykepleien og familieomsorgen. På tross av at egenomsorg relatert til fysisk, psykisk og sosial funksjonsevne var god, mottok pasientene mye kompensatorisk omsorg. Den formelle og uformelle omsorgen komplementerte hverandre. ADL var klart relatert til mottak av hjemmesykepleie og familiehjelp. Personlige ADL oppgaver ble hovedsakelig utført av hjemmesykepleien, mens instrumentelle ADL oppgaver ble utført av hjemmehjelpen og familien. Det var ingen sammenheng mellom psykisk helse og kompensatorisk omsorg. Kvinnene, de som bodde i bystrøk og de aller yngste opplevde mest depressive symptomer og angst. Opplevd sosial støtte var relatert til ADL funksjon, antall besøk fra hjemmesykepleien og mengde familiehjelp. Pasientene hadde ofte kontakt med ulike typer sosialt nettverk. De fleste var fornøyd med hjemmesykepleien, men de savnet mer kontinuitet og informasjon om tjenestetilbudet. De fleste var også komfortable med å motta hjelp fra familien. Resultatene viser at en grundig kartlegging av pasientenes egenomsorgsbehov og -ressurser er avgjørende for å kunne gi hensiktsmessig type, mengde og fordeling av kompensatorisk omsorg, og for å utnytte omsorgsressursene best mulig. Hjemmesykepleiere må være bevisst på uformelle omsorgsgiveres situasjon, og samarbeide tett med familien og annet uformelt nettverk.

• Dale, Bjørg (2009). Uformell og formell omsorg til hjemmeboende pleieavhengige eldre. Vis sammendrag

  Hovedmålet meddoktorgradsavhandlingen var å undersøke kompensatorisk omsorg blant hjelpavhengige hjemmeboende eldre. Kompensatorisk omsorg ble gitt av hjemmesykepleie, hjemmehjelp, ektefelle, familie eller andre. Data ble samlet inn gjennom strukturerte intervjuer blant mottakere av hjemmesykepleie 75 år eller eldre, på Agder. Evne til å utføre dagliglivets aktiviteter (ADL), psykisk helse, sosialt nettverk og opplevelse av sosial støtte relatert til mottak av kompensatorisk omsorg ble kartlagt, samt tilfredshet med hjemmesykepleien og familieomsorgen. På tross av at egenomsorg relatert til fysisk, psykisk og sosial funksjonsevne var god, mottok pasientene mye kompensatorisk omsorg. Den formelle og uformelle omsorgen komplementerte hverandre. ADL var klart relatert til mottak av hjemmesykepleie og familiehjelp. Personlige ADL oppgaver ble hovedsakelig utført av hjemmesykepleien, mens instrumentelle ADL oppgaver ble utført av hjemmehjelpen og familien. Det var ingen sammenheng mellom psykisk helse og kompensatorisk omsorg. Kvinnene, de som bodde i bystrøk og de aller yngste opplevde mest depressive symptomer og angst. Opplevd sosial støtte var relatert til ADL funksjon, antall besøk fra hjemmesykepleien og mengde familiehjelp. Pasientene hadde ofte kontakt med ulike typer sosialt nettverk. De fleste var fornøyd med hjemmesykepleien, men de savnet mer kontinuitet og informasjon om tjenestetilbudet. De fleste var også komfortable med å motta hjelp fra familien. Resultatene viser at en grundig kartlegging av pasientenes egenomsorgsbehov og -ressurser er avgjørende for å kunne gi hensiktsmessig type, mengde og fordeling av kompensatorisk omsorg, og for å utnytte omsorgsressursene best mulig. Hjemmesykepleiere må være bevisst på uformelle omsorgsgiveres situasjon, og samarbeide tett med familien og annet uformelt nettverk.

• Dale, Bjørg (2009). Uformell og formell omsorg til hjemmeboende eldre. Vis sammendrag

