Terje Gjøsæter

• Haaland, Hanne; Wallevik, Hege & Gjøsæter, Terje (2026). Gender Perspectives in Technology for Emergency Management – A Brief Systematic Literature Study. Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference. 23. doi: 10.59297/05vjmf77. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  What is the position of gender and intersectional analysis within ISCRAM's research community, and how has it developed over time? In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review exploring the presence of gender perspectives and intersectionality in the ISCRAM digital library from 2004 to 2025, and we outline a research agenda based on our findings. Using the theoretical frameworks of feminist technoscience studies and intersectionality studies, we have categorised papers in the digital library. The identified articles fall into four categories, ranging from studies that treat gender as one of many variables for statistical purposes to papers offering a deeper analysis grounded in gender theory and intersectionality. Our analysis highlights growing momentum within the ISCRAM community to more fully integrate gender-sensitive perspectives, potentially aided by broader inclusion of social science scholars in the conference and its network.

• Rustenberg, Kjetil & Gjøsæter, Terje (2026). Situational Disabilities and Shared SA devices: Insights from Full-Scale Emergency Exercises. Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference. 23, p. 1–11. doi: 10.59297/5ax86418. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study examines how situational disabilities (SDs) act as barriers to situational awareness (SA) in multi‑organisational emergency response, using empirical data from four full‑scale crisis exercises (2022–2025) in Norway. Drawing on Endsley’s SA framework and models of disability (medical/social/ICF), we combine observations, qualitative interviews and open-ended survey responses to explore how contextual factors, device design, and human stress interact to produce Situational Disabilities (SD) that degrade perception, comprehension, and projection. Findings show pronounced sensory SDs (auditory masking and reduced verbal communication), device‑induced SDs (auto‑muting of radio channels, small screens, fine‑motor requirements incompatible with gloves), and cognitive SDs (information overload, attentional tunnelling, SA-level lock‑in). SDs often amplify Endsley’s SA “demons” by creating emergent socio‑technical accessibility barriers: protective equipment, noise, extreme weather, and interface affordances frequently prevent actors from receiving or acting on critical shared information. We argue that crisis systems and Shared SA devices must be designed with situational‑disability awareness, adopting universal‑design principles, configurable audio/visual channels, and resilient interaction modalities, to strengthen shared situational awareness under real‑world stressors.

• Paupini, Cristina; Kost, Dominique & Gjøsæter, Terje (2026). Balancing the Scales of Privacy: Perceptions of Privacy Issues and Digital Risk Among Domestic Internet of Things Users. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace. 20(4). doi: 10.5817/cp2026-4-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  While the proliferation of smart home technologies and the domestic Internet of Things (IoT) bring opportunities for a high level of control over household appliances and entertainment systems, it also presents challenges, not least in terms of privacy. In this study, we explore domestic IoT users’ perceptions of privacy issues and digital risk through in-depth semistructured interviews and digital home visits with 12 adults in 10 households in Norway. Based on the results of this study, we present a framework for an updated understanding of current privacy protection behaviors and decision-making from the perspective of domestic IoT users. Our “Scales of Privacy" model provides a holistic view of the process underlying the privacy calculus framework, incorporating both perceived risks and perceived benefits of data disclosure and including neutralizing factors, such as privacy cynicism and “nothing to hide” arguments. The results show a variety of perceived sources of risk, including national entities, technology companies, hackers, and partners/family. However, we highlight a discrepancy between the understanding of risk and perceived risk of our informants, on the one hand, and their actual behavior, on the other. We examine users’ stated reasons for utilizing an IoT-connected technology despite the risk, identifying five underlying motivations. Two were intrinsically related to the frictionless user experience provided by the devices (i.e., convenience and ease of use), whereas the remaining three (i.e., inevitability, unimpeachability and indiscernibility) revealed attitudes toward privacy protection partially influenced by a sense of being overwhelmed by the friction-filled experience of setting boundaries around personal data in the current digital environment.

• Herrera, Lucia Castro & Gjøsæter, Terje (2026). Overcoming the limitations of social media analytics: Dynamic capabilities and workaround strategies for inclusive and resilient public service continuity. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 142. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106216. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørensen, Eline Wester; Gjøsæter, Terje & Chen, Weiqin (2025). Evaluation of a Digital Map Platform for Team Situational Awareness. Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference. 2025, p. 1–11. doi: 10.59297/twx9k847. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Currently, emergency responders are utilizing several different digital platforms with limited interoperability. This can lead to miscommunication and misunderstandings between emergency responders. The digital map software Square is designed to mitigate this by providing a unified platform for emergency responders to facilitate sharing of information. With a large and diverse potential user group, it is important that the system is accessible and intuitive to use for as many users as possible, particularly in high-stress situations. The user testing and interview in this study provides insights into how new users interact with the software. The Square platform presented significant barriers to efficient use, and the findings from this study are used to improve the usability and accessibility in the forthcoming updates to Square.

• Radianti, Jaziar; Polikarpus, Stella; Laaniste, Priit & Gjøsæter, Terje (2025). Air-Raid Shelters – Painful Memory (from the Cold War) with New Actuality. In Seböck, Walter; Lampoltshammer, Thomas, T; Dugdale, Julie & Zeller, I (Ed.), Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction. 9th IFIP WG 5.15 International Conference, ITDRR 2024, Krems an der Donau, Austria, October 14–16, 2024, Revised Selected Papers. Springer Cham. ISSN 9783031971143. p. 228–243. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-97115-0_15. Full text in Research Archive
• Herrera, Lucia Castro; Gjøsæter, Terje; Majchrzak, Tim Alexander & Thapa, Devinder (2025). Signals of Transition in Support Systems: A Study of the use of Social Media Analytics in Crisis Management. ACM Transactions on Social Computing (TSC). ISSN 2469-7818. 8(1-2), p. 1–44. doi: 10.1145/3649474. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In crisis informatics, little attention is placed on how transitions occur between periods of crisis and non-crisis. The analysis of transition behaviors in public organizations could help in understanding the duality between the need for continuity of services provided to the community, and the cyclical nature of risk and crisis management. This study uniquely highlights the transitions occurring when organizations need to stop day-to-day activities to focus on responding to a crisis while continuing to provide services to their communities. We focus on the use of social media analytics as a support system to study transitions and, with the objective to gain an insight into how sociotechnical systems navigate through periods of crisis and non-crisis, we leverage individual experiences of use of social media as a source of information in public service organizations and developers of social media analytics support tools. In doing so, we employed a process study approach, conducted semi-structured interviews, and used thematic analysis to trace patterns of transitions between crisis and non-crisis states. Furthermore, we formulate five signals that public organizations exhibit to illustrate and guide organizational transition behaviors. The main contribution of this study is the explanation and conceptualization of how transitions happen by framing social media as a support information system. In addition, we highlight the return to a new steady state, an overlooked area of organizational transitions and continuity. Our study will help streamline processes of continuity in organizations and inspires the design and improvement of current and future support systems. Future research could apply and extend our propositions to other support systems such as geospatial technologies, robots, and even artificial intelligence.

