Trond Rafoss

• Stige, Leif Christian; Aldrin, Magne Tommy; Engebretsen, Solveig; Rafoss, Trond & Jansen, Peder A (2026). The efficacy of lumpfish in controlling salmon lice in fish farms. Aquaculture. ISSN 0044-8486. 612(1). doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2025.743137. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) are frequently used as “cleaner fish” to control parasitic sea lice in salmonid fish farms, but it has been questioned whether the benefits in terms of sea louse control outweigh the economic and lumpfish-welfare costs involved. Here we estimated the efficacy of lumpfish in controlling salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in salmonid farms by combining analyses of occurrence of salmon lice in stomach contents of lumpfish and experimental results on digestion time. We then conducted scenario simulations of salmon louse dynamics in salmonid fish farms, by combining the lumpfish feeding model with a lumpfish growth model and a salmon louse population model. Results showed that at a mean lumpfish weight of 50 g and typical conditions for other factors (9 °C, 2 kg salmonids, and 0.8 pre-adult and adult salmon lice per salmonid), the estimated feeding rate was 0.17 salmon lice per lumpfish per day (95 % confidence interval: 0.12–0.22). This rate increased with salmon louse concentration, temperature and salmonid weight and decreased with lumpfish weight. Scenario simulations of salmon louse dynamics under conditions representative for salmonid farms in Norway suggested that stocking lumpfish from the start of the production cycle with a 1:10 lumpfish per salmon ratio on average postponed the first salmon louse treatment by 43 days. The longest postponement was at intermediate external infestation pressure. Scenario simulations for a network of farms suggested that coordinated and strategic use of lumpfish after a spring treatment may succeed in supressing salmon louse outbreaks through spring and summer.

• Jansen, Peder A; Engebretsen, Solveig; Ghinassi, Noemi; Giskegjerde, Siri; Rafoss, Trond & Aldrin, Magne Tommy (2025). Gastric evacuation of salmon lice in ballan wrasse, Labrus bergylta, with estimates of predation rates. Aquaculture International. ISSN 0967-6120. 34(1). doi: 10.1007/s10499-025-02402-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Current debate on the sustainability of using cleaner fish to control parasitic lice in salmon farming suffers from extremely variable scientific evidence on the efficacy of this practice. This paper presents novel experimental results on evacuation rates of salmon lice through the digestive tract of ballan wrasse. These results are combined with quantitative field data on contents of salmon lice in ballan wrasse, to derive a method to study the efficacy of ballan wrasse in cleaning salmon of salmon lice. From a fitted binomial regression model on the probability of finding lice in the digestive tract after ingestion, we found a median evacuation time of 11.0 h. The mean evacuation time was 12.2 h. Furthermore, by integration, we found that if a wrasse on average consumes one louse per day, then the expected number of observable lice in the digestive tract is 0.472. This gave an estimated daily consumption of salmon lice per wrasse expressed as the number of salmon lice in the digestive tract divided by 0.472. As an example, analyses of lice contents in the digestive tract of 6406 ballan wrasse used as cleaner fish in salmon farming revealed that salmon lice were found in 2.9% of the wrasses, with a mean number of 0.15 lice per fish. This translates to an estimate of 0.32 lice consumed per day per ballan wrasse. The present way of estimating the efficacy of wrasse as cleaner fish may contribute to a more robust evaluation of louse control effects of ballan wrasse.

• Liu, Yajie; Rafoss, Trond; Turbis, Luis F. Oliva & Gonzalez, Enrique Blanco (2024). Stakeholders' perception and willingness-to-pay for an aquaculture-based fisheries enhancement program for coastal cod in Southern Norway. Aquaculture. ISSN 0044-8486. 591, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741111. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  he coastal cod fishery in Southern Norway has experienced a significant decline over the last decades. Recre ational fishing for cod in the eastern part of the country is currently banned. Fisheries managers have adopted a variety of strategies to sustain the populations for resource users. Aquaculture-based fisheries enhancement has been considered as an alternative intervention to rebuild overexploited cod stock or to improve the opportunity for marine fishing. However, there has been a debate regarding its ecological and social effectiveness among stakeholders. In this paper, we conducted an online contingent valuation survey aiming to understand stake holders’ perceptions and attitude towards restocking of hatchery-produced juveniles as a potential restoration approach to rebuild depleted coastal cod populations and their willingness to pay for the implementation of such an enhancement program in southern Norway. Results indicate that the public has a positive perception to the potential restocking program. The average Willingness-To-Pay (WTP), e.g. fishing license fee, is approximately 175 NOK and 693 NOK if all of the respondents, and only counting those who are willing to, contribute. The introduction of a minimum fishing license fee of 175 NOK (approximately 17€) would cover the cost of pro duction of over 20 million juvenile cod of appropriate size for release. Age of the respondents, the frequency of their fishing trips, and their perception of the decline of coastal cod were the main drivers for the WTP contribution while the amount of the WTP was strongly correlated to targeting particular species, educational level, and place of residence. Considering the critical situation of the coastal cod populations in southern Nor way, together with the significant advances in cod rearing techniques, in fish tagging technology and the maturation of fisheries enhancement as science, and the positive stakeholders’ perceptions and attitudes towards such an aquaculture-based enhancement program revealed from this study, it may be the time to re-evaluate the potential integration of a holistic cod restocking program within Norwegian coastal zone management.

• Engebretsen, Solveig; Aldrin, Magne Tommy; Lunde, Liss; Austad, Marthe; Rafoss, Trond & Danielsen, Ole Roald [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Condition factor tailored to lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) used as cleaner fish in salmonid farms. Aquaculture Reports. 35. doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.101996. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) are extensively used as part of the control measures against salmon lice in fish farms. In recent years, there has been an increased focus on lumpfish welfare, and how to increase survival of lumpfish during production. To survey lumpfish welfare and compare welfare between different fish farms, welfare indicators are necessary. Condition factor is an attractive welfare indicator since it depends only on the length and weight of the fish, which is easy to measure and does not require euthanisation. Fulton’s K is commonly used to assess body condition for fish. However, this condition factor assumes isometric growth, which has been found not to be a reasonable assumption for lumpfish. In this study, we suggest an alternative expression for lumpfish body condition, which is based on almost 30 000 lumpfish sampled from Norwegian fish farms during production. The resulting condition factor is given as 5.85 ⋅ W∕L2.5016, where W is the lumpfish weight measured in grams, and L is the standard length measured in centimetres. We demonstrate that our proposed condition factor is more suitable for comparing body condition of lumpfish than Fulton’s K, since Fulton’s K is negatively correlated to length such that small fish tend to have high Fulton’s K factors. We conclude that Fulton’s K is an inappropriate indicator of lumpfish welfare, and propose to rather use a condition factor tailored to lumpfish, like the presently proposed condition factor. We also illustrate why standard length (length up to the caudal fin) is more appropriate for measuring body condition than total length (i.e. length including the caudal fin). For condition based on standard length, we found that caudal fin erosion was less prevalent among the lumpfish with comparatively higher body condition. The same relationship was not found for body condition based on total length.

• Svendsen, Camilla; Amlund, Heidi; Carlsen, Monica Hauger; Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl; Husøy, Trine & Lillegaard, Inger Therese Laugsand [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2022). Food and chemical substances relevant for monitoring - Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  At request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA), VKM has identified food groups and food items consumed by the Norwegian population that are relevant for monitoring regarding content of one or more undesirable chemical substances (Figure 1). Undesirable chemical substances were defined as chemical substances in food that may constitute a potential health risk. VKM has created a knowledge base (an Excel file) as a tool for planning and prioritising monitoring of foods and undesirable chemical substances. The substance groups included in the knowledge base are flavourings, food additives, metals and metalloids, natural toxins, persistent organic pollutants, process-induced contaminants, substances in food contact materials, substances in food supplements, and trace elements. More than 40 different substances were included. Food items that are known contributors to exposure to an undesirable chemical substance were identified from quantitative and qualitative data, mainly from EFSA opinions and VKM risk assessments. Four national dietary surveys were used for identification of food items and food groups habitually eaten by the Norwegian population. The habitual diet was used to identify potential unknown sources of the substances. The information on known and unknown sources was compiled in a knowledge base comprised of 456 “undesirable chemical substance/food item” pairs that were identified to be relevant for monitoring. For each “undesirable chemical substance/food item” pair, the following information are included in the knowledge base: - Food category - Contribution to total exposure, including degree of contribution - Origin of occurrence data, and availability of Norwegian occurrence data - Remarks regarding sampling - Sources of the undesirable chemical substances in food - Risk (a combined score for hazard and exposure) Sampling of food is a complex area. Careful planning of the sampling strategy is needed and several parameters should be taken into consideration, depending on the properties of the chemical substance and the food item. Generic guidelines on sampling strategy, including sample number and frequency, have been provided in the report. Key words: VKM, health risk, monitoring, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, undesirable chemical substance.

• Engebretsen, Solveig; Aldrin, Magne Tommy; Qviller, Lars; Stige, Leif Christian; Rafoss, Trond & Danielsen, Ole Roald [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in the stomach contents of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) sampled from Norwegian fish farms: Relationship between lice grazing and operational conditions. Aquaculture. ISSN 0044-8486. 563(2). doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738967. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cleaner fish are commonly used as a control measure against salmon lice infestations in salmonid farms. Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is the most common cleaner fish species used in Norwegian farms. However, little is known about how different operational, including environmental, conditions affect the salmon lice grazing efficacy by lumpfish. In this paper, we analyse salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in the stomach contents of a large sample of more than 20,000 lumpfish from 80 different Norwegian farms. We investigate the proportion of lumpfish with salmon lice and the mean number of salmon lice in the stomach contents of the lumpfish. We further explore how the salmon lice contents vary with different factors like lumpfish weight, weight of salmonids, salmon lice abundance in the cage, cloud cover, and sea temperature. We find that 3.1% of the 24,693 lumpfish contained salmon lice. Most of the lumpfish with salmon lice in their stomach contents contained few (one or two) lice, while there were a few lumpfish which contained many salmon lice. We find more salmon lice in the stomach contents with increasing abundance of salmon lice in the sea cage, lower weight of the salmonids, and in clear weather. Interestingly, for the relationship between lumpfish weight and salmon lice in the stomach contents, we find increased salmon lice grazing from ca. 5 g up to an optimal weight of ca. 40 g, and then a decrease from 40 g. Surprisingly, we find no relationship between sea temperature and salmon lice per lumpfish. We find more salmon lice in the stomach contents of the lumpfish with comparatively high condition. By studying the factors associated with most efficient salmon lice grazing, our paper contributes to understanding how different operational factors affect salmon lice grazing by lumpfish. For controllable factors, the results thus contribute to guiding the best practice for use of lumpfish as a salmon lice control measure.