  Hovedmålet med doktorgradsavhandlingen var å undersøke kompensatorisk omsorg blant hjelpavhengige hjemmeboende eldre. Kompensatorisk omsorg ble gitt av hjemmesykepleie, hjemmehjelp, ektefelle, familie eller andre. Data ble samlet inn gjennom strukturerte intervjuer blant mottakere av hjemmesykepleie 75 år eller eldre, på Agder. Evne til å utføre dagliglivets aktiviteter (ADL), psykisk helse, sosialt nettverk og opplevelse av sosial støtte relatert til mottak av kompensatorisk omsorg ble kartlagt, samt tilfredshet med hjemmesykepleien og familieomsorgen. På tross av at egenomsorg relatert til fysisk, psykisk og sosial funksjonsevne var god, mottok pasientene mye kompensatorisk omsorg. Den formelle og uformelle omsorgen komplementerte hverandre. ADL var klart relatert til mottak av hjemmesykepleie og familiehjelp. Personlige ADL oppgaver ble hovedsakelig utført av hjemmesykepleien, mens instrumentelle ADL oppgaver ble utført av hjemmehjelpen og familien. Det var ingen sammenheng mellom psykisk helse og kompensatorisk omsorg. Kvinnene, de som bodde i bystrøk og de aller yngste opplevde mest depressive symptomer og angst. Opplevd sosial støtte var relatert til ADL funksjon, antall besøk fra hjemmesykepleien og mengde familiehjelp. Pasientene hadde ofte kontakt med ulike typer sosialt nettverk. De fleste var fornøyd med hjemmesykepleien, men de savnet mer kontinuitet og informasjon om tjenestetilbudet. De fleste var også komfortable med å motta hjelp fra familien. Resultatene viser at en grundig kartlegging av pasientenes egenomsorgsbehov og -ressurser er avgjørende for å kunne gi hensiktsmessig type, mengde og fordeling av kompensatorisk omsorg, og for å utnytte omsorgsressursene best mulig. Hjemmesykepleiere må være bevisst på uformelle omsorgsgiveres situasjon, og samarbeide tett med familien og annet uformelt nettverk.

• Dale, Bjørg (2009). Familiene må ta tyngre eldreløft. Vis sammendrag

  Hovedmålet med doktorgradsavhandlingen var å undersøke kompensatorisk omsorg blant hjelpavhengige hjemmeboende eldre. Kompensatorisk omsorg ble gitt av hjemmesykepleie, hjemmehjelp, ektefelle, familie eller andre. Data ble samlet inn gjennom strukturerte intervjuer blant mottakere av hjemmesykepleie 75 år eller eldre, på Agder. Evne til å utføre dagliglivets aktiviteter (ADL), psykisk helse, sosialt nettverk og opplevelse av sosial støtte relatert til mottak av kompensatorisk omsorg ble kartlagt, samt tilfredshet med hjemmesykepleien og familieomsorgen. På tross av at egenomsorg relatert til fysisk, psykisk og sosial funksjonsevne var god, mottok pasientene mye kompensatorisk omsorg. Den formelle og uformelle omsorgen komplementerte hverandre. ADL var klart relatert til mottak av hjemmesykepleie og familiehjelp. Personlige ADL oppgaver ble hovedsakelig utført av hjemmesykepleien, mens instrumentelle ADL oppgaver ble utført av hjemmehjelpen og familien. Det var ingen sammenheng mellom psykisk helse og kompensatorisk omsorg. Kvinnene, de som bodde i bystrøk og de aller yngste opplevde mest depressive symptomer og angst. Opplevd sosial støtte var relatert til ADL funksjon, antall besøk fra hjemmesykepleien og mengde familiehjelp. Pasientene hadde ofte kontakt med ulike typer sosialt nettverk. De fleste var fornøyd med hjemmesykepleien, men de savnet mer kontinuitet og informasjon om tjenestetilbudet. De fleste var også komfortable med å motta hjelp fra familien. Resultatene viser at en grundig kartlegging av pasientenes egenomsorgsbehov og -ressurser er avgjørende for å kunne gi hensiktsmessig type, mengde og fordeling av kompensatorisk omsorg, og for å utnytte omsorgsressursene best mulig. Hjemmesykepleiere må være bevisst på uformelle omsorgsgiveres situasjon, og samarbeide tett med familien og annet uformelt nettverk.

• Dale, Bjørg (2008). Formell og uformell omsorg blant hjemmeboende, pleieavhengige eldre på Agder.
• Dale, Bjørg (2007). Formell og uformell hjelp til eldre hjemmeboende som mottar hjemmesykepleie.
• Dale, Bjørg (2006). Tuningprosjektet og learning outcomes.
• Dale, Jan Gunnar & Dale, Bjørg (2004). IKT: Fra fri tekst til faste former. Tidsskriftet sykepleien. ISSN 0806-7511. 92(21), s. 63–65.
• Dale, Bjørg (2004). "Tuning educational structures in Europe" Tuningnettverket i sykepleie.
• Dale, Bjørg (2000). Livskvalitet og egenomsorgsevne blant eldre pasienter i hjemmesykepleien. Hovedfagsoppgave ved Institutt for Sykepleievitenskap, Universitetet i Oslo.
• Ambugo, Eliva Atieno; Andfossen, Nina Beate; Cappelen, Kathrine; Dale, Bjørg; Devik, Siri Andreassen & Fredwall, Terje Emil [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Kjerneområder i Leve hele livet-reformen. En oppsummering av kunnskap om frivillighet, pårørende, medvirkning og digital kompetanse. Senter for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 978-82-8340-121-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rostad, Hanne Marie; Sogstad, Maren Kristine Raknes; Førland, Oddvar; Hellesø, Ragnhild; Melby, Line & Ingstad, Kari [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Hvilke muligheter har omsorgstjenestene? . Senter for omsorgsforskning. Vis sammendrag

  Et hasteoppdrag for Helsedirektoratet der Senter for omsorgsforskning så på mulighetene for å øke kapasiteten i tjenestene dersom COVID-19 skulle kreve det. Oppsummeringene er korte analyser av muligheter og konsekvenser ved å øke kommunenes innsats uten å gå på bekostning av kommunens plikt til å gi forsvarlig helsehjelp. Forskerne mener omsorgstjenestene kan være i stand til å mobilisere, men at utfordringen er at norske kommuner er svært ulike ut fra befolkning, ressurser, antall smittede og tilgang på helsepersonell og kompetanse.