• Nesse, Kirsti; Foss, Sindre; Gjøsæter, Terje & Radianti, Jaziar (2025). Are “Crisis Information Support Systems” Barrier-Free? Analysis of Technology-Induced Barriers to Situational Awareness. In Bui, Tung (Eds.), Proceedings of the 58th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Hilton Waikoloa Village, January 7-10, 2025. University of Hawai'i at Manoa. ISSN 9780998133188. doi: 10.24251/HICSS.2025.248. Full text in Research Archive
• Radianti, Jaziar; Polikarpus, Stella & Gjøsæter, Terje (2025). Tourists as a Vulnerable Group in Emergency Management: An Air Raid and Shelter Scenario. In Bui, Tung (Eds.), Proceedings of the 58th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Hilton Waikoloa Village, January 7-10, 2025. University of Hawai'i at Manoa. ISSN 9780998133188. doi: 10.24251/HICSS.2025.243. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje & Herrera, Lucia Castro (2024). Which Diversity? Expanding the Gap Model of Disability for Digital Information Systems. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 320, p. 26–33. doi: 10.3233/SHTI240979. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper, we extend the gap model of disability that supports digital equipment and cyber-physical situational variations. We explore an alternative approach to visualizing and understanding disability that takes into account the diversity of personal abilities, the diversity of digital equipment and equally important, the situation (environmental, psychological, and digital) in which the information system is used. The most important implications of this work are twofold. First, this work will contribute to the need for Universal Design to take into account not only the diversity of abilities and impairments of the users that are tangible and recognizable in the physical environment, but also the diversity of digital equipment and usage situations. Second, as part of the systems development cycle, in user testing of digital services, this work highlights the essential need to not only involve a diverse set of users, but also to conduct testing in diverse digital environments (smartphones, tablets, laptops and desktop PCs), and in diverse realistic usage scenarios, including strong sunlight or low light situation, as well as tired, alert, stressed or distracted, and slow network. The proposed model attempts to give a more holistic view and promote a more comprehensive understanding of the disabilities that can occur during use of digital services or mediated communication in daily life.

• Rustenberg, Kjetil; Radianti, Jaziar & Gjøsæter, Terje (2024). Adopting a Trading Zone Framework to Emergency Management. In Bui, Tung X. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 57th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. The Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). ISSN 9780998133171. doi: 10.24251/HICSS.2023.263. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje; Radianti, Jaziar & Chen, Weiqin (2024). Situational Disabilities in Emergency Management – Validation of Realistic Scenarios for Training and Awareness-Raising. In Dugdale, Julie; Gjøsæter, Terje & Uchida, Osamu (Ed.), Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction 8th IFIP WG 5.15 International Conference, ITDRR 2023, Tokyo, Japan, December 4–6, 2023, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. ISSN 9783031640377. p. 84–97. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-64037-7_6. Full text in Research Archive
• Herrera, Lucia Castro; Gjøsæter, Terje; Majchrzak, Tim A. & Thapa, Devinder (2023). Signals of Transition in Crisis Management: Insights from a Study of Social Media Use in Public Service Organizations. In Bui, Tung X. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 56thAnnual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. HICSS Conference Office. ISSN 9780998133164. p. 1758–1767. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In crisis informatics, little attention is placed on how transitions occur between periods of crisis and non-crisis. The analysis of transition behaviors in organizations could respond to both the cyclicality of risk and crisis management, and the need for continuity of services provided to the community. In studying transitions, we focus on social media use as a support system. Thus, with the objective to gain an insight into how sociotechnical systems navigate through periods of crisis and non-crisis, we leverage individual experiences that rely on social media as a source of information in public service organizations and developers of social media analytics support tools. The main contribution of this study is the explanation and conceptualization on how transitions happen by framing social media as a support system of information for crisis management. In addition, we highlight the return to a new steady-state, an overlooked area of organizational transitions and continuity.

• Herrera, Lucia Castro; Shahbazi, Maryam; Majchrzak, Tim A.; Gjøsæter, Terje & Bunker, Deborah (2023). Attributes of Continuity in Support Information Systems: A Study of Social Media Listening Experiences. In Midha, Vishal & Animesh, Animesh (Ed.), The 29th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS). Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781958200056. Full text in Research Archive
• Prinz, Andreas; Engebretsen, Martin; Gjøsæter, Terje; Møller-Pedersen, Birger & Xanthopoulou, Themis Dimitra (2023). Models, systems, and descriptions: A cross-disciplinary reflection on models. Frontiers in Computer Science. 5. doi: 10.3389/fcomp.2023.1031807. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There are many different notions of models in different areas of science that are often not aligned, making it difficult to discuss them across disciplines. In this study, we look at the differences between physical models and mental models as well as the difference between static and dynamic models. Semiotics provides a philosophical underpinning by explaining meaning-making. This allows for identifying a common ground between models in different areas. We use examples from natural sciences and linguistics to illustrate different approaches and concepts and to find commonalities. This study distinguishes between systems, models, and descriptions of models. This distinction allows us to understand the commonalities of mental and physical models in different areas.

• Herrera, Lucia Castro & Gjøsæter, Terje (2023). Leveraging Crisis Informatics Experts: A co-creating approach for validation of social media research insights. In Radianti, Jaziar; Dokas, Ioannis; LaLone, Nicolas & Khazanchi, Deepak (Ed.), 20th Global Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Conference (ISCRAM 2023). ISCRAM. ISSN 9798218217495. p. 439–448. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Validation of findings is a challenge in practice-based research. While analysis is being conducted and findings are being constructed out of data collected in a defined period, practitioners continue with their activities. This issue is exacerbated in the field of crisis management, where high volatility and personnel turnover make the capacity to attend research demands scarce. Therefore, conducting classic member validation is logistically challenging for the researcher. The need for rigor and validity calls for alternative mechanisms to fulfill requirements for academic research. This article presents an approach for validation of results of a qualitative study with public organizations that use social media as a source of information in the context of crisis management. The unavailability of original interview-objects to validate our findings resulted in an alternative validation method that leveraged experts in crisis informatics. By presenting our approach, we contribute to encouraging rigor in qualitative research while maintaining the relationship between practice and academia.

• Rustenberg, Kjetil; Radianti, Jaziar & Gjøsæter, Terje (2023). Exploring Demons for the Establishment of Team Situational Awareness. In Radianti, Jaziar; Dokas, Ioannis; LaLone, Nicolas & Khazanchi, Deepak (Ed.), 20th Global Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Conference (ISCRAM 2023). ISCRAM. ISSN 9798218217495. p. 636–648. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Individual situational awareness (SA) is crucial for building team SA, which is necessary for achieving a shared understanding of a situation, making informed decisions, and taking appropriate actions. This article examines the communication barriers that emerge when transitioning from individual to team SA in emergency management scenarios. We observed two emergency exercises on "ongoing life-threatening violence" and dam failure causing hospital congestion. The study was complemented with interviews with participants of these exercises, aiming at identifying barriers called SA-demons in the team setting. We discovered barriers that hinder the establishment of team SA, including a vicious cycle of mistrust, a fragmented information trap, a false feeling of mastery trap, and a decaying memory trap. These barriers can stem from individual, organizational, or technological factors. To complement existing SA theories, we applied the Cynefin framework and found that standard operating procedures can be potential barriers when transitioning into chaotic or complex domains.

• Aarland, Mari; Radianti, Jaziar & Gjøsæter, Terje (2023). Using System Dynamics to Simulate Trust in Digital supply Chain. In Radianti, Jaziar; Dokas, Ioannis; LaLone, Nicolas & Khazanchi, Deepak (Ed.), 20th Global Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Conference (ISCRAM 2023). ISCRAM. ISSN 9798218217495. p. 516–529. doi: 10.59297/CAGD9224. Full text in Research Archive
• Ogbonna, Uchenna; Paupini, Cristina & Gjøsæter, Terje (2023). Situational Disabilities in Information Systems for Situational Awareness in Flood Situations in Nigeria. In Gjøsæter, Terje; Radianti, Jaziar & Murayama, Yuko (Ed.), Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction, 7th IFIP WG 5.15 International Conference, ITDRR 2022 - ITDRR 2022. Springer. ISSN 9783031342066. p. 55–68. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-34207-3_4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Floods are one of the major natural disasters that contribute to the high disaster death rate in the global south, especially in Nigeria. This requires an effort of collaboration from all stakeholders in designing, building, deploying, and maintaining inclusive disaster management systems. This effort can hardly be achieved without the application of universal design principles in designing rescue applications. In this research, we have studied situational disabilities and their effect on situational awareness based on the data collected from victims in Nigeria through a questionnaire with 56 respondents and 5 follow-up interviews. The research work contributed to identifying situational disabilities and their corresponding accessibility barriers based on difficulty experiences collected from the research participants in Nigeria.