• Parolini, Marco; Panseri, Sara; Gaeta, Federico Håland; Rossi, Luciana; Dell’Anno, Matteo & Ceriani, Federica [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Trends and potential human health risk of trace elements accumulated in transplanted blue mussels during restoration activities of Flekkefjord fjord (Southern Norway). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. ISSN 0167-6369. 194. doi: 10.1007/s10661-022-09835-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The monitoring of contaminants represents a priority to preserve the integrity of marine ecosystems, as well as to plan and to manage restoration activities in order to protect environmental and human health. In the present study, a 6-months active biomonitoring was performed to explore the levels of eighteen trace and toxic elements, including heavy metals (TEs; i.e. Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Ti, and Zn), accumulated in soft tissues of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758) individuals transplanted at different depths (5- and 15-m depth) in five locations within the Flekkefjord fjord (Southern Norway). As this area suffered a long-lasting contamination due to both organic and inorganic contaminants, a series of restoration activities were activated to tackle and to prevent potential risks for ecosystem and local population. Our results demonstrated that the levels of TEs accumulated in edible tissues of transplanted mussels in the Flekkefjord fjord were generally low before the beginning of the restoration activities. However, location- and time-specific differences in the accumulation of TEs were noted after the implementation of such activities. Interestingly, the levels of Fe and Mn significantly increased after the beginning of the restoration activities, likely because the release of these TEs from the slag used in such operations and/or resuspension of contaminated sediments. However, assuming that native mussels can accumulate the same TEs at levels measured in transplanted individuals, our results suggest a substantial safety for human consumption of native mussels from the Flekkefjord fjord, regardless of restoration activities.

• Bodin, Johanna Eva; Thorstensen, Tage; Alsheikh, Muath K; Basic, Dean; Edvardsen, Rolf Brudvik & Dalen, Knut Tomas [Show all 41 contributors for this article] (2021). Genome editing in food and feed production – implications for risk assessment. Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2021(18). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) initiated this work to examine the extent to which organisms developed by genome-editing technologies pose new challenges in terms of risk assessment. This report considers whether the risk assessment guidance on genetically modified organisms, developed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), can be applied to evaluate potential risks of organisms developed by genome editing. Background Gene technology has allowed for the transfer of genes between organisms and species, and thereby to design altered genotypes with novel traits, i.e. GMOs. A new paradigm started in the early 2000s with the development of genome-editing techniques. Unlike traditional genetic modification techniques resulting in insertion of foreign DNA fragments at random locations in the genome, the new genome-editing techniques additionally open for a few single nucleotide edits or short insertions/deletions at a targeted site in an organism’s genome. These new techniques can be applied to most types of organisms, including plants, animals and microorganisms of commercial interest. An important question is how the novel, genome-edited organisms should be evaluated with respect to risks to health and the environment. The European Court of Justice decided in 2018 to include genome-edited organisms in the GMO definition and hence in the regulatory system already in place. This implies that all products developed by genome-editing techniques must be risk-assessed within the existing regulatory framework for GMOs. The European and Norwegian regulatory frameworks regulate the production, import and placing on the market of food and feed containing, consisting of or produced from GMOs, as well as the release of GMOs into the environment. The assessment draws on guidance documents originally developed by EFSA for risk assessment of GMOs, which were drawn up mainly to address risks regarding insertion of transgenes. The new genome-editing techniques, however, provide a new continuum of organisms ranging from those only containing a minor genetic alteration to organisms containing insertion or deletion of larger genomic regions. Risk assessment of organisms developed by genome editing The present discourse on how new genome-editing techniques should be regulated lacks an analysis of whether risk assessment methodologies for GMOs are adequate for risk assessment of organisms developed through the use of the new genome-editing techniques. Therefore, this report describes the use of genome-editing techniques in food and feed production and discusses challenges in risk assessment with the regulatory framework. Specifically, this report poses the question as to whether the EFSA guidance documents are sufficient for evaluating risks to health and environment posed by genome-edited plants, animals and microorganisms. To address these questions, the report makes use of case examples relevant for Norway. These examples, intended for food and feed, include oilseed rape with a modified fatty acid profile, herbicide-tolerant and pest-resistant crops, sterile salmon, virus-resistant pigs and hornless cattle. The report considers all aspects of the stepwise approach as described in the EFSA guidance documents. Conclusions The inherent flexibility of the EFSA guidance makes it suitable to cover health and environmental risk assessments of a wide range of organisms with various traits and intended uses. Combined with the embedded case-by-case approach the guidance is applicable to genome-edited organisms. The evaluation of the guidance demonstrates that the parts of the health and environmental risk assessment concerned with novel traits (i.e. the phenotype of the organism) may be fully applied to all categories of genome-edited organisms. ............

• Stenberg, Johan A.; Melby, Kjetil K.; Magnusson, Christer; Nielsen, Anders; Rydning, Julie & Wendell, Micael [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Risk assessment of the biocontrol product Nemaslug 2.0 with the active organisms Phasmarhabditis californica (strain P19D) and Moraxella osloensis. VKM Report. 2021(16), p. 1–37. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, biological control, Nematodes, Phasmarhabditis californica, Moraxella osloensis. Parasitic nematodes and associated bacteria are increasingly being used for biocontrol of molluscs. Functionally, it is the bacteria that kill and thus control the targeted pests, but the function of the bacteria is dependent on the nematodes, which should be regarded as vectors of biocontrol. Although the nematodes and the bacteria have a symbiotic relationship within such biocontrol formulations, it should be noted that they are not dependent on each other in the wild, but can establish separate populations which can be free-living or hosted by other organisms. The biocontrol product Nemaslug 2.0 contains the nematode Phasmarhabditis californica (strain P19D) and the bacterial symbiont Moraxella osloensis (unknown strain). The nematode was first described in 2016 and has never been reported in Norway. The lack of reports suggests that it is absent from Norway, but this conclusion comes with a high degree of uncertainty since there have been limited search efforts. The climatic thresholds of the nematode are not known, but its current distribution, spanning widely varying climates, suggests that it could survive and establish in Norway. Natural spread from currently known areas of establishment to natural habitats in Norway is ruled out due to the nematode’s limited dispersal capacity. However, human-assisted spread (e.g. via the use of biocontrol products) and establishment would be likely if Nemaslug 2.0 is allowed for use in open fields in Norway. Use of Nemaslug 2.0 in greenhouses and other enclosed areas is not likely to facilitate spread to natural habitats in Norway provided that residues are properly handled. However, deposition of product residues from greenhouses to outdoor areas may result in local establishment of the nematode in the vicinity of the deposition. Phasmarhabditis californica has a broad host range and may parasitize both rare/endangered and common mollusc species. However, there is no scientific evidence suggesting that the nematode can affect natural populations of molluscs in wild habitats, or otherwise have negative effects on biodiversity. The nematodes’ association with the bacteria Moraxella osloensis is most likely lost, or at least weakened, in natural habitats, suggesting that the nematode becomes less capable of killing its hosts in the wild. Phasmarhabditis californica is not capable of harming or infecting humans. The bacterial species Moraxella osloensis is already present in Norway in a few locations and at a low abundance, and it may be native to Norway. Little is known regarding its distribution in natural environments, but the literature shows that it can infect humans and other mammals. In humans with immunodeficiency or other comorbidities, M. osloensis can cause meningitis, vaginitis, sinusitis, bacteremia, endocarditis, and septic arthritis. The risk of infection in people handling Nemaslug 2.0 can probably be substantially reduced by protective clothing and appropriate handling. We are not aware of any reported health issues arising from use of the previous version of Nemaslug, which also contains M. osloensis. Different strains of M. osloensis are known to vary in their sensitivity to antibiotics, and likely in other traits too. Thus, the lack of information provided about the strain identity and specific characteristics of the strain used in Nemaslug 2.0 generates a high degree of uncertainty regarding its pathogenicity, climate tolerance, sensitivity to antibiotics etc.

• Alsanius, Beatrix; Magnusson, Christer; Nicolaisen, Mogens; Wright, Sandra A.I.; Wendell, Per Hans Micael & Krokene, Paal [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Assessment of treatment methods and validation criteria for composting and biogas facilities in relation to plant health risks and the risk of spreading alien organisms. VKM Report. 2021(19). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, Norwegian Environment Agency, Biowaste, Compost, Plant health, organic waste, Phytosanitary safety, Biogas, Alien organisms Introduction The Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA) have jointly asked the Norwegian Scientific Committee for food and environment for an assessment into treatment methods and validation methods for compost and digestate based on organic waste in relation to plant health and the spread of harmful alien organisms in Norway.  The Norwegian Food Safety Authority will use the report in its supervisory work over companies that produce compost and digestate. The assessment will also provide important input for the regulatory development of several current regulations including regulations on indicator organisms that are used to validate new methods and ensure adequate security with regards to the survival of plant pests. The Norwegian Environment Agency wants to establish whether the methods used in the composting of garden waste and other types of plant waste today are able to ensure that the finished product does not become a source for the spread of harmful alien organisms. This will form the basis for the Norwegian Environment Agency’s guidelines relating to the precautionary provisions in the regulation on alien organisms. This request is limited to an assessment of plant pests and harmful alien organisms (hereinafter alien organisms). The survival of infectious diseases harmful to people and animals is considered in separate assessments. Methods We have conducted initiating workshops for identifying relevant fundamental processes and parameters, of relevant organisms and of relevant search terms for the literature surveys, as well as for discussion and validation. Visits to composting facilities and contact with stakeholders in Norway were also conducted. This information was further implemented in an extensive literature search. This assessment include/encompass organic waste and other materials that are currently treated in biogas and composting facilities, including garden and park waste (incl. soil), plant waste from garden centres, etc., food waste and waste from the food and animal feed industry (including grain/seed husks and waste from enterprises which package and process potatoes and vegetables), manure, bulking agents used in composting facilities, and husks from contracted grain/seed cleaners for sowing. We have used a quantitative risk assessment. The level of confidence in the risk assessment is described, and uncertainties and data gaps identified. Furthermore, we have used re-submission commenting and external expert reviewing before final approval and publication. ...........

• Krokene, Paal; Hatteland, Bjørn Arild; Magnusson, Christer; Flø, Daniel; Thomsen, Iben Margrete & Stenberg, Johan A. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2021). Pest risk categorization – New plant health regulations for Norway. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2021(09), p. 1–688. Full text in Research Archive
• Thomsen, Iben M.; Kauserud, Håvard; Krokene, Paal; Nicolaisen, Mogens; Wendell, Per Hans Micael & Alsanius, Beatrix [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Risk assessment of six commercial mycorrhizal products. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2020(9), p. 1–55. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Environment Agency, mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza is a beneficial association between plant roots and fungi. This mutualistic symbiosis is essential for plant growth in most natural terrestrial ecosystems and in agriculture. Commercial mycorrhizal products containing fungi and bacteria may promote plant growth, especially on sites without a natural microbial community. Due to the risk of unintended negative effects, introduction of new species or genetically different isolates of native species should always be considered carefully. This report assesses the risk of establishment and spread of six fungal species and six bacterial species included in different commercial mycorrhizal products, as well as the species’ potential impact on Norwegian biodiversity. Most of the evaluated fungi and bacteria are probably present in Norway, even though presence at present data only exist for two of the six fungal species. Establishment of the assessed fungi on the plants and sites where they are applied is considered moderately likely, with medium uncertainty, while establishment of the bacterial species is considered to range from very unlikely to very likely depending on the bacterial group, with low uncertainty. The probability of spread to the wider environment ranges from unlikely (four fungal species), to moderately likely (two fungal species), to very likely (five of the six bacterial species). However, for all species it is considered unlikely that establishment and spread would have negative effects on other native species, habitats and ecosystems in Norway.