• Fredwall, Terje Emil; Dale, Bjørg; Nilsen, Elin Rogn & Strøm, Benedicte Sørensen (2020). Leve hele livet – En kvalitetsreform for eldre. Beskrivelser av eksisterende kunnskap om reformens utfordringsområder Sammenheng og overganger i tjenestene. Kunnskapsnotat. Senter for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 978-82-8340-101-1.
• Dale, Bjørg; Folkestad, Bjarte; Førland, Oddvar; Hellesø, Ragnhild; Moe, Aud & Sogstad, Maren (2015). Er tjenestene fortsatt «på strekk»? Senter for omsorgsforskning.
• Dale, Bjørg (2009). Compensatory care. Cross-sectional studies among older home-living care-dependent individuals in southern Norway. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-8072-335-2. Vis sammendrag

  When an individual’s self-care requirements exceed the ability for self-care in daily living, which often is the case when health declines in advanced age, a self-care deficit results and the person will need compensatory care. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate compensatory care among older home-living care-dependent individuals. Compensatory care included formal care, mainly home nursing and home help, and informal care provided by the spouse, the family, or others. The study design was cross-sectional, and the data were collected by structural interviews in a sample of 242 home nursing patients, aged 75 years and above, in seven municipalities in southern Norway. In addition to socio-demographic characteristics, the participants’ perfor-mance of activities of daily living (ADL) (Barthel Index) (Study I), mental health (General Health Questionnaire; i.e. the GHQ-30) (Study II), social support (Social Provisions Scale) (Study III), and their overall subjective health, were explored, and related to the receipt of compensatory care. Reliability and validity of the Norwegian version of the GHQ-30 was tested (Study II), and the individuals’ perceptions of home nursing and family care was inves-tigated (Study IV). Mean age of the sample was 84.6 years, and the majority were widowed, lived alone, and lived in not-sheltered housing. Although self-care in terms of physical functioning, mental status and social provisions in the study group was on a high level, a considerable amount of compensatory care was provided. The formal and informal care seemed to complement each other. The mean score for ADL was high (M=17.9), although clearly related to the receptions of home nursing and family care. Personal ADL tasks (PADL) were mainly performed by the home nurses, whereas instrumental ADL tasks (IADL) were mainly performed by the home help and the family caregivers. The study group reported good mental health, and no associa-tions between mental health and any type of compensatory care were observed. Women expe-rienced more depressive symptoms and anxiety than men, whereas the oldest individuals and those living in a rural area reported better mental health. The level of perceived social provi-sion was high, and clearly related to higher scores on the ADL Index (p=0.004), frequency of home nursing (p=0.012), and frequency of family help (p=0.003). The participants had fre-quent contacts with several social networks, and the different social provisions were related to the different network types. Most patients were satisfied with the home nursing, although a lack of continuity, and information about the services, were reported. Most patients were also comfortable with the receipt of family care. The internal consistency and the construct validity of the GHQ-30 were satisfactory. These results indicate that factors other than those captured by the instruments used in this study were important for the amount of home nursing. A thorough assessment of the patients’ actual and continuous self-care demands and self-care agency is decisive in order to provide the most appropriate level, type, and division of compensatory care. Nearly all the patients were satisfied with the compensatory care they received. A probable explanation is that the care responsibilities were divided appropriately between the formal and informal caregivers. Challenges related to expected increases in care needs among older people underline the importance of making the best possible use of the caring networks. Home nurses should be especially conscious of the informal carers’ situation and needs, and work in close cooperation with the family and other informal networks.

• Dale, Bjørg (1999). Borte bra, men hjemme best. Livskvalitet og egenomsorgsevne blant eldre pasienter i hjemmesykepleien. Universitetet i Oslo. Vis sammendrag

  Title and subtitle: HOME SWEET HOME Quality of life and self-care agency in elderly home nursing care clients. Abstract: Current predictions suggest an increasing number of elderly people will need help in the years to come. This will lead to increased demand for effective home health services. The questions of the study are: What do the patients consider to be the most important factors for their perception of quality of life, and which factors contribute to reduce their quality of life? How satisfied are elderly home nursing care clients with aspects in life that are important to them, and how do they evaluate their total quality of life? What is the patients` The mean score for the sample of quality of life and self care agency indicate a suitable position of the pasients according to the level of care. Self care mo

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