• Aarland, Mari & Gjøsæter, Terje (2022). Digital Supply Chain Vulnerabilities in Critical Infrastructure: A Systematic Literature Review on Cybersecurity in the Energy Sector. ICISSP. 1, p. 326–333. doi: 10.5220/0010803800003120. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The main purpose of this paper is to identify the current state of the art on digital supply chain cybersecurity risks in critical infrastructure and how the term resilience is used in this context. To achieve this objective, the authors applied a systematic literature review method that summarises and analyses the studies relevant for the research topic. In total 33 papers were identified. The results show that limited research is done on supply chain risks in critical infrastructure. Relevant frameworks and methods for resilience of supply chains have also been identified. These frameworks and methods could be very beneficial for a more holistic management of cybersecurity risks in the increasingly complex supply chains within critical infrastructure.

• Herrera, Lucia Castro & Gjøsæter, Terje (2022). Community Segmentation and Inclusive Social Media Listening. Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference. 2022, p. 1012–1023. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Social media analytics provide a generalized picture of situational awareness from the conversations happening among communities present in social media channels that are that are, or risk being affected by crises. The generalized nature of results from these analytics leaves underrepresented communities in the background. When considering social media analytics, concerns, sentiment, and needs are perceived as homogenous. However, offline, the community is diverse, often segmented by age group, occupation, or language, to name a few. Through our analysis of interviews from professionals using social media as a source of information in public service organizations, we argue that practitioners might not be perceiving this segmentation from the social media conversation. In addition, practitioners who are aware of this limitation, agree that there is room for improvement and resort to alternative mechanisms to understand, reach, and provide services to these communities in need. Thus, we analyze current perceptions and activities around segmentation and provide suggestions that could inform the design of social media analytics tools that support inclusive public services for all, including persons with disabilities and from other disadvantaged groups.

• Prinz, Andreas; Xanthopoulou, Themis Dimitra; Gjøsæter, Terje & Møller-Pedersen, Birger (2022). On abstraction in the OMG hierarchy: systems, models, and descriptions, ACM / IEEE 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ISSN 9781450394673. p. 322–330. doi: 10.1145/3550356.3561573. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) uses a metadata hierarchy with several layers that are placed on top of each other. The traditional view is that the layers provide abstractions related to models in languages defined by meta-models. Over the years, it has been difficult to define a consistent understanding of the layers. In this paper, we propose such a consistent understanding by clarifying the relations between the different elements in the hierarchy. This is done based on the Scandinavian approach to modelling that distinguishes between systems and system descriptions. Systems can be physical, digital, or even mental, while descriptions can be programs, language descriptions, specifications, and diagrams. We relate descriptions and systems by explaining where semantics of objects originate and how they apply in the hierarchy.

• Gupta, Suraj; Gjøsæter, Terje & Giannoumis, G. Anthony (2021). Web Accessibility and Web Developer Attitudes Towards Accessibility in Mozambique. In Margherita, Antona & Stephanidis, Constantine (Ed.), Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Access to Media, Learning and Assistive Environments. 15th International Conference, UAHCI 2021, Held as Part of the 23rd HCI International Conference, HCII 2021, Virtual Event, July 24–29, 2021, Proceedings, Part II. Springer. ISSN 9783030780913. p. 213–231. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-78092-0_14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  People with disabilities are found to be severely affected by barriers in websites and other web services. This paper aims to study the web accessibility issues in Mozambique and to review the factors that contribute to it. The case study is based on results from 2 perspectives: first, automatic evaluation of five prominent national websites, and second through fieldwork, interviewing and interacting with web developers in Mozambique. The study found that none of the websites are WCAG 2.1 compatible and the web developers, in general, do not consider web accessibility in their products and services. The underlying factors responsible for web inaccessibility are found out to be extrinsic.

• Aarland, Mari; Radianti, Jaziar & Gjøsæter, Terje (2021). Cyber-Security in Digital Metering Value Chain for Mountain Landslide Warning. In Murayama, Yuko; Velev, Dimiter & Zlateva, Plamena (Ed.), Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction, 5th IFIP WG 5.15 International Conference, ITDRR 2020, Sofia, Bulgaria, December 3–4, 2020, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. ISSN 9783030814694. p. 170–182. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-81469-4_14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) are initiating a digitalization process that involves the use of a digital metering value chain and cloud computing. The main objective of this study is to investigate how NVE can ensure cyber-security in digital meters and the cloubased metering value chain for mountain landslide warning. The study is based on a qualitative approach including methods like document analysis and semi structured interviews used as input to a risk analysis based on the ISO 31000 standard. The risk analysis covered three different scenarios from NVE. Those three scenarios were internal, external Norwegian, and transnational value chains for metering landslide warning. The results of the risk analysis showed that the largest risk was loss of metering data caused by failures in complex digital value chains combined with the risk of human error. We concluded that the risk is significantly higher for the transnational digital value chains, and that the recommended risk mitigation is a combination of organizational and technical countermeasures.

• Hasan, Sayed Kamrul & Gjøsæter, Terje (2021). Screen Reader Accessibility Study of Interactive Maps. In Margherita, Antona & Stephanidis, Constantine (Ed.), Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Access to Media, Learning and Assistive Environments. 15th International Conference, UAHCI 2021, Held as Part of the 23rd HCI International Conference, HCII 2021, Virtual Event, July 24–29, 2021, Proceedings, Part II. Springer. ISSN 9783030780913. p. 232–249. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-78092-0_15. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Digital maps have been an integral part of modern life. Whether to venture into an unknown location, check the latest traffic update, update on the weather forecast, we come across digital maps every day. While maps have successfully evolved into digital form from paper and other physical mediums, how much evolution present-day digital maps have observed to ensure accessibility and implementation of universal design principles? Maps by nature have to rely on graphical medium to present their information content. But the users who have temporary or permanent and limited to no visual ability are excluded from reading maps for this reason. In this study, we have conducted a systematic literature review to discover the research gaps of accessibility in digital maps, focusing on map exploration based on screen reader technology. To discover further accessibility issues from users, we conducted semi-structured interviews with participants with varying degrees of visual impairments. The result from these data indicates that interactive maps are not screen-reader accessible at all. There is an apparent research gap in alternative text accessibility in maps and interview participants commonly agreed with multiple accessibility issues on contemporary interactive maps on diverse platforms.

• Radianti, Jaziar; Gjøsæter, Terje & Chen, Weiqin (2021). Slaying the SA-Demons – Humans vs. Technology – A Content analysis. In Adrot, Anouck; Grace, Rob; Moore, Kathleen & Zobel, Christopher W. (Ed.), ISCRAM 2021 Conference Proceedings - 18th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. ISCRAM Association. ISSN 9781949373615. p. 946–958. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper examines Situation Awareness (SA) and the application of Endsley’s SA-Demons in different contexts and research areas. We perform content analysis to examine how they are used, and to what degree they are perceived as stemming from human-error or weaknesses in technology and if any suggestions for mitigation are primarily focused on the human or the technology side. Based on our findings, we propose Universal Design as a tool that can counter the effects of the SA-Demons by improving the usability and accessibility of SA-supporting technology and thereby removing barriers to SA, rather than challenging the users to overcome not only barriers that are a result of the complexity of the situation itself, but also additional barriers that are caused by inferior and suboptimal design of the technology in use.