• Flø, Daniel; Rafoss, Trond; Wendell, Per Hans Micael & Sundheim, Leif (2020). The Siberian moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus), a pest risk assessment for Norway. Forest Ecosystems. 7, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s40663-020-00258-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The Siberian moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus) is a serious pest of conifers in Russia, Northern Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. The western border of the pest’s distribution in Russia is disputed, but it is present west of the 60th meridian east. The pest has the potential to defoliate a wide range of conifers. Results The pest is not present in Norway or other European countries, except Russia. Natural spread and human mediated transport are potential pathways for the pest. Human mediated pathways considered are: Living trees for planting, coniferous wood in the rough and foliage and branches. There has been no import of living trees from Russia to Norway during the past 30 years, and there is currently no import of coniferous wood commodities containing bark from areas, where D. sibiricus occurs. Conclusions The probability of D. sibiricus entry by natural spread is unlikely, mainly because of the geographical distance and the partial sea barriers between Norway and the infested areas. The probability of entry by human mediated pathways is unlikely due to the very limited volume of the import. Should the pest enter Norway, the probability of establishment and spread is unlikely, due to the suboptimal climatic conditions, and the fact that the two dominant conifers in the country, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), are intermediate and poor hosts, respectively. The potential damage, should D. sibiricus enter Norway, is considered low. Keywords: Lepidoptera, Invasive species, Geographical distribution, Forest pest

• Parolini, Marco; Panseri, Sara; Gaeta, Federico Håland; Ceriani, Federica; Felice, Beatrice De & Nobile, Maria [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Legacy and Emerging Contaminants in Demersal Fish Species from Southern Norway and Implications for Food Safety. Foods. 9(8). doi: 10.3390/foods9081108. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present study aimed at measuring the levels of legacy and emerging contaminants in fillet samples from four demersal fish caught in two fishing sites from Southern Norway, in order to assess possible implications for food safety. Levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs), organophosphate pesticides (OPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in fillet from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), lemon sole (Microstomus kitt), and European flounder (Platichthys flesus) specimens. A negligible contamination by all the investigated chemicals was noted in both the fishing sites, as very low levels of OCs, PCBs, and PFASs were noted in a limited number of individuals for each species. Considering the levels of contaminants measured in fillets of the four demersal fish species, negligible risk for human health for Norwegian consumers can be supposed.

• Drenkhan, Rein; Ganley, Beccy; Martín-García, Jorge; Vahalík, Petr; Adamson, Kalev & Adamčíková, Katarína [Show all 59 contributors for this article] (2020). Global geographic distribution and host range of Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker. Forests. 11(7), p. 1–40. doi: 10.3390/F11070724. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker (PPC), is currently one of the most important threats of Pinus spp. globally. This pathogen is known in many pine-growing regions, including natural and planted forests, and can affect all life stages of trees, from emerging seedlings to mature trees. Despite the importance of PPC, the global distribution of F. circinatum is poorly documented, and this problem is also true of the hosts within countries that are affected. The aim of this study was to review the global distribution of F. circinatum, with a particular focus on Europe. We considered (1) the current and historical pathogen records, both positive and negative, based on confirmed reports from Europe and globally; (2) the genetic diversity and population structure of the pathogen; (3) the current distribution of PPC in Europe, comparing published models of predicted disease distribution; and (4) host susceptibility by reviewing literature and generating a comprehensive list of known hosts for the fungus. These data were collated from 41 countries and used to compile a specially constructed geo-database. A review of 6297 observation records showed that F. circinatum and the symptoms it causes on conifers occurred in 14 countries, including four in Europe, and is absent in 28 countries. Field observations and experimental data from 138 host species revealed 106 susceptible host species including 85 Pinus species, 6 non-pine tree species and 15 grass and herb species. Our data confirm that susceptibility to F. circinatum varies between different host species, tree ages and environmental characteristics. Knowledge on the geographic distribution, host range and the relative susceptibility of different hosts is essential for disease management, mitigation and containment strategies. The findings reported in this review will support countries that are currently free of F. circinatum in implementing effective procedures and restrictions and prevent further spread of the pathogen.

• Nielsen, Anders; Stenberg, Johan A.; Wendell, Per Hans Micael; Alsanius, Beatrix; Krokene, Paal & Magnusson, Christer [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Risk assessment of the biological control product Limonica with the organism Amblydromalus limonicus Garman and McGregor. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2020(13), p. 1–25. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The product Limonica, with the predatory mite Amblydromalus limonicus as the active organism, is sought to be used as a biological control agent in Norway. Limonica is intended for use against western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentallis), other thrips (e.g. Thrips tabaci), spider mites and whiteflies (e.g. Trialeurodes, Aleyrodes and Bemisia spp.) in protected horticultural crops such as cucumber, sweet pepper, strawberry and ornamentals. The product is not recommended for greenhouse-grown tomatoes. VKM’s conclusions are as follows Distribution, especially if the organism is found naturally in Norway Amblydromalus limonicus has a very wide natural distribution, being reported from New Zealand, Australia South America, Central America, and North America as well as Hawaii. It has also recently established populations in crop productions and non-crop vegetation in Catalonia, North Eastern Spain. Amblydromalus limonicus have not been observed in Norway. The species seems not to have the capability to enter diapause under unfavourable conditions and it is the view of VKM that it likely lacks the ability to survive and establish in areas with cold winters and chilly summers, as found in most parts of Norway under current climatic conditions. The potential of the organism for establishment and spread under Norwegian conditions specified for use in greenhouses and open field The thermal preference of A. limonicus restricts its establishment, and the species has not been observed outdoors in Norway. As the species is incapable of entering diapause it is the opinion of VKM that it is unlikely that A. limonicus will be able to establish in outdoor areas in Norway. However, the lack of detailed information on temperature tolerance of the species constitutes an uncertainty factor. The risk of spread from greenhouses is low because no wind or vector are likely to carry the mites from the greenhouse to suitable outdoor habitats. However, mites that have escaped from a greenhouses to may spread in the nature. All conclusions are uncertain due to lack of relevant information regarding the species’ climate tolerance. Its origin and current distribution suggest that it cannot survive cold winters. Any ambiguities regarding taxonomy that hamper risk assessment There are no taxonomic challenges related to the assessment of A. limonicus. Assessment of the product and the organism with regard to possible health risks VKM Report 2020: 13 8 VKM is unaware of reports where harm to humans has been observed, whether by A. limonicus itself. Mites may, however, produce allergic reactions in sensitive individuals handling plant material with high numbers of individuals. There is reason to believe that this holds true also for A. limonicus. Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, biological control, predatory mite

• Parolini, Marco; Panseri, Sara; Gaeta, Federico Håland; Ceriani, Federica; Beatrice, Felice De & Nobile, Maria [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2020). Incidence of persistent contaminants through blue mussels biomonitoring from Flekkefjord fjord and their relevance to food safety. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. ISSN 1944-0049. 37(5), p. 831–844. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1730986. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dredging activities can lead to the re-suspension of contaminated sediments, resulting in a potential hazard for the whole ecosystem and also for human health. Six-month active biomonitoring was performed in order to monitor the trends of different classes of both legacy (organochlorine – OCPs – and organophosphate (OPs) compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls – PCBs) and emerging (polybromodiphenyl ethers – PBDE – and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances – PFASs) organohalogen compounds, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis spp.) specimens transplanted at different depths in the Flekkefjord fjord. Such biomonitoring was performed to evaluate the efficacy of sediment restoration activities and to check for the potential environmental risk for the biota and food safety for human seafood. Negligible contamination by OCPs, OPs, PBDEs and PFASs was noted in mussels over the 6-month biomonitoring, while a notable increase in the concentrations of PCBs and PAHs occurred in mussels transplanted at 15 m depth in three sampling sites within the fjord, as a consequence of an undersea landslide which occurred during restoration activities. Levels of PCBs and PAHs suggested a potential risk for mussel predators and also for the human health, as they exceeded the limit set by the European Commission for the consumption of bivalve molluscs. These results confirm the reliability of active biomonitoring to flank dredging activities aimed at ecosystem restoration in order to monitor the trend of contaminants and to estimate the potential risk for the aquatic communities and human health.

• Rafoss, Trond & Nagothu, Sekhar (2020). Sustainable biomass production from oceans and the potential for circular bioeconomy. In Nagothu, Sekhar (Eds.), The Bioeconomy Approach. Constraints and Opportunities for Sustainable Development. Routledge. ISSN 9780367335717. p. 24–44. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This chapter focuses on ocean-land interactions and the potential for bioeconomy that offers unique opportunities to feed the increasing human population. Oceans can provide a circular bioeconomy by using increased CO2, and dissolved nutrients (P, N, Fe and other elements) in the water, leached from land-based activities. Estimates show that CO2 capture by seaweed cultivation alone can range from 1,500 to 3,000 tons per square kilometre. Ocean photosynthetic production provides more food and energy for human consumption without external inputs. This will contribute to sustainable development by providing food security and will aid the recovery of degraded ecosystems, thus directly contributing to the SDG 2 (reducing hunger) and SDG 14 (protecting life below water). Nevertheless, increasing food production from the oceans has its associated risks if the proper conditions are not met. Hence, proper coastal land use management is important as it continuously affects the nutrient flows, which in turn can lead to more serious changes in carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification. Genuine and stable partnerships, therefore, are necessary to share responsibility for environmental stewardship and to manage marine and coastal ecosystems sustainably. The chapter suggests the need for financial incentives to encourage research and innovations, support farmers associations and establish common platforms to share data and knowledge on oceans for better environmental management.

• Halvorsen, Kim Aleksander Tallaksen; Sørdalen, Tonje Knutsen; Larsen, Torkel; Browman, Howard; Rafoss, Trond & Albretsen, Jon [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Mind the depth: The vertical dimension of a small-scale coastal fishery shapes selection on species, size, and sex in wrasses. Marine and Coastal Fisheries. 12(6), p. 404–422. doi: 10.1002/mcf2.10131. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Small‐scale fisheries (SSFs) tend to target shallow waters, but the depth distributions of coastal fish can vary depending on species, size, and sex. This creates a scope for a form of fishing selectivity that has received limited attention but can have considerable implications for monitoring and management of these fisheries. We conducted a case study on the Norwegian wrasse fishery, a developing SSF in which multiple species are caught in shallow waters (mean depth = 4.5 m) to be used as cleaner fish in aquaculture. Several of these wrasses have life histories and behaviors that are sensitive to selective fishing mortality, such as sexual size dimorphism, paternal care, and sex change. An experimental fishery was undertaken over three sampling periods in 2018. Data on catch, length, and sex of wrasses across a depth gradient (0–18 m) were collected and analyzed. We found that depth distributions were species specific and the vertical overlap with the fishery was high for Corkwing Wrasse Symphodus melops and Ballan Wrasse Labrus bergylta, which were most abundant at depths less than 5 m. Three other wrasse species had invariant or increasing abundance with depth and were therefore less likely to be negatively impacted by this fishery. Body size was positively correlated with depth for these wrasses, and sex ratio became more male biased for the Corkwing Wrasse, the only species that could be visually sexed. This study demonstrates that depth can have strong effects on fishing selectivity at multiple scales and that such knowledge is necessary to develop management strategies that balance fishing mortality sustainably across species, sizes, and sexes. We recommend that management priorities be directed toward the Ballan and Corkwing wrasses—the species having the highest vertical overlap with the fishery. Furthermore, CPUE was strongly affected by seasonality and positively correlated with increasing wave exposure for one of the species. This underscores the general importance of standardizing catch data for several environmental covariates when monitoring species that are affected by SSFs.

• Stenberg, Johan A.; Nielsen, Anders; Wendell, Per Hans Micael; Alsanius, Beatrix; Krokene, Paal & Magnusson, Christer [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Risk assessment of the biological control product ANDERcontrol with the organism Amblyseius andersoni. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2020(4), p. 1–27. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  ANDERcontrol with the predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni as the active organism is sought to be used as a biological control agent in Norway. ANDERcontrol is intended for use against different mites (such as the two-spotted, fruit-tree, and red spider mite, russet mite,cyclamen mite) and in horticultural crops such as fruits, berries, vegetables, and ornamental. VKM’s conclusions are as follows Prevalence, especially if the organism is found naturally in Norway: Amblyseius andersoni has not been observed in Norway. It has been observed, in low numbers, in southern Sweden and has the capability to enter diapause under unfavourable conditions which suggests the potential for establishing under Norwegian conditions. It is however, the view of VKM that it likely lacks the ability to survive and establish in areas with cold winters and chilly summers, as found in most parts of Norway under current climatic conditions. The potential of the organism for establishment and spread under Norwegian conditions specified for use in greenhouses and open field: The thermal preference of A. andersoni restricts its establishment, and the species has not been observed in Norway. The species is capable of entering diapause, but the lack of records, despite targeted surveys, makes it the opinion of VKM that it is unlikely that A. andersoni will be able to establish in outdoor areas in Norway. However, the lack of information on temperature tolerance of the species constitute an uncertainty factor. The risk of spread from greenhouses is low because no wind or vector are likely to carry the mites from the greenhouse to suitable outdoor habitats, and mite populations in greenhouses do not enter the more cold-tolerant diapause. All conclusions are uncertain due to lack of relevant information regarding the species’ climate tolerance. Any ambiguities regarding the taxonomy, which hampers risk assessment: There are no taxonomic challenges related to the assessment of A. andersoni. Assessment of the product and the organism with regard to possible health risk: VKM is unaware of reports where harm to humans by A. andersoni itself, or associated pathogenic organisms have been observed. Mites may however produce allergic reactions in sensitive individuals handling plant material with high numbers of individuals. There is reason to believe that this holds true also for A. andersoni. Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, biological control, predatory mite

• Stenberg, Johan A.; Nielsen, Anders; Wendell, Per Hans Micael; Alsanius, Beatrix; Krokene, Paal & Magnusson, Christer [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Risk assessment of the biological control product Atheta-System with the organism Atheta coriaria Kraatz. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2020(12), p. 1–28. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Atheta-System with the rove beetle Atheta coriaria (Kraatz 1856) as the active organism is sought to be used as a biocontrol agent for augmentation biological control in Norway. Atheta-System is intended for use against soil dwelling stages of fungus gnats (e.g. Bradysia paupera), shore flies (Scatella stagnalis), and thrips (e.g. Frankliniella occidentallis) in greenhouses, plastic tunnels, and other closed or controlled climate cultivations of horticultural crops, incl. soft-fruit crops, vegetables, ornamentals, and kitchen herbs. VKM’s conclusions are as follows Distribution, especially if the organism is found naturally in Norway Atheta coriaria is established (naturalized) in Norway since 1919 and has been reported numerous times from Agder in the South to Trøndelag in mid-Norway. The potential of the organism for establishment and spread under Norwegian conditions specified for use in greenhouses and open field The thermal thresholds of A. coriaria are not well-studied, but its current distribution in Southern and mid-Scandinavia shows that it tolerates relatively low winter temperatures, and that the Norwegian summer climate allows for successful reproduction. A. coriaria overwinters in the soil, which provides a relatively sheltered environment. Adults disperse rapidly by flying. All life stages can be vectored by humans – mainly by movement of soil and compost material. Thus, further spread northwards in Norway is predicted irrespective of additional introductions. It is unknown if it can enter diapause under greenhouse conditions. Any ambiguities regarding the taxonomy which hamper risk assessment There are no major taxonomic challenges related to the assessment of A. coriaria. Assessment of the product and the organism with regard to possible health risk VKM is unaware of reports of harm inflicted to humans by A. coriaria itself. Atheta-System comes with the cosmopolitan cheese mite (Tyrophagus putrescentiae), serving as food for A. coriaria. As with most mites, T. putrescentiae may induce allergic reactions in sensitive persons handling the product. Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, biological control, rove beetle

• Sandvik, Hanno; Hilmo, Olga; Finstad, Anders Gravbrøt; Hegre, Hanne; Moen, Toril Loennechen & Rafoss, Trond [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Generic ecological impact assessment of alien species (GEIAA): the third generation of assessments in Norway. Biological Invasions. ISSN 1387-3547. 21(9), p. 2803–2810. doi: 10.1007/s10530-019-02033-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species (GEIAA) is described. It comprises a set of criteria and an assessment procedure. The set of criteria consists of three criteria that quantify invasion potential, and six criteria that capture the ecological effects of alien species. The threshold values for all criteria are numerically defined, rendering the set of criteria fully quantitative. Genericity is ensured by using criteria that are applicable to all taxonomic groups and in all habitats. In being generic, quantitative, ecological and normatively neutral, the criteria were inspired by the international Red List criteria. Capturing both invasion potential and effect, GEIAA can be regarded as a full ecological impact assessment. The assessment procedure contains guidelines on documentation, the collection of background information, the handling of uncertainty, and quality assurance. GEIAA represents the second revision, and thus the third generation, of assessment methodology in Norway. It has recently been used to carry out more than 2500 impact assessments of alien species in Norway and Sweden.

• Tørresen, Kirsten; Fykse, Haldor; Rafoss, Trond & Gerowitt, Bärbel (2019). Autumn growth of three perennial weeds at high latitude benefits from climate change. Global Change Biology. ISSN 1354-1013. 26(4), p. 2561–2572. doi: 10.1111/gcb.14976. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In autumn, agricultural perennial weeds prepare for winter and can store reserves into creeping roots or rhizomes. Little is known about influence of climate change in this period. We tested the effect of simulated climate change in autumn on three widespread and noxious perennial weeds, Elymus repens (L.) Gould, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and Sonchus arvensis L. We divided and combined simulated climate change components into elevated CO2 concentration (525 ppm), elevated temperatures (+2–2.5°C), treatments in open‐top chambers. In addition, a control in the open‐top chamber without any increase in CO2 and temperature, and a field control outside the chambers were included. Two geographically different origins and three pre‐growth periods prior to the exposure to climate change factors were included for each species. All species increased leaf area under elevated temperature, close to doubling in E. repens and quadrupling in the dicot species. E. repens kept leaves green later in autumn. C. arvense did not benefit in below‐ground growth from more leaf area or leaf dry mass. S. arvensis had low levels of leaf area throughout the experiment and withered earlier than the two other species. Below‐ground plant parts of S. arvensis were significantly increased by elevated temperature. Except for root:shoot ratio of C. arvense, the effects of pure elevated CO2 were not significant for any variables compared to the open‐top chamber control. There was an additive, but no synergistic, effect of enhanced temperature and CO2. The length of pre‐growth period was highly important for autumn plant growth, while origin had minor effect. We conclude that the small transfer of enhanced above‐ground growth into below‐ground growth under climate change in autumn does not favour creeping perennial plants per se, but more leaf area may offer more plant biomass to be tackled by chemical or physical weed control.

• Gilioli, G.; Schrader, G.; Gregoire, J.-C.; MacLeod, A.; Mosbach-Schulz, O. & Rafoss, Trond [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). The EFSA quantitative approach to pest risk assessment – methodological aspects and case studies. EPPO Bulletin. ISSN 0250-8052. 47(2), p. 213–219. doi: 10.1111/epp.12377. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A new method for pest risk assessment and the identification and evaluation of risk-reducing options is currently under development by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Plant Health Panel. The draft method has been tested on pests of concern to the European Union (EU). The method is adaptable and can focus either on all the steps and sub-steps of the assessment process or on specific parts if necessary. It is based on assessing changes in pest population abundance as the major driver of the impact on cultivated plants and on the environment. Like other pest risk assessment systems the method asks questions about the likelihood and magnitude of factors that contribute to risk. Responses can be based on data or expert judgment. Crucially, the approach is quantitative, and it captures uncertainty through the provision by risk assessors of quantile estimates of the probability distributions for the assessed variables and parameters. The assessment is based on comparisons between different scenarios, and the method integrates risk-reducing options where they apply to a scenario, for example current regulation against a scenario where risk-reducing options are not applied. A strategy has been developed to communicate the results of the risk assessment in a clear, comparable and transparent way, with the aim of providing the requestor of the risk assessment with a useful answer to the question(s) posed to the EFSA Plant Health Panel. The method has been applied to four case studies, two fungi, Ceratocystis platani and Cryphonectria parasitica, the nematode Ditylenchus destructor and the Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma. Selected results from these case studies illustrate the types of output that the method can deliver.

• Sletten, Arild; Talgø, Venche; Rafoss, Trond & Melbøe, Nils S. (2017). Fire blight in Norway: A review of strategies and control measures from 1986 to 2016. Journal of plant pathology. ISSN 1125-4653. 99, p. 137–139. doi: 10.4454/jpp.v99i0.3921. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, was detected for the first time in Norway in 1986. It was a limited outbreak on the south-western coast, only on ornamentals, and particularly on Cotoneaster spp. An action group handling the eradication and containment of the disease was quickly established. Comprehensive statutory powers and resources were given by the government to do surveys and eradicate diseased or symptomless but highly susceptible plant species from contaminated areas. These activities have likely restricted fire blight to the western and southern coastal areas. Eastern and northern parts of Norway are considered free from fire blight. The disease has not been observed in important fruit-growing areas. Uncontrolled movement of beehives from areas with fire blight to areas free from the disease has contributed to its introduction to new areas. From 1969 to 2016 import of most host plants of E. amylovora from countries with fire blight was prohibited. A yearly program for annual surveys in parts of the country with commercial fruit-growing and nurseries, using digital maps on internet connected tablets with GPS and software for in situ registrations, proved to be an efficient method for discovering new outbreaks at an early stage, and to start eradication and thus limit further spread.