• Paupini, Cristina & Gjøsæter, Terje (2021). Disaster Risk Reduction for All? Understanding Intersectionality in Disaster Situations. In Murayama, Yuko; Velev, Dimiter & Zlateva, Plamena (Ed.), Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction, 5th IFIP WG 5.15 International Conference, ITDRR 2020, Sofia, Bulgaria, December 3–4, 2020, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. ISSN 9783030814694. p. 183–192. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-81469-4_15. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  When designing digital services for citizens in a disaster situation, the diversity of its audience and their particular needs are not always sufficiently taken into account. Variables like digital equipment available, environment, disabilities, socio-economic status, etc., play a significant role in people’s ability to access and exchange important information through digital means. In this paper, we will examine some factors that lead to this inequality, and we see that they tend to boil down to a lack of awareness or focus on the diversity of the population, and this affects not only people with disabilities, but also other disadvantaged groups. More broadly, we will examine this in terms of intersectionality, and suggest how Universal Design can contribute to mitigate these issues. The issues will be illustrated with example scenarios, using personas for highlighting issues that can affect members of intersectional vulnerable groups in a particularly strong way during a disaster.

• Gjøsæter, Terje; Radianti, Jaziar & Chen, Weiqin (2020). Universal Design of ICT for Emergency Management from Stakeholders’ Perspective - A Systematic Literature Review. Information Systems Frontiers. ISSN 1387-3326. doi: 10.1007/s10796-020-10084-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  While Universal Design principles have been adopted in many areas to ensure that products and services are usable for the broadest possible diversity of users, there is still an open area when it comes to the emergency management domain. This article aims at providing a systematic overview of the current state of the emerging research field of Universal Design of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for Emergency Management, and to highlight high-impact research opportunities to ensure that the increasing introduction of ICT in Emergency Management can contribute to removing barriers instead of adding more barriers, in particular for the elderly and people with disabilities. A systematic review on relevant literature on Universal Design, ICT and Emergency Management between 2008 and 2020 was employed using predefined frameworks, to answer the following questions: (1) Who are the target audiences (stakeholders) in research on Universal Design of ICT in Emergency Management in the different categories of Emergency Management ICT tools, and to what degree is Human-Centred Design and Universal Design taken into account? (2) What are the most important challenges and gaps in research on Universal Design of ICT in Emergency Management? We identify a set of gaps in the literature, indicating that there are some challenges where Universal Design is still limitedly addressed in technology development. We also derive promising future research topics based on areas that are missing in the literature.

• Gjøsæter, Terje; Radianti, Jaziar & Chen, Weiqin (2020). Towards Situational Disability-aware Universally Designed Information Support Systems for Enhanced Situational Awareness. In Hughes, Amanda; McNeill, Fiona & Zobel, Christopher W. (Ed.), ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Virginia Tech. ISSN 9781949373271. p. 1038–1047. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper takes on the challenge of designing situational awareness information systems that take into account not only the prevalence of so-called demons of situational awareness, but also situational disabilities that will typically occur in a disaster situation, both in the control room and in the field among the general public as well as first responders. It further outlines how a situational awareness information system process model can be adapted and used as a basis for designing situational awareness information support systems that address these issues with the help of Universal Design principles.

• Giannoumis, George Anthony; Gjøsæter, Terje & Paupini, Cristina (2020). Towards an Indoor Navigation Application for Emergency Evacuations and Persons with Visual Impairments – Experiences from First Responders and End Users. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. ISSN 1868-4238. 575, p. 159–167. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-48939-7_14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As natural and human disaster are increasingly affecting people’s lives around the globe in a growing and variegated way, the need to be prepared for a variety of conditions is imperative. Notwithstanding the relevance of ICT in assisting in preparedness and the importance of addressing the diversity of the population have been recognized, there are still gaps in understanding How to properly apply these principles in emergency management. This study explores how indoor navigation technology can contribute to faster, better and safer evacuations by providing useful information to emergency personnel and affected public at the scene of the evacuation. For this purpose, the ongoing INSIDE project aims to take an existing mobile app that provides universally designed indoor-navigation at Oslo Metropolitan University, the OsloMet application, and re-design it to support first responders with situational awareness assistance as well as to assist the public in evacuating efficiently. Contextually, a survey has been conducted among emergency services’ representatives, in order to identify what information and functionality could be valuable for their work during emergency evacuations

• Paupini, Cristina; Giannoumis, G. Anthony & Gjøsæter, Terje (2020). A User-Centered Approach to Digital Household Risk Management. Communications in Computer and Information Science (CCIS). ISSN 1865-0929. 1226, p. 82–88. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50732-9_12. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to become as common as electricity (OECD 2016) and there is a high probability for connected homes to become central parts of critical societal. IoT technologies might access, manage and record sensitive data about citizens and, as they become more and more pervasive, unintended data breaches reports increase every week. However, most of the tools designed to protect users’ privacy and personal data on IoT devices fail to contemplate the experience of persons with disabilities, elderly and other vulnerable categories of people. As a consequence, they are forced to rely on the help of family members or other related persons with technical skills, as frequent technical problems turn out to be the rule rather than the exception. With humans traditionally considered to be the “weak link” in technological networks there is the need of a vast educational project to raise awareness on the subject. This ongoing research paper aims to fill the existing gap in research by asking how humans deal with the risk factors linked to connected homes and how to develop a universally designed set of tools for everyday risk management in connected homes.

• Giannoumis, G. Anthony; Gjøsæter, Terje; Radianti, Jaziar & Paupini, Cristina (2019). Universally Designed Beacon-Assisted Indoor Navigation for Emergency Evacuations, Information Technology in Disaster Risk reduction - Third IFIP TC5 DCITDRR International Conference ITDRR 2018 Held at the 24th IFIP World Computer Congress, WCC 2018 Poznan, Poland, September 20-21, 2018 Revised Selected Papers. Springer Nature. ISSN 9783030321680. p. 120–129. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-32169-7_9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) obligates national governments to ensure the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in emergency situations. This article examines the application and accessibility of state-of-the-art ICT solutions in emergency situations. Research has indeed shown that the design and implementation of evacuation procedures in emergency situations play a critical role in ensuring personal safety and protection. While research has examined the experiences of persons including persons with disabilities in emergency situations, research has yet to examine fully the role that cutting-edge indoor navigation solutions including, for example, Internet of Things (IoT), mobile device and big data analytics hardware and software, in simultaneously ensuring the safety and protection of persons with disabilities and everyone from a universal design perspective. Emerging research on IoT indoor navigation solutions has shown that networks of low-energy Bluetooth (BLE) beacons paired with a mobile application provide a usable wayfinding solution for persons with disabilities in laboratory and controlled experimental settings. This article fills this gap by asking “To what extent can BLE networks ensure the safety and protection of persons with disabilities and everyone in simulated emergency situations? Data from a multimethod study of user experience in emergency evacuations shows that BLE beacon networks could provide a more accessible user experience for persons with disabilities and everyone to evacuate indoor environments during emergency situations.

• Radianti, Jaziar & Gjøsæter, Terje (2019). Digital Volunteers in Disaster Response: Accessibility Challenges. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 11573 LNCS, p. 523–537. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-23563-5_42. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The emergence of the Digital Humanitarian Volunteer (DHV) movements when disaster strikes have drawn the attention of researchers and practitioners in the emergency management and humanitarian domain. While there are established players in this rapidly developing field, there are still unresolved challenges, including accessibility of their digital tools and platforms. The purposes of this paper are twofold. First, it describes the background, impact and future potential of the DHV movement, and discusses the importance of universal design for the digital tools and platforms used for crowdsourcing of crisis information. Second, this paper shows how lack of concern for universal design and accessibility can have significant negative impact on the practical use of these tools, not only for people with disabilities, but also for anyone and in particular the DHVs who may be affected by situational disabilities in the field in an emergency situation. The insights from the findings serve as feedback on how to improve digital humanitarian response by broadening the base of potential volunteers as well as making the related tools and platforms more reliably usable in the field.

• Gjøsæter, Terje; Radianti, Jaziar & Chen, Weiqin (2019). Understanding situational disabilities and situational awareness in disasters. Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference. 2019-May, p. 940–949. Full text in Research Archive
• Tunold, Siv; Radianti, Jaziar; Gjøsæter, Terje & Chen, Weiqin (2019). Perceivability of Map Information for Disaster Situations for People with Low Vision. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 11572 LNCS, p. 342–352. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-23560-4_25. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Digital maps have become increasingly popular in disaster situation to provide overview of information. However, these maps have also created barriers for many people, particularly people with visual impairments. Existing research on accessible maps such as tactile and acoustic maps focuses on providing solutions for blind persons to be able to perceive the information digital maps present. For people with low vision, who often rely on magnifier, good contrast and good navigation support, current digital map solutions present many challenges. In this paper we have studied two types of digital maps and their related surrounding text in the home page of disaster applications. The study focused on perceivability of the information provided by the maps. To investigate this, we have adopted a mix-method approach and performed heuristic testing combined with expert testing by a user with low vision. Based on the evaluation we have made a number of recommendations to improve the perceivability, which can further enhance the accessibility of the maps.

• Radianti, Jaziar; Gjøsæter, Terje & Chen, Weiqin (2019). Universal Design of Information Sharing Tools for Disaster Risk Reduction. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. ISSN 1868-4238. 516, p. 81–95. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-18293-9_8. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Disaster information sharing tools are an important aspect of disaster resilience, and it is of utmost importance that these tools are accessible and usable for as many potential users as possible. In this paper, we evaluate the accessibility of a selection of tools for crowdsourcing disaster situation information. As our evaluation shows that the selected tools are not fully accessible, we provide recommendations for mitigation, as well as highlight the importance of further research in this area.

• Radianti, Jaziar & Gjøsæter, Terje (2018). Metrics for Ensuring Security and Privacy of Information Sharing Tools for Improved City Resilience: A Review Approach. International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (IJISCRAM). ISSN 1937-9390. 9(3). doi: 10.4018/IJISCRAM.2017070103. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  City resilience is a pressing issue worldwide since the majority of the population resides in urban areas. When disaster strikes, the consequences will be more severe in the cities. To achieve resilience, different organizations, agencies and the public should share information during a disaster. ICT-based community engagement is used for strengthening resilience. The authors propose a set of metrics for assessing the security and privacy of information sharing tools for resilience. They then apply the selected metrics to a selection of information sharing tools. The authors’ main finding is that most of them are reasonably well protected, but with less than private default settings. They discuss the importance of security and privacy for different important categories of users of such systems, to better understand how these aspects affect the willingness to share information. Security and privacy is of particular importance for whistleblowers that may carry urgent information, while volunteers and active helpers are less affected by the level of security and privacy.

• Gjøsæter, Terje; Radianti, Jaziar & Chen, Weiqin (2018). Universal design of ICT for emergency management: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 10907 LNCS, p. 63–74. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-92049-8_5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The primary objectives of this article are to give a systematic overview of the current state of the emerging research field of Universal Design of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for Emergency Management, and to highlight high-impact research opportunities to ensure that the increasing introduction of ICT in Emergency Management can contribute to removing barriers instead of adding more barriers, in particular for the elderly and people with disabilities. A systematic review on various literature with respect to Universal Design, ICT and Emergency Management between 2008 to 2018 was employed in this study, and reviewed systematically using a predefined framework. The ultimate goal of this effort is to answer the following questions: 1) How strong is the coverage of research on Universal Design of ICT in Emergency Management in the different categories of Emergency Management ICT tools? 2) What potential next steps in research on Universal Design of ICT in Emergency Management have the highest potential impact in terms of improved Emergency Management and reduced Disaster Risk? We identify a set of gaps in the literature, indicating that there are some challenges where Universal Design is not so much taken into account in the technology development to support the different phases of the crisis management cycle. We also derive a research agenda based on areas that are missing in the literature, to serve a future research in the area of universal design and Emergency Management.

• Gjøsæter, Terje & Radianti, Jaziar (2018). Evaluating Accessibility and Usability of an Experimental Situational Awareness Room, Advances in Design for Inclusion, Proceedings of the AHFE 2018 International Conference on Design for Inclusion. Springer. ISSN 9783319946214. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-94622-1_21. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  New advanced emergency management facilities such as a control room which is equipped with advanced ICT technologies should consider universal design principles and ensure the accessibility and usability of some important technical functions available in the room. This paper aims at evaluating the accessibility and usability of an experimental control room. This room has a flexible architecture, i.e., the information displays are interchangeable through drag-drop system on a control-panel. We used a complementary heuristic and user testing approach. A video analysis, open questionnaire and discussion with testers were applied to detect technology usage barriers. The results show that the proprietary control tablet and its setup has some room for improvement. Our approach can examine the sources of difficulties of our testers, especially on linking the information sources, machines and wall or desk displays. Several recommendations are outlined to be a basis for developing guidelines for future usage of this room.

• Guttormsen, Stian; Prinz, Andreas & Gjøsæter, Terje (2017). Consistent Projectional Text Editors. In Pires, Luís Ferreira; Hammoudi, Slimane & Selic, Bran (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development. SciTePress. ISSN 9789897582103. p. 515–522. doi: 10.5220/0006264505150522. Full text in Research Archive
• Radianti, Jaziar & Gjøsæter, Terje (2017). Secure and Privacy-Preserving Information Sharing for Enhanced Resilience, Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management in Mediterranean Countries. Springer. ISSN 9783319676333. p. 204–219. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-67633-3_17. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  City resilience is a pressing issue worldwide since the majority of the population resides in urban areas. When disaster strikes, the consequences will be more severe in the cities. To achieve resilience, different entities and the public should share information during a disaster. ICT-based Community engagement is used for strengthening resilience. We suggest easy-to-use metrics for assessing the security and privacy of information sharing platforms for resilience, and apply them to selected platforms. Most of them are reasonably well-protected, but with less than private default settings. We discuss the importance of security and privacy for different important categories of users of such systems, to better understand how these aspects affect the willingness to share information. Security and privacy is of particular importance for whistle-blowers that may carry urgent information, while volunteers and active helpers are less affected by the level of security and privacy.