• Sundheim, Leif & Rafoss, Trond (2015). Fumonisin in maize in relation to climate change. In Botana, Luis M & Sainz, Maria J. (Ed.), Climate Change and Mycotoxins. De Gruyter Brill. ISSN 9783110333053. p. 109–132. doi: 10.1515/9783110333619-008. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordskog, Berit; Skog, Tor-Einar; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Schjøll, Annette & Brodal, Guro [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). VIPS - a collaboration platform for integrated pest and disease management (IPM) in agriculture. In Fløistad, Erling & Günther, Morten (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2014. Sammendrag og presentasjoner. NIBIO. ISSN 9788217012092. p. 148–148. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne boka inneholder sammendrag av 81 av de 88 foredragene som blir holdt under konferansen pluss 31 av 54 vitenskapelige plakater som presenteres. I boka er sammendragene gruppert sesjonsvis på samme måte som i konferanseprogrammet. Sammendragene av plakatene er samlet til slutt i boka. Boka inneholder også et forfatterregister med henvisning til sidetall for både artikler og plakater.

• Skog, Tor-Einar; Nordskog, Berit; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Schjøll, Annette & Netland, Jan [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). VIPS - An open source technology platform for implementation of IPM tools, aimed at international collaboration and local adaptations. In Tanovic, Brankica; Glavendekic, Milka & Nicot, Philippe (Ed.), VII Congress on plant protection. "Integrated Plant Protection. Knowledge-based Step Towards Sustainable Agriculture, Forestry and Landscape Architecture." 24-28 November 2014, Zlatibor, Serbia Book of Abstracts. Plant Protection Society of Serbia. ISSN 9788683017256. p. 66–66. Full text in Research Archive
• Makowski, D.; Vicent, A.; Pautasso, M.; Stancanelli, G. & Rafoss, Trond (2014). Comparison of statistical models in a meta-analysis of fungicide treatments for the control of citrus black spot caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa. European journal of plant pathology. ISSN 0929-1873. 139(1), p. 79–94. doi: 10.1007/s10658-013-0365-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Bernhoft, Aksel; Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl; Sundheim, Leif; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Fæste, Christiane Kruse & Rafoss, Trond [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2013). Risikovurdering - mykotoksiner i korn. In Fløistad, Erling & Günther, Morten (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2013. Sammendrag og presentasjoner. Bioforsk. ISSN 9788217009986. p. 125–126. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne boka inneholder sammendrag av 118 av de 134 foredragene som blir holdt under konferansen pluss 30 av 39 vitenskapelige plakater som presenteres.

• Sundheim, Leif; Brodal, Guro; Hofgaard, Ingerd & Rafoss, Trond (2013). Temporal Variation of Mycotoxin Producing Fungi in Norwegian Cereals. Microorganisms. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms1010188. Full text in Research Archive
• Rafoss, Trond; Skahjem, Jarle; Johansen, John Atle; Johannessen, Ståle; Nagothu, Sekhar & Fløistad, Inger [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Improving pest risk assessment and management through the aid of geospatial information technology standards. NeoBiota. ISSN 1619-0033. p. 119-130–119-130. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.18.4017. Full text in Research Archive
• Kriticos, Darren J.; Venette, Robert C.; Baker, Richard H.A.; Brunel, Sarah; Koch, Frank H. & Rafoss, Trond [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Invasive alien species in the Food Chain: Advancing risk assessment models to adress climate change, economics and uncertainty. NeoBiota. ISSN 1619-0033. 18, p. 1–7. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.18.6108. Full text in Research Archive
• Fløistad, Inger & Rafoss, Trond (2012). Uønska plantearter i spredning - hva kan vi gjøre? In Fløistad, Erling & Günther, Morten (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2012. Sammendrag og presentasjoner. NIBIO. ISSN 9788217008774. p. 168–170. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne boka inneholder sammendrag av 78 av de 105 foredragene som blir holdt under konferansen pluss 43 av 52 vitenskapelige plakater som presenteres.

• Bergseng, Even; Økland, Bjørn; Gobakken, Terje; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond & Solberg, Birger (2012). Combining ecological and economic modelling in analysing a pest invasion contingency plan – The case of pine wood nematode in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. ISSN 0282-7581. 27(4), p. 337–349. doi: 10.1080/02827581.2011.637509. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundheim, Leif; Rafoss, Trond & Sletten, Arild (2011). Risikovurdering av mørk ringråte ved import av matpoteter fra Nederland. In Fløistad, Erling & Munthe, Kari (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2011. NIBIO. ISSN 9788217007456. p. 131–131. Full text in Research Archive
• Berge, Therese W.; Ficke, Andrea; Netland, Jan; Klingen, Ingeborg & Rafoss, Trond (2011). Plantevern i et "varmere, våtere og villere" Norge - forskningen må starte nå. In Fløistad, Erling & Munthe, Kari (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2011. NIBIO. ISSN 9788217007456. p. 132–132. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Potensiell avlingsreduksjon pga ugras, skadedyr og plantesykdommer ligger på hhv 34%, 18% og 16%. En så stor potensiell tapspost krever godt plantevern. Hvilke skadegjørere vi vil få et økt problem med og hvilke som vil bli redusert pga endret klima, er det viktig å få en oversikt over slik at tilpassede planteverntiltak kan utvikles. Klimatilpasningskompetansen til rådgiving og bønder må bygges opp gradvis. Forskningen må starte nå.

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• Gonzalez, Enrique Blanco; Rafoss, Trond; Gaeta, Federico Håland & Moksness, Erlend (2025). Gir vi opp torsken? [Journal]. Småfisker'n NR 1/25 - 41, pp. 18-19.. Full text in Research Archive
• Gonzalez, Enrique Blanco; Rafoss, Trond; Gaeta, Federico Håland & Moksness, Erlend (2025). Gir vi opp torsken? [Internet]. Fædrelandsvennen. Full text in Research Archive
• Alexander, Jan; Hemre, Gro Ingunn; Hofshagen, Merete; Mathisen, Gro Haarklou; Aasmo-Finne, Merethe & Agdestein, Angelika [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2022). Matproduksjon, mattrygghet og miljø - innspill om kunnskapsbehov til gjennomføringen av det grønne skiftet - Uttalelse fra hovedkomiteen i Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM). VKM Report. 2022:30(30), p. 1–21. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten er utarbeidet av Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM), en uavhengig, tverrfaglig komité som utarbeider kunnskapsgrunnlag for den norske mat- og miljøforvaltningen på områdene matproduksjon, mattrygghet og biologisk mangfold. De siste tiårene har FNs klimapanel, Det internasjonale naturpanelet, Det internasjonale ressurspanelet og flere andre paneler og organisasjoner levert rapporter som dokumenterer at befolkningsvekst og menneskelig aktivitet fører med seg store og økende utfordringer på miljø-, klima- og ressursområdet. Endringer innen disse områdene påvirker matproduksjon, matsikkerhet, mattrygghet, folkehelse og naturverdier i alle deler av verden (UNEP, 2021). Samtidig som utfordringene er globale, vil mange av de spesifikke problemstillingene og kunnskapsbehovene variere på bakgrunn av lokale forutsetninger, behov, og muligheter. I denne rapporten ser vi på problemstillinger og kunnskapsbehov som er relevante for Norge. Vi legger imidlertid til grunn at utvikling av kunnskap om bærekraftig matproduksjon i Norge, også vil kunne benyttes i andre land, og til å avhjelpe globale utfordringer. Ett eksempel på det er norsk sjømatproduksjon, som er tett sammenvevd med internasjonal sjømat- og fôrproduksjon. Kunnskap og nye metoder som er utviklet i Norge, vil derfor kunne tas i bruk og få konsekvenser for marin og landbasert bioproduksjon andre steder. Rapporten er basert på konseptet én helse, en helthetlig og tverrfaglig tilnærming som handler om at helsa til mennesker og dyr, og tilstanden til økosystemet vi lever i, er tett knyttet sammen og avhengig av hverandre. Tilnærmingen inkluderer både human-, landdyr-, fiske-, plante-, jord-, vann- og økosystemhelse, og tar sikte på å balansere og optimalisere helsa til mennesker, dyr og økosystemer på en bærekraftig måte. I rapporten presenterer vi noen sentrale kunnskapsbehov innenfor områdene dyrehelse, dyrevelferd, plantehelse, human helse, biologisk mangfold og økosystemer. Vi mener at følgende må ligge til grunn for det grønne skiftet og overgang til bærekraftig matproduksjon: • Tilnærmingen må være tverrsektoriell, helhetlig og kritisk, fordi en endring som er gunstig innenfor én sektor kan ha uheldige effekter innenfor en annen sektor, og endringer i matsystemet i ett land kan få konsekvenser for systemet i andre land. Derfor må vi samarbeide på tvers av sektorer og se nasjonale utfordringer i en internasjonal sammenheng. • Sentrale kunnskapsbehov må identifiseres og dekkes, og kunnskapen må gjøres tilgjengelig. • All relevant, tilgjengelig kunnskap må tas i bruk for å velge løsninger som erhensiktsmessige for samfunnet som helhet.

• Vandvik, Vigdis; Elvevoll, Edel O.; Finne, Merethe Aasmo; Hofshagen, Merete; Nielsen, Anders & Steffensen, Inger-Lise [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2020). Uavhengige kunnskapssynteser: grunnlag for kunnskapsbaserte beslutninger i samfunnet. Uttalelse fra hovedkomiteen i Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM). VKM Report. 2020:03, p. 1–24. Full text in Research Archive
• Sletten, Arild; Talgø, Venche; Rafoss, Trond & Melbøe, Nils S. (2016). Control of fire blight in Norway 1986-2015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fire blight was detected for the first time in Norway in 1986. It was a limited outbreak on the West Coast, only on ornamentals, particularly on Cotoneaster. An organization for the eradication and containment of fire blight was quickly established, and given comprehensive statutory powers and government resources to do surveys and eradicate diseased plants and highly susceptible plants from contaminated areas. The work has managed to restrict fire blight to the West Coast. Eastern and Northern parts of the country are considered pest free areas. The disease has not moved into important fruit-growing areas. Spread of fire blight to new areas has mainly been due to uncontrolled movement of beehives. From 1969 to 2016 import of all host plants from countries with fire blight has been prohibited. Systematic yearly surveys by foot and car in all parts of the country, using digital maps, internet connected tablets with GPS, and software for registrations made in the field have proved to be an efficient tool to spot new outbreaks at an early stage and start eradication, thus limiting further spread.

• Skog, Tor-Einar; Nordskog, Berit; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Schjøll, Annette & Netland, Jan [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). VIPS- an open source technology platform aimed at international collaboration on IPM. In Fløistad, Erling & Günther, Morten (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2015. Sammendrag av presentasjoner og plakater. NIBIO. ISSN 9788217013891. p. 128–128. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne boka inneholder sammendrag av 80 av de 90 foredragene som blir holdt under Bioforsk-konferansen. I tillegg presenteres sammendrag av 36 vitenskapelige plakater. I boka er sammendragene gruppert sesjonsvis på samme måte som i konferanseprogrammet. Sammendragene av plakatene er samlet til slutt i boka.

• Nordskog, Berit; Skog, Tor-Einar; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Schjøll, Annette & Brodal, Guro [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). VIPS - a collaboration platform for integrated pest and disease management (IPM) in agriculture. Full text in Research Archive
• Skog, Tor-Einar; Nordskog, Berit; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Schjøll, Annette & Netland, Jan [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). An open source technology platform for international collaboration and local adaptation of IPM tools. Full text in Research Archive
• Skog, Tor-Einar; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Schjøll, Annette; Netland, Jan & Trandem, Nina [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). VIPS - An open source technology platform for implementation of IPM tools, aimed at international collaboration and local adaptations. Full text in Research Archive
• Brodal, Guro; Rafoss, Trond & Tangerås, Håkon (2014). The occurrence of Fusarium in cereal seeds in Norway 1970-2012 and the relationship with climatic conditions. 7th ISTA Seed Health Symposium, 12-14 June 2014, Edinburgh, UK. Book of abstracts. p. 27–27. Full text in Research Archive
• Flø, Daniel; Solheim, Halvor; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond; Sundheim, Leif & Perminow, Juliana Irina Spies (2014). Import of deciduous wood chips from eastern North America – pathway-initiated risk characterization of relevant plant pests. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundheim, Leif; Brodal, Guro; Hofgaard, Ingerd & Rafoss, Trond (2013). Risk assessment of Mycotoxins in cereal grain in Norway. 3rd Annual world congress of microbes 2013. p. 262–262. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordskog, Berit; Netland, Jan; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Skog, Tor-Einar & Brodal, Guro [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). VIPS – a technology platform for integrated pest and disease management (IPM) in agriculture. Full text in Research Archive
• Rafoss, Trond (2012). Climarice II progress. Pest and disease forecasting as an adaptation measure. Exploring mobile technology. Full text in Research Archive
• Fløistad, Inger & Rafoss, Trond (2012). Uønska planter i spredning - hva kan vi gjøre? Full text in Research Archive
• Rafoss, Trond (2012). New developments in geospatial data standards can improve pest risk assessment and management. Full text in Research Archive
• Rafoss, Trond; Nærstad, Ragnhild; Hofgaard, Ingerd Skow; Hole, Halvard; Elen, Oleif & Brodal, Guro (2011). Plantevernvarsel på gårdsnivå. Rapport fra en pilotstudie for potet og korn i Solør-Odal. In Strand, Einar (Eds.), Jord- og Plantekultur 2011. Forsøk i korn, olje- og proteinvekster, engfrøavl og potet 2010. NIBIO. ISSN 9788217007159. p. 91–97. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Varsling av angrep av potettørråte og aksfusariose mot enkeltgårdsbruk er prøvet ut for 35 gårdsbruk i Solø-Odal. Denne utprøvingen av gårdsvarsel er basert på fjernmåling av nedbør med radar og beregning av loakle værforhold basert på værvarslingsmodell. Foreløpige resultater fra evaluering av erfaringene fra 2010 er lovende. Samarbeidspartnere er Meteorologisk institutt og Solør-Odal Landbruksrådgivning.

• Engebretsen, Solveig; Aldrin, Magne Tommy; Ghinassi, Noemi; Giskegjerde, Siri; Rafoss, Trond & Jansen, Peder A (2025). Temperature effect of evacuation time of salmon lice in ballan wrasse. Norsk Regnesentral. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present study is an extension of a study on the evacuation time of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in ballan wrasse (Labrus Berggylta). In the already existing study, the evacuation time of salmon lice in ballan wrasse was studied through an experiment conducted at 10-11 °C. We here supplement their analysis with additional experiments conducted at 6.5 °C and 15 °C. Quantifying the evacuation time of salmon lice in cleaner fish is important in order to assess cleaning efficacy from gastric lice count data, which are routinely collected by salmon farmers. We fit a binomial logistic regression model for the probability of finding lice in the digestive tract over time after ingestion based on data from experiments at all three temperatures. The estimated median evacuation time was 12.0 hours (95% confidence interval (10.8, 13.1), and the estimated mean evacuation time was 12.6 hours. By integrating the estimated probability, we derive that dividing the average number of salmon lice per wrasse in their digestive tracts by 0.504 gives an estimate of the average number of salmon lice consumed per wrasse per day. Assuming 0.39 salmon lice per digestive tract of ballan wrasse, as was found in the previous study, we hence estimate 0.77 salmon lice consumed per ballan wrasse per day. Comparing with the previous study which is based only on the experimental data at 10-11 °C, our estimate is similar but lower, as they found 0.83 salmon lice consumed per ballan wrasse per day.

• Lima, A.C.; Machado, R.; Rafoss, Trond; Moyano, Marta; Gonzalez, Enrique Blanco & Duarte, A. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Blue Control Centre - Architectural specification & requirement analysis. EEA Grants Portugal. Full text in Research Archive
• Lima, A.C.; Machado, R.; Rafoss, Trond; Moyano, Marta; Gonzalez, Enrique Blanco & Duarte, A. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Blue Control Centre - Solution user manual. EEA Grants Portugal. Full text in Research Archive
• Jansen, Peder A; Lindhom, Andreas; Danielsen, Ole Roald; Rafoss, Trond; Engebretsen, Solveig & Aldrin, Magne Tommy [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Rensefiskbetingelser: Betingelser som fremmer lusespising hos rensefisk Faglig sluttrapport for FHF-prosjekt Rensefiskbetingelser (P.nr.: 901766). Norsk Regnesentral. Full text in Research Archive
• Halvorsen, Kim Aleksander Tallaksen; Sørdalen, Tonje Knutsen; Larsen, Torkel; Rafoss, Trond & Skiftesvik, Anne Berit (2020). Kunnskapsbasert innovasjon for optimal ressursutnyttelse i leppefiskeriet — Sluttrapport i prosjekt 272202 - Regionalt forskningsfond Agder. Havforskningsinstituttet. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rensefisk benyttes for å kontrollere mengden lakselus i oppdrett av laksefisk i sjø i Norge. Behovet for rensefisk har økt markant siden 2010 på grunn av resistensutvikling mot medikamentelle behandlinger hos lakselus (Skiftesvik et al. 2014; Aaen et al. 2015; Rueness et al. 2019). På tross av at produksjonen av oppdrettet rensefisk, primært rognkjeks, har økt kraftig de siste årene, så har det ikke redusert behovet for villfanget leppefisk som rensefisk. Leppefiskeriet har blitt en svært viktig næring for kystfiskere i Agder. Da ålefisket ble forbudt i 2006, gikk mange over til å fiske leppefisk som kan utføres med samme redskap og fartøy. På Sørlandet har fiskerne leveringsavtaler med oppkjøpere som transporterer og videreselger leppefisken til oppdrettsanlegg hovedsakelig i Midt- og Nord-Norge. Fiskeriet på Skagerrakkysten er ikke jevnt fordelt, hoveddelen (ca 80 %) av fangsten tas i Agder (Figur 1). Fiskepresset på leppefisk anses å være lavt fra Telemark og til Svenskegrensen. Ytterligere informasjon om fangsttall, verdi og fartøy i de ulike regionene finnes på Fiskeridirektoratets nettsider: https://www.fiskeridir.no/Yrkesfiske/Tall-og-analyse/Fangst-ogkvoter/Fangst-av-leppefisk. Man har inntil nylig hatt lite kunnskap om hvor mye beskatning leppefiskbestandene tåler og hvilke økologiske konsekvenser et eventuelt overfiske kan medføre. På Skagerrakkysten fangstes det på tre ulike leppefiskarter, bergnebb (Ctenolabrus rupestris), grønngylte (Symphodus melops) og berggylte (Labrus bergylta). Grasgylt (Centrolabrus exoletus) og Rødnebb/Blåstål (Labrus mixtus) regnes som bifangst på Sørlandet siden de ikke egner seg for langdistansetransport. Det forekommer noe bruk av disse artene lokalt på Vestlandet. I tillegg tas det en del bifangst av andre fisk og skalldyr, som kan forårsake skade på leppefisken, samt av kyst-torsk og hummer, ikoniske arter som er truet av overfiske på Skagerrak-kysten (Fernández-Chacón et al. 2015; Sørdalen et al. 2018). Taskekrabbe brukes som agn i leppefisket, men må fiskes med egne krabbeteiner. Regelverket pålegger at all bifangst som fanges i Kunnskapsbasert innovasjon for optimal ressursutnyttelse i leppefiskeriet 1 - Bakgrunn for prosjektet 4/21 leppefiskredskap skal slippes ut på fangststedet. I Agder er det dokumentert høyere forekomster av leppefisk innad i bevaringsområder sammenliknet med nærliggende områder med åpent fiske, noe som tyder på at fiskeriet kan ha en bestandsregulerende effekt (Figur 2; Halvorsen et al. 2017). HIs råd om kvoter og reguleringer har vært basert på en føre-var-tilnærming for å stoppe en videre ekspansjon i fiskeriet før man har tilstrekkelig kunnskap om bestandenes tåleevne og svingninger. Fiskeridirektoratet forvalter bestandene ved bruk av flere ulike reguleringer, herunder gytetidsfredning, fluktåpninger, artsspesifikke minstemål, fartøykvoter og totalkvoter for ulike regioner. På Sørlandet er totalfangsten begrenset til fire millioner leppefisk årlig. For å gi råd om forsvarlig uttak av bestandene etablerte HI i 2011 et nettverk av referansefiskere som leverte fangstrapporter. Bestandsutviklingen ble representert ved regionale trender i fangst-per-enhet-innsats (Catch per unit effort; CPUE, heretter), men datagrunnlaget var for variabelt til å kunne konkludere med at endringer i CPUE reflekterte faktiske endringer i bestandsstørrelse. I dette prosjektet har vi fokusert på å ta i bruk ny teknologi og forbedre rapporteringsrutiner i fiskeriavhengig datainnsamling for å få kunnskap om leppefiskens romlige økologi. For fiskeriet på Skagerrak vil dette kunne bidra til mer kunnskap om ressursfordelingen og hvordan de kan utnyttes bedre og mer effektivt, samtidig som at dette muliggjør en bedre bestandsovervåking og grunnlag for å gi mer presise kvoteråd. I Prosjektet har vi også utnyttet tilgjengelige dataserier for å få en oversikt over bestandsutviklingen i Skagerrak. Merkeforsøk har blitt gjennomført for å få bedre kunnskap om romlig adferd og fangbarhet. Resultatene har blitt fortløpende inkludert i HIs kunnskapsstøtte til Fiskeridirektoratet, og det nasjonale referansefiskernettverket har tatt i bruk metodene for fangstrapportering som er utviklet i dette prosjektet. Det arbeides med å ferdigstille publikasjoner for fagfellevurderte tidsskrifter, og i denne rapporten vil det kun gis en kort oppsummering av disse studiene.