• Ulltveit-Moe, Nils; Gjøsæter, Terje; Assev, Sigurd M. & Øysæd, Halvard (2017). Towards Efficient Teacher Assisted Assignment Marking Using Ranking Metrics. In Costagliola, Gennaro; Uhomoibhi, James; Zvacek, Susan & McLaren, Bruce M. (Ed.), Computers Supported Education: 8th International Conference, CSEDU 2016, Rome, Italy, April 21-23, 2016, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. ISSN 9783319631844. p. 359–379. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-63184-4_19. Full text in Research Archive
• Ulltveit-Moe, Nils; Assev, Sigurd M.; Gjøsæter, Terje & Øysæd, Halvard (2016). Streamlining Assessment using a Knowledge Metric. In Uhomoibhi, James; Costagliola, Gennaro; Zvacek, Susan & McLaren, Bruce M. (Ed.), CSEDU 2016 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Supported Education, proceedings volume 1. SciTePress. ISSN 9789897581793. p. 190–197. doi: 10.5220/0005862601900197. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper proposes an efficient tool-supported methodology for marking student assignment answers accord- ing to a knowledge metric. This metric gives a coarse hint of student answer quality based on Shannon entropy. The methodology supports marking student assignments across each sub-assignment answer, and the metric sorts the answers, so that the most comprehensive textual answers typically get the highest ranking, and can be marked first. This ensures that the teacher quickly gets an overview over the range of answers, which allows for determining a consistent marking scale in order to reduce the risk of scale sliding or hitting the wrong scale level during marking. This approach is significantly faster and more consistent than using the traditional approach, marking each assignment individually.

• Gjøsæter, Terje; Prinz, Andreas & Nytun, Jan Pettersen (2016). MOF-VM: Instantiation Revisited. In Hammoudi, Slimane; Pires, Luís Ferreira; Selic, Bran & Desfray, Philippe (Ed.), Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development. SciTePress. ISSN 9789897581687. p. 137–144. doi: 10.5220/0005606101370144. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) is based on an understanding of a hierarchy of levels that are placed on top of each other and that are connected with instantiation. For practical MDA use, it is important to be clear about the kinds of objects that reside on the different levels and the relations between them as well as relations to objects outside of the MDA domain. This article aims at enhancing the understanding of these objects and relations by relating them to a virtual MOF machine.

• Nergaard, Henrik; Ulltveit-Moe, Nils & Gjøsæter, Terje (2016). ViSPE: A Graphical Policy Editor for XACML. In Camp, Olivier; Weippl, Edgar R.; Bidan, Christophe & Aïmeur, Esma (Ed.), Information Systems Security and Privacy. Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. ISSN 9783319276670. p. 107–121. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-27668-7_7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper we present the Visual Security Policy Editor (ViSPE), a policy-maker-friendly graphical editor for the eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML). The editor is based on the programming language Scratch and implemented in Smalltalk. It uses a graphical block-based syntax for declaring access control polices that simplifies many of the cumbersome and verbose parts of XACML. Using a graphical language allows the editor to aid the policy-maker in building polices by providing visual feedback and by grouping blocks and operators that fit together and also indicating which blocks that stick together. It simplifies building policies while still maintaining the basic structure and logic of XACML.

• Gjøsæter, Terje & Prinz, Andreas (2015). Languagelab - a meta-modelling environment. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 9369, p. 91–105. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-24912-4_8. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje (2015). LCL - A Graphical Meta-Language for Specification of Language Constraints. In Hammoudi, Slimane; Pires, Luis Ferreira; Desfray, Philippe & Filipe, Joaquim (Ed.), MODELSWARD 2015 - Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development, ESEO, Angers, Loire Valley, France, 9-11 February, 2015. SciTePress. ISSN 9789897580833. p. 329–337. doi: 10.5220/0005250603290337. Full text in Research Archive
• Ulltveit-Moe, Nils; Nergaard, Henrik; Gjøsæter, Terje & Betts, Jennifer (2015). XACML Privacy Policy Editor for Critical Infrastructures. In Tryfonas, Theo & Askoxylakis, Ioannis G. (Ed.), Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy, and Trust - Third International Conference, HAS 2015, Held as Part of HCI International 2015. Springer. ISSN 9783319203751. p. 705–716. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-20376-8_63. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper describes a Scratch-based eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) editor ViSPE that can be used for designing authorisation and anonymisation policies, as well as how these policies can be enforced by using the Reversible anonymiser. Private and confidential information can be protected based on identified security requirements, as described in two case studies. The first case covers privacy-enhanced IDS-alarm handling in a traffic control centre, and in the second case, we mitigate insider threats with a secure configuration deployment policy.

• Nergaard, Henrik; Ulltveit-Moe, Nils & Gjøsæter, Terje (2015). A Scratch-based Graphical Policy Editor for XACML, 1st International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy (ICISSP 2015), ESEO, Angers, Loire Valley - France, 9-11 February 2015. SciTePress. ISSN 9789897580819. doi: 10.5220/0005240101820190. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract: This paper proposes a policy-maker -friendly editor for the eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) based on the programming language Scratch. Scratch is a blocks-based programming language designed for teaching children programming, which allows users to build programs like a puzzle. We take this concept one step further with an XACML policy editor based on the graphic programming elements of Scratch implemented in Smalltalk. This allows for aiding the user on how to build policies by grouping blocks and operators that fit together and also indicating which blocks that will stick together. It simplifies building the XACML policies while still having an XACML "feel" of the graphic policies.

• Barstad, Vera; Goodwin, Morten & Gjøsæter, Terje (2014). Predicting Source Code Quality with Static Analysis and Machine Learning. NIKT: Norsk IKT-konferanse for forskning og utdanning. ISSN 1892-0713. 2014. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje; Ulltveit-Moe, Nils; Kolhe, Mohan Lal; Jacobsen, Rune Hylsberg & Ebeid, Emad Samuel Malki (2014). Security and Privacy in the SEMIAH Home Energy Management System. In Grosspietsch, Erwin & Klöckner, Konrad (Ed.), Proceedings of the Work in Progress Session held in connection with SEAA 2014 the 40th EUROMICRO Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications and DSD 2014 the 17th EUROMICRO Conference on Digital System Design. Johannes Kepler University. ISSN 9783902457400. p. 23–24. Full text in Research Archive
• Barstad, Vera; Shulgin, Volodymyr; Goodwin, Morten & Gjøsæter, Terje (2013). Towards a Collaborative Code Review Plugin. In Tøssebro, Erlend & Meling, Hein (Ed.), Norsk informatikkonferanse NIK 2013, Universitetet i Stavanger, 18. - 20.november 2013. Akademika forlag. ISSN 9788232103652. p. 37–40. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper investigates the feasibility of a plugin facilitating identification of code quality. The proposed solution includes a distributed plugin that performs static code analysis as well as machine learning based classification, and is able to identify well written and badly written code.

• Ulltveit-Moe, Nils; Gjøsæter, Terje; Assev, Sigurd M.; Køien, Geir Myrdahl & Oleshchuk, Vladimir (2013). Privacy handling for critical information infrastructures. In Gomes, Luís & Hübner, Michael (Ed.), Industrial Informatics (INDIN), 2013 11th IEEE International Conference on. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781479907526. p. 688–694. doi: 10.1109/indin.2013.6622967. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper proposes an architecture and a methodology for privacy handling in Critical Information Infrastructures. Privacy is in this respect considered as both the risk of revealing person-sensitive information, for example from critical infrastructures in health institutions, but also to identify and avoid leakage of confidential information from the critical information infrastructures themselves. The architecture integrates privacy enhancing technologies into an enterprise service bus, which allows for policy-controlled authorisation, anonymisation and encryption of information in XML elements or attributes in messages on the service bus. The proposed methodology can be used to identify, quantify and reduce leakages of private or confidential information. It also suggests privacy enforcement mechanisms to increase the resilience against sensitive information leakages caused by cyber attacks.

• He, Xin; Santhi, Ram Kumar Ravikumar; Mu, Liping; Gjøsæter, Terje & Li, Frank Yong (2012). Formal verification of a Cooperative Automatic Repeat reQuest MAC protocol. Computer Standards & Interfaces. ISSN 0920-5489. 34(4), p. 343–354. doi: 10.1016/j.csi.2011.12.001. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cooperative communications, in which a relay node helps the source node to deliver its packets to the destination node, are able to obtain significant benefits in terms of transmission reliability, coverage extension and energy efficiency. A Cooperative Automatic Repeat reQuest (C-ARQ) MAC protocol has been recently proposed to exploit cooperative diversity at the MAC layer. In this paper, we validate the integrity and the validity of the C-ARQ protocol using formal methods. The protocol logic is modeled in SDL and implemented in PROMELA. The functionality of the C-ARQ protocol is verified through simulations and verifications using SPIN.

• Gjøsæter, Terje & Prinz, Andreas (2011). Teaching Computer Language Handling - From Compiler Theory to Meta-modelling. In Fernandes, Joao M. (Eds.), Generative and Transformational Techniques in Software Engineering III International Summer School, GTTSE 2009, Braga, Portugal, July 6-11, 2009. Revised Papers. Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. ISSN 9783642180224. p. 446–460. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-18023-1_14. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Most universities teach computer language handling by mainly focussing on compiler theory, although MDA (model-driven architecture) and meta-modelling are increasingly important in the software industry as well as in computer science. In this article, we investigate how traditional compiler theory compares to meta-modelling with regard to formally defining the different aspects of a language, and how we can expand the focus in computer language handling courses to also include meta-model-based approaches. We give an outline of a computer language handling course that covers both paradigms, and share some experiences from running a course based on this outline at the University of Agder.

• Mu, Liping; Gjøsæter, Terje; Prinz, Andreas & Tveit, Merete Skjelten (2010). Specification of modelling languages in a flexible meta-model architecture. In AMC, ECSA (Eds.), ECSA '10 Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Software Architecture. ACM Publications. ISSN 9781450301794. p. 302–308. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Originally, meta-models were used to specify the structure (abstract syntax) of modelling languages. This is reflected both in meta-languages like MOF and Ecore, and the four-layer meta-model architecture. Presently, meta-modelling is used for specification of complete languages. In this situation, it turns out that the traditional meta-languages are not always expressive enough to capture all language aspects. This usually implies the use of more than one metalanguage in the meta-model architecture to cover the different language aspects. There are many approaches to address this challenge. In this paper, we analyze these approaches, and based on this analysis, we re-think the meta-model architecture focusing on complete language specifications. In our meta-model architecture, each aspect of a language conforms to an aspect-specific meta-language at the level above, and models can reside at different levels depending on their context and use. This meta-model architecture is easier to understand, more flexible and more extensible; therefore it may be useful in the design of meta-model-based language specification platforms, as well as for promoting the understanding of the principles of meta-modelling.

• He, Xin; Kumar, Ram; Mu, Liping & Gjøsæter, Terje (2010). Formal Verification of a Cooperative Automatic Repeat Request MAC Protocol. In Fallmyr, Terje & Hjelmås, Erik (Ed.), Norsk Informatikkonferanse. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 9788251927031. p. 13–23. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cooperative communications, in which a relay node assists the source node to deliver its packets to the destination node thus adding diversity, is gaining more attention within the research community. The initial studies on the physical layer have shown significant gains from cooperative diversity in terms of reliability, coverage range and energy efficiency. A Cooperative Automatic Repeat reQuest MAC protocol, (C-ARQ), has been proposed to utilize cooperative diversity from the MAC layer. In this paper, we inspect this novel C-ARQ protocol to check its integrity and validity using formal methods. The protocol logic is modeled in SDL and implemented in PROMELA. The functionality of the C-ARQ protocol is confirmed through simulations and verified using the SPIN tool.

• Gjøsæter, Terje & Prinz, Andreas (2010). Teaching Model Driven Language Handling. Electronic Communications of the EASST. 34. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Many universities teach computer language handling by mainly focussing on compiler theory, although MDD (model-driven development) and meta-modelling are increasingly important in the software industry as well as in computer science. In this article, we share some experiences from teaching a course in computer language handling where the focus is on MDD principles. We discuss the choice of tools and technologies used in demonstrations and exercises, and also give a brief glimpse of a prototype for a simple meta-model-based language handling tool that is currently being designed and considered for future use in teaching.

• Gjøsæter, Terje & Prinz, Andreas (2009). Preserving Non-essential Information Related to the Presentation of a Language Instance. In Aalberg, Trond (Eds.), Norsk Informatikk Konferanse 2009. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 9788251924917. p. 85–96. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this article, we look at issues related to the preservation and re-generation of non-essential aspects like style and formatting for diagrams and code for different presentations of a computer language. We will primarily examine these issues from a meta-modelling perspective. We may encounter these issues when we have different presentations for a language and have to generate code/diagram fragments as a result of synchronisation between the different presentations. Similar issues may arise if we want to store the model (an instance of the meta-model that defines the language) instead of the source text or diagram, and have to re-generate the code/diagram. We describe how existing tools and approaches handle these issues, then we look at what solutions for storing the style information are possible. We develop some requirements and look at how the possible solutions support these requirements, and finally we discuss some ideas for implementation based on the recommended solutions.

• Gjøsæter, Terje; Isfeldt, Ingelin F. & Prinz, Andreas (2009). Sudoku - A Language Description Case Study, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer. ISSN 9783642004339. p. 305–321. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A complete language description includes the structure as well as constraints, textual representation, graphical representation, and behaviour (transformation and execution). As a case study in language description, we consider Sudoku as a language, where a Sudoku puzzle is an instance of the language. Thus we are able to apply meta-model-based technologies for the creation of a language description for Sudoku, including correctness checking of a puzzle, and solving strategies. We identify what has to be expressed and how this can be done with the technology available today.

• Ulltveit-Moe, Nils; Olsen, Morten Goodwin; Pillai, Anand Balachandran; Thomsen, Christian; Gjøsæter, Terje & Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2008). Architecture for large-scale automatic web accessibility evaluation based on the UWEM methodology, Norsk informatikkonferanse : NIK 2008. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. p. 95–106. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The European Internet Accessibility Observatory (EIAO) project has developed an observatory for performing large scale automatic web accessibility evaluations of public sector web sites in Europe. The architecture includes a distributed web crawler that crawls web sites for links until either a given budget of web pages have been identified or the web site has been crawled exhaustively. Subsequently, a uniform random subset of the crawled web pages is sampled and sent for accessibility evaluation. The evaluation results are stored in a Resource Description Format (RDF) database that later is loaded into the EIAO data warehouse using an Extract-Transform-Load (ETL) tool. The aggregated indicator results in the data warehouse are finally presented in a Plone based online reporting tool. This paper describes the final version of the EIAO architecture and outlines some of the technical and architectural challenges that the project faced, and the solutions developed towards building a system capable of regular large-scale accessibility evaluations with sufficient capacity and stability. It also outlines some possible future architectural improvements.

• Isfeldt, Ingelin F.; Gjøsæter, Terje & Prinz, Andreas (2008). Meta-model-based implementation of Sudoku: Eclipse vs. Visual Studio, Norsk informatikkonferanse : NIK 2008. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. p. 51–62. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  By considering Sudoku as a language, where a Sudoku puzzle is an instance of the language, we are able to apply meta-model-based technologies for the implementation of Sudoku, including correctness checking of a puzzle and solving strategies. The description of Sudoku includes not only the structure of Sudoku, but also covers constraints, textual representation, graphical representation, and behaviour (transformation and execution). We have created a meta-model-based description of Sudoku and use this as a basis for a comparative implementation in Eclipse with various plug-ins, and in Visual Studio with DSL-tools.

• Gjøsæter, Terje; Prinz, Andreas & Scheidgen, M (2008). Meta-model or Grammar? Methods and Tools for the Formal Definition of Languages, Proceedings of the Nordic Workshop on Model Driven Engineering. University of Iceland Press. p. 67–82. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There are many different ways to define a programming language. There are also several aspects of a programming language that can be formally defined; the behaviour of the language, its representation, structure and constraints. In this article, we investigate how traditional compiler theory compares to meta-modelling with regard to formally defining these aspects, from the perspective of a few example languages. We will perform the comparison primarily from the perspective of the following criteria: human readability, formality, provability, and applicability for automatic tool generation. We have found that structure and constraints can be handled fine with both approaches. Textual representation is usually better in grammars, but for editors meta-models are very close. Transformations are handled better by meta-models. Graphical representation and execution are not well covered in any of the two.

• Gjøsæter, Terje; Nytun, Jan Pettersen; Prinz, Andreas; Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. & Tveit, Merete Skjelten (2006). Modelling accessibility constraints. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 4061, p. 40–47. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper describes the combination of research topics from two projects focusing on web accessibility testing, and on metamodelling and high-level specification languages. This combination leads to a novel approach to accessibility assessment that will improve the understanding of accessibility issues, and explore the potential for generating executable accessibility tests based on accessibility constraint models.

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• Dugdale, Julie; Gjøsæter, Terje & Uchida, Osamu (2024). Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction 8th IFIP WG 5.15 International Conference, ITDRR 2023, Tokyo, Japan, December 4–6, 2023, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. ISBN 9783031640377. 286 p. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-64037-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje; Radianti, Jaziar & Murayama, Yuko (2023). Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction, 7th IFIP WG 5.15 International Conference, ITDRR 2022 - ITDRR 2022. Springer. ISBN 9783031342066. 376 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje; Radianti, Jaziar & Murayama, Yuko (2023). Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction. Springer. ISBN 9783031342073. 500 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Negre, Elsa; Radianti, Jaziar; Gjøsæter, Terje; Bénaben, Frédérick & Dugdale, Julie (2025). Introduction to the Minitrack on Disaster Information, Resilience, for Emergency and Crisis Technologies. In Bui, Tung (Eds.), Proceedings of the 58th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Hilton Waikoloa Village, January 7-10, 2025. University of Hawai'i at Manoa. ISSN 9780998133188. Full text in Research Archive
• Aarland, Mari & Gjøsæter, Terje (2022). Digital Supply Chain Vulnerabilities in Critical Infrastructure: A Systematic Literature Review on Cybersecurity in the Energy Sector. Full text in Research Archive
• Prinz, Andreas; Xanthopoulou, Themis Dimitra; Gjøsæter, Terje & Møller-Pedersen, Birger (2022). On abstraction in the OMG hierarchy: systems, models, and descriptions. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje & Snaprud, Mikael (2021). Harmonization of Terminology for Emergency Management. Full text in Research Archive
• Aarland, Mari; Gjøsæter, Terje & Radianti, Jaziar (2020). Cyber-Security in Digital Metering Value Chain for Mountain Landslide Warning. Full text in Research Archive
• Paupini, Cristina; Giannoumis, G. Anthony & Gjøsæter, Terje (2020). A User-Centered Approach to Digital Household Risk Management. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje; Radianti, Jaziar & Chen, Weiqin (2018). Universal Design of ICT for Emergency Management: A Research Agenda. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanderson, Norun Christine; Gjøsæter, Terje; Chen, Weiqin & Kessel, Siri (2017). Universell utforming – i et IKT perspektiv. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanderson, Norun Christine; Gjøsæter, Terje & Kessel, Siri (2017). Promotion of knowledge on Universal Design of ICT among IT students and staff at a University College in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje; Ulltveit-Moe, Nils & Nergaard, Henrik (2015). Security and Privacy in the SEMIAH Home Energy Management System. Full text in Research Archive
• Ulltveit-Moe, Nils & Gjøsæter, Terje (2015). Forskning - Spill og Lek ? Full text in Research Archive
• Ulltveit-Moe, Nils; Assev, Sigurd M.; Gjøsæter, Terje & Øysæd, Halvard (2015). FrontScraper – Digital Assessment Tool. Full text in Research Archive
• Ulltveit-Moe, Nils & Gjøsæter, Terje (2014). WP2 Methodology to identify assets and associated threats and vulnerabilities. Full text in Research Archive
• Ulltveit-Moe, Nils & Gjøsæter, Terje (2013). PRECYSE WP2 Methodology: Architectural issues, D2.2, Action plan. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje & Ulltveit-Moe, Nils (2013). Consortium Partner Presentation - University of Agder (UiA). Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje & Ulltveit-Moe, Nils (2013). WP2 - Methodology to identify assets and associated threats and vulnerabilities. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje & Ulltveit-Moe, Nils (2013). WP2 - Methodology to identify assets and associated threates and vulnerabilities - Risks and Challenges. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje (2012). Open Source Licences and their usage in PRECYSE. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjøsæter, Terje; Nytun, Jan P.; Prinz, Andreas & Tveit, Merete Skjelten (2005). Accessibility testing XHTML documents using UML. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper handles modeling and test of accessibility requirements for web documents. We propose to use metamodelling with UML and OCL for this task. Our own environment within the SMILE project has proposed a basic representation that can be used on all levels in a metamodelling architecture; this representation is used for representation of the elements of the metamodel, models and model instances. We show the use of OCL formulas to express simple and advanced accessibility requirements.

• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H.; Sawicka, Agata; Balachandran, Anand Pillai; Olsen, N.; Olsen, M. G. & Gjøsæter, Terje (2005). Open Source - Basis for synergies in the ICT education and research. Full text in Research Archive
• Gustavsen, Trond Stølen; Haslum, Kjetil & Gjøsæter, Terje (2003). Implementing elliptic curve cryptosystems using Hesse curves over prime fields. Full text in Research Archive
• Munkvold, Bjørn Erik; Gjøsæter, Terje; Hagen, Dag Auby; Opach, Tomasz; Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth & Radianti, Jaziar [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Evaluering av INSITU skogbrannøvelse. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 9788284270500. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  SAMRISK-prosjektet INSITU ledet av Senter for integrert krisehåndtering (CIEM) ved Universitetet i Agder arrangerte en digital tabletop-øvelse 7.-8. april 2021. Hensikt med øvelsen var å gi erfaring med hvordan situasjonsbilde kan deles fra innsatsleder til sentrale myndigheter med bruk av felles digital kartstøtte. Scenario for øvelsen omfattet 3 samtidige skogbranner i Agder, lokalisert i Kvinesdal, Kristiansand og Arendal. Dreiebok ble utarbeidet av brannsjefene ved Brannvesenet Sør IKS, Kristiansandsregionen brann og redning IKS og Østre Agder brannvesen, i samarbeid med assisterende fylkesberedskapssjef ved Statsforvalteren i Agder. I alle tre brannscenarioene var kritisk infrastruktur truet og i Kristiansand var også sykehuset berørt av røyk. Ansvarlige etater for berørt infrastruktur ble derfor også aktivert i øvelsen. Totalt omfattet øvelsen ca. 70 deltagere fra 20 etater og organisasjoner, i tillegg til prosjektgruppen fra INSITU. Øvelsen ga deltagerne mulighet til å prøve ut deling av