• Steffensen, Inger-Lise; Fæste, Christiane Kruse; Husøy, Trine; Knutsen, Helle Katrine; Mathisen, Gro Haarklou & Ørnsrud, Robin [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2019). Ranking of substances for monitoring in foods, drinks and dietary supplements - based on risk and knowledge gaps. Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM). ISSN 9788282593298. Full text in Research Archive
• Skåre, Janneche Utne; Alexander, Jan; Haave, Marte; Jakubowicz, Ignacy; Knutsen, Helle Katrine & Lusher, Amy [Show all 26 contributors for this article] (2019). Microplastics; occurrence, levels and implications for environment and human health related to food. Scientific opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM). ISSN 9788282593328. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The steering committee of VKM has self-initiated a mandate for an opinion on microplastics based on recently published international and/or national reports complemented with literature from December 2016 to February 2019. The mandate requested a summary of the state of knowledge on the presence of microplastics in the environment and the implications for the ecosystem, terrestrial and aquatic organisms, food production and human health. An overview of main national and international ongoing initiatives was also requested, and highlighting of data gaps where specific Norwegian data was needed. VKM appointed a working group consisting of two VKM members and eight external experts (two are former VKM-members), in addition to a project leader from the VKM secretariat to write the assessment.

• Stenberg, Johan A.; Flø, Daniel; Kirkendall, Lawrence R.; Krokene, Paal; Alsanius, Beatrix & Magnusson, Christer [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Pest risk assessment of selected Epitrix species. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM). ISSN 9788282593335. Full text in Research Archive
• Källqvist, Torsten; Eklo, Ole Martin; Låg, Marit; Rakkestad, Kirsten Eline; Sipinen, Ville Erling & Steffensen, Inger-Lise [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2019). Genetically modified glyphosate tolerant maize, soybean and oilseed rape versus conventionally grown varieties – agricultural practices, residues of glyphosate, other pesticides and metabolites, and implications for toxicity. Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM). Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. ISSN 9788282593229. Full text in Research Archive
• Alexander, Jan; Andersen, Lene Frost; Asare, Nana Yaa Ohene; Basic, Dean; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny & Grahek-Ogden, Danica [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2018). Kunnskapsbehov av betydning for mattrygghet og beskyttelse av miljøet. Oppsummering fra VKMs vitenskapelige uttalelser i perioden 2016 - 2017. Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø. ISSN 9788282593083. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Målet med denne rapporten er å synliggjøre kunnskapsbehov som er viktige for å sikre trygg mat og beskyttelse av miljøet i årene som kommer, og forbedre den nasjonale kunnskapsbasen. Rapporten er den siste i en serie av rapporter om kunnskapsbehov publisert av Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM, tidligere Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet). Den løfter frem kunnskapsbehov som er identifisert i VKMs vitenskapelige uttalelser i perioden 2016 til 2017

• Alexander, Jan; Andersen, Lene Frost; Asare, Nana Yaa Ohene; Basic, Dean; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny & Grahek-Ogden, Danica [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2018). Research needs of importance for food safety and environmental protection as based on data gaps identified by VKM. Summary report from VKM’s scientific opinions from 2016 to 2017. Nofima. ISSN 9788282593090. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Summary report from VKM’s scientific opinions for 2016 - 2017<br>The goal of this report is to highlight research needs and data gaps that are of future importance for food safety and protection of the environment and thereby improve the national knowledge base. This report is the latest in a series of reports on research needs and data gaps published periodically by the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), former Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), and thus seeks to highlight research needs and data gaps identified in and related to VKMs scientific opinions for 2016 and 2017 only.

• Alexander, Jan; Andersen, Lene Frost; Asare, Nana Yaa Ohene; Basic, Dean; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny & Grahek-Ogden, Danica [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2018). Research needs of importance for food safety and environmental protection as based on data gaps identified by VKM. Norwegian Scientific Commitee for Food and Enviroment (VKM). ISSN 9788282593076. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The goal of this report is to highlight research needs and data gaps that are of future importance for food safety and protection of the environment and thereby improve the national knowledge-base. This report is the latest in a series of reports on research needs and data gaps published periodically by the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), former Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM), and thus seeks to highlight research needs and data gaps identified in and related to VKMs scientific opinions for 2016 and 2017 only.

• Rafoss, Trond; Flø, Daniel; Sundheim, Leif; Wendell, Per Hans Micael; Brodal, Guro & Ergon, Åshild [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Pest risk assessment of Dendrolimus sibiricus and Dendrolimus superans. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety and Environment (VKM). ISSN 9788282593052. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundheim, Leif; Magnusson, Christer; Sletten, Arild; Wendell, Per Hans Micael; Brodal, Guro & Ergon, Åshild [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Assessment of Quarantine Pest Dispersal from Norwegian Potato and Root Vegetable Packing Plants with Evaluation of Risk Reducing Options. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM). ISSN 9788282593120. Full text in Research Archive
• Herrero, Maria; Rafoss, Trond & Brurberg, May Bente (2017). Kartlegging av Phytophthora ramorum i 2016. NIBIO. ISSN 9788217018278. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Phytophthora ramorum er et patogen som kan gjøre skade på en rekke vertsplanter og som i Norge har status som karanteneskadegjører. I 2016 mottok NIBIO totalt 383 prøver fra Mattilsynet for analyse for P. ramorum. Prøvene ble analysert med real-time PCR spesifikk for P. ramorum og/eller ved isolering på semiselektivt medium PARP og påføgende mikroskoperng. Prøveantallet inkluderte prøver fra 13 importsendinger, og P. ramorum ble påvist i 6 av dem. En av de positive prøvene var av pyramidelyng (Pieris japonica) og de andre var av rododendron. Sendingene kom fra Belgia og Nederland. Det ble gjennomført kontroller i 40 planteskoler og hagesentre. I 11 av dem ble det påvist P. ramorum. I alt ble det analysert 98 prøver, og det ble påvist P. ramorum i 40 av de. Alle de positive prøvene var av rododendron. Planteskolene med påvisning var lokalisert i Øst-, Vest- og Midt-Norge. I seks av planteskolene ble det gjennomført en ‘baiting’-test av rotklumper fra planter som ikke viste Phytophthora-symptomer på blader eller kvister. I 6 rododendronprøver fra en av planteskolene ble det påvist P. ramorum etter ‘baiting’. Det ble analysert 234 prøver fra grøntanlegg, og det ble påvist P. ramorum i 55 av disse. Alle påvisningene var fra kystområder på Sør-Vestlandet, med unntak av en prøve fra Midt-Norge (Stjørdal)

• Sundheim, Leif; Flø, Daniel; Wendell, Micael; Brodal, Guro; Ergon, Åshild & Magnusson, Christer [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2017). Risk assessment of tomato leaf miner moth (Tuta absoluta). Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian cientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 9788282592819. Full text in Research Archive
• Alexander, Jan; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Brunborg, Gunnar; Fæste, Christiane Kruse; Jaworska, Alicja & Komperød, Mari [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2017). Risk assessment of radioactivity in Food. Opinion of the Scientific Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 9788282592826. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundheim, Leif; Ergon, Åshild; Magnusson, Christer; Netland, Jan; Prestløkken, Egil & Sletten, Arild [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2016). Assessment of manure and digestive tract content from slaughterhouses as a pathway for weeds and plant pests. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Nofima. ISSN 9788282592451. Full text in Research Archive
• Melbøe, Nils S.; Bondevik, Odd; Sletten, Arild; Talgø, Venche & Rafoss, Trond (2016). Aksjon pærebrann 2015. Rapport om overvåking, kartlegging og bekjempelse av pærebrann i 2015. NIBIO og Mattilsynet. Full text in Research Archive
• Brodal, Guro; Netland, Jan; Lid, Elin Thingnæs; Ergon, Åshild; Magnusson, Christer & Sletten, Arild [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2016). Risk assessment of cockspur grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Nofima. ISSN 9788282592130. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Lene Frost; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny; Hemre, Gro Ingunn; Hjeltnes, Brit; Hofshagen, Merete & Iversen, Per Ole [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2016). Kunnskapsbehov av betydning for mattrygghet og biologisk mangfold. Oppsummering fra VKMs vitenskapelige uttalelser i perioden 2005 – 2015. Rapport fra Hovedkomiteen, Vitenskapskomiteen for Mattrygghet. Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø. ISSN 9788282592369. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Lene Frost; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny; Hemre, Gro Ingunn; Hjeltnes, Brit; Hofshagen, Merete & Iversen, Per Ole [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2016). Research needs and data gaps of importance for food safety and protection of biodiversity. Summary report from VKM’s scientific opinions in the period 2005 - 2015. The Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø. ISSN 9788282592376. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Lene Frost; Andreassen, Åshild Kristine; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny; Hemre, Gro Ingunn; Hjeltnes, Brit & Hofshagen, Merete [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2016). Research needs and data gaps of importance for food safety and protection of biodiversity. From VKM’s scientific opinions in the period 2005 - 2015. Report from the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø. ISSN 9788282592383. Full text in Research Archive
• Nagothu, Sekhar; Rafoss, Trond & Borrell, Andrew (2016). Investment options needed for scaling up the potential adaptation and mitigation options identified and their impacts. NIBIO. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Climate change and variability associated with natural hazards such as flooding, storms, droughts, increasing temperature, sea level rise and salinity have been a continuous threat to the life and property of Vietnamese society in the past and will continue to do so in the future in not addressed properly. A majority are smallholders, highly vulnerable and without the capacity to invest much in adaptation. Thus any new adaptation measures have to be simple, low cost, help in reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs), and easily adaptable. This manual draws lessons from selected mitigation and adaptation measures evaluated in the project. The manual examines three key aspects needed to scale-up and replicate the measures at the provincial level. The first is the institutional structures, including inputs needed, farmer and stakeholder capacity at the commune, district and provincial levels, barriers to scaling-up, and how to address them. Secondly, how demonstrating effective climate-resilient technologies on farmer fields, closely involving farmers, can provide good results for scaling-up. Third, the impacts of policies to enhance enabling environments for scaling-up. There is a need to prioritize short-term and long-term measures for scaling-up. It is important to generate funds to support the scaling-up, both from state and private sources. Active stakeholder integration is a necessary factor where the authorities, farmers, scientists, civil society and industry are working closely in the process. Knowledge transfer has to be done both through linear and non-linear extension models that will be more effective in providing timely and complete knowledge to farmers and stakeholders. […]

• Melbøe, Nils S.; Bondevik, Odd; Sletten, Arild; Talgø, Venche & Rafoss, Trond (2015). Aksjon pærebrann 2014. Rapport om overvåking, kartlegging og bekjempelse av pærebrann i 2014. Et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom Mattilsynet og Bioforsk Plantehelse. Bioforsk/Mattilsynet. Full text in Research Archive
• Alexander, Jan; Andreassen, Åshild Kristine; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny; Andersen, Lene Frost; Hjeltnes, Brit Kristine & Hofshagen, Merete [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2014). Trygg mat og kosmetikk, friske dyr og planter forutsetter forskning, kartlegging og overvåkning. Hovedkomiteen i Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. Nofima. ISSN 9788282591294. Full text in Research Archive
• Melbøe, Nils S.; Sletten, Arild; Talgø, Venche; Rafoss, Trond & Perminow, Juliana (2014). Aksjon pærebrann 2013 - Rapport om overvåking, kartlegging og bekjempelse av pærebrann i 2013. Mattilsynet og Bioforsk. Full text in Research Archive
• Skåre, Janneche Utne; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Frøyland, Livar; Hemre, Gro Ingunn; Knutsen, Helle Katrine & Lillegaard, Inger Therese L. [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2014). Benefit-risk assessment of fish and fish products in the Norwegian diet – an update. Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Nofima. ISSN 9788282591591. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In September 2013, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority requested VKM to update relevant parts of the benefit-risk assessment of fish in the Norwegian diet published by VKM in 2006. The background for the request was new knowledge and data on the content of some nutrients and contaminants both for wild and farmed fish since 2006. The proportion of vegetable ingredients used in farmed fish feed has in recent years increased, and new national dietary surveys for adults and children have been conducted.<p> <p>The Norwegian Food Safety Authority referred to VKM’s report from 2006, which pointed out that the positive impact of fish consumption on public health was especially due to the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D in fish. Further, VKM concluded that the contaminants that could pose a potential risk to public health through fish consumption mainly were methylmercury, dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs).<p> <p>The request included a reassessment of fish consumption in Norway with focus on specific nutrients; n-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), vitamin D, and the minerals iodine and selenium, and on specific contaminants; mercury, dioxins and dl-PCBs. VKM was asked to address the main changes in the use of raw materials in farmed fish feed and how these affect the levels of nutrients, mercury, dioxins and dl-PCBs and in fish feed. Further, VKM was asked to address to what extent levels of nutrients and contaminants in fish have changed since 2006, to describe these changes and estimate the human intake of the substances in question on the basis of recent dietary data. VKM was also requested to consider the benefits of eating fish with regard to the intake of nutrients and the risks associated with the intake of mercury, dioxins and dl-PCBs and comment on whether this change the conclusions from the report in 2006. Additionally, on the basis of updated knowledge, VKM was asked to comment whether other substances, like pesticide and residues of veterinary medicinal products, could affect the conclusions with regard to the impact on public health.<p> <p>The Norwegian Food Safety Authority and the Directorate of Health will use the updated assessment as a basis for public recommendations concerning the consumption of fish and fish products.

• Sundheim, Leif; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer; Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl; Brandsæter, Lars Olav & Brodal, Guro [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2014). Comparison of organic and conventional food and food Production. Part I: Plant health and plant production. Nofima. ISSN 9788282591348. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Organic plant production in 2012 covered 50 200 ha which is 5.1% of the total agricultural area of Norway. The country is on the northern frontier for commercial plant production with short growing season, low summer temperature, and in some districts precipitation above the optimum for crops. However, many hours of daylight during the summer months are positive for plant production. Very few Norwegian studies have compared organic and conventional plant production. Therefore, the evaluations of nutrient contents, plant health and environmental contaminants are mainly based on scientific publications from other countries of Europe and North America. The main sources of uncertainty in the evaluation are differences in climate, soil types and varieties cultivated in Norway and in the countries were comparative studies of organic and conventional agriculture have been performed.

• Sundheim, Leif; Flø, Daniel; Rafoss, Trond; Brodal, Guro; Ergon, Åshild & Magnusson, Christer [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2014). The EPPO PRA for Agrilus planipennis: assessment for Norway. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM. ISSN 9788282591522. Full text in Research Archive
• Nagothu, Sekhar; Nguyen, Van Bo; Borrell, Andrew; Rafoss, Trond & Anh, Hach (2014). Implementation plan for field demonstration of selected potential adaptation measures in the three study areas. NIBIO. Full text in Research Archive
• Mai, Van Trinh; Nguyen, Van Bo; Hoang, Gia Minh; Nguyen, Xuan Dzung; Nagothu, Sekhar & Rafoss, Trond [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). A benchmark report characterizing the three project areas and rice farming systems in the three provinces. NIBIO. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The three year multidisciplinary ClimaViet project (July 2013 to June 2016) implemented jointly by the Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VAAS) and the Norwegian Institute for Agriculture and Environmental Research (Bioforsk) is focusing mainly on the future climate change impacts on rice production in Vietnam with financial support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway. As a first step, the project has reviewed the current studies and programs related to climate change and agriculture taken by other agencies in Vietnam. The existing climate scenarios were downscaled and the climate impacts on seasonality in rainfall leading to droughts and salinity in coastal areas on rice production were assessed. Potential measures leading to improved rice cropping systems and improved nutrient use efficiency are being pilottested in the three study areas located in Nam Dinh, Soc Trang and Tra Vinh provinces. The results are expected to contribute to sustained productivity and climate change mitigation. Towards the end, the project will develop the institutional and policy guidelines required to adopt the potential measures identified and tested in the project. The project involves stakeholders at the provincial and national level (VAAS, MARD, MONRE and other relevant stakeholders) for better uptake of results.

• Rafoss, Trond; Shah, S. Enayathullah; Kennedy, J. S.; Lakshmanan, A.; Geethalakshmi, V. & Nagothu, Sekhar (2013). Climate Adaptation and Mitigation through ICT Innovation - Exploring Potentials for Forecasting Pest and Disease Risks in Rice. NIBIO. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  ClimaRice II has explored the potential for climate adaptation and mitigation through online dissemination of pest risk forecasts to rice farmers. Weather-driven mathematical models incorporating scientific insights on the biological responses of plant pests to climate can be linked to automatic weather station networks to provide pest risk forecasting / forewarning / early warning to rice farmers

• Sundheim, Leif; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond; Solheim, Halvor; Økland, Bjørn & Hofsvang, Trond [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2013). Import of deciduous wood chips from eastern North America – pathway-initiated risk characterizations of relevant plant pests. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 9788282590921. Full text in Research Archive
• Bernhoft, Aksel; Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl; Sundheim, Leif; Berntssen, Marc; Brantsæter, Anne Lise & Brodal, Guro [Show all 39 contributors for this article] (2013). Risk assessment of mycotoxins in cereal grain in Norway. Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Nofima. ISSN 9788282590907. Full text in Research Archive
• Sletten, Arild; Rafoss, Trond; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer; Solheim, Halvor & Tronsmo, Anne Marte [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Vurdering vedrørende konsekvenser av en innenlands forvaltning av pærebrann i Norge tilsvarende EUs minstekrav. Uttalelse fra Faggruppe for plantehelse i Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet (VKM). ISSN 9788282591096. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundheim, Leif; Flø, Daniel; Rafoss, Trond; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer & Sletten, Arild [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2012). The EPPO PRA for Agrilus anxius: Assessment for Norwegian conditions. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 9788282590655. Full text in Research Archive
• Sletten, Arild; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond; Solheim, Halvor & Tronsmo, Anne Marte [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2012). Pest risk assessment for apple proliferation phytoplasma (“Candidatus Phytoplasma mali”). Opinion of the Panel on plant health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 9788282590532. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundheim, Leif; Flø, Daniel; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond & Sletten, Arild [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2012). Risikovurdering av planteskadegjøreren Anoplophora chinensis for Norge. Uttalelse fra Faggruppe for plantehelse i Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet (VKM). ISSN 9788282590549. Full text in Research Archive
• Rafoss, Trond (2011). Mobile technology for climate change adaptation in agriculture. NIBIO. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  ClimaRice II is exploring the potential for use of mobile technologies in the context of climate change adaptation in agriculture. Modern mobile telephone technology is a key component of the ongoing communication revolution which in turn has great potentials for social change and development. The Indian telecommunication industry is the world's fastest growing industry with 811.59 million mobile phone subscribers as of March 2011. Most farmers are already using mobile phones for various day to day needs, but the technology has a wider potential in supporting their main profession; agriculture. Linking mobile technology with adaptation measures developed in ClimaRice projects could form new and powerful measures to meet the threats from climate change and provide support in sustaining rice production.

• Rafoss, Trond; Nordskog, Berit; Nærstad, Ragnhild; Hofgaard, Ingerd Skow; Hole, Halvard & Elen, Oleif [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Gårdsvarsling. Utvikling av plantevernvarsler på gårdsnivå. NIBIO. ISSN 9788217008019. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Gårdsvarsling gjør det mulig å beregne lokalt tilpassede plantevernvarsler ved bruk av værvarsel og radarmåling av nedbør. Vanligvis beregnes plantevernvarsler på grunnlag av data fra værstasjoner, men mange gårdsbruk ligger langt unna nærmeste målepunkt. For disse brukene vil varsler basert på værvarsler og radarmålt nedbør være et godt alternativ. Gårdsvarsler tilpasset det enkelte gårdsbruk vil derfor øke nytteverdien av varslingstjenesten innen planteskadegjørere (VIPS) for mange dyrkere.

• Andersen, Arild; Hofsvang, Trond; Brurberg, May Bente; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond & Toppe, Brita [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). Pest risk assessment of the Vegetable Leafminer (Liriomyza sativae) in Norway. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 9788280824004. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Arild; Hofsvang, Trond; Brurberg, May Bente; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond & Tronsmo, Anne Marte [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Pest risk assessment of the American Serpentine Leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) in Norway. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 9788280824011. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Arild; Hofsvang, Trond; Brurberg, May Bente; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond & Toppe, Brita [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). Pest risk assessment of the South American Leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) in Norway. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 9788280823991. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundheim, Leif; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond; Sletten, Arild & Solheim, Halvor [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2010). Pest risk assessment of Phytophthora fragariae in Norway. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 9788282590037. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundheim, Leif; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond; Sletten, Arild & Solheim, Halvor [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). Pest risk assessment of Ralstonia solanacearum in Norway – limited to the pathway of ware potatoes from the Netherlands. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 9788282590099. Full text in Research Archive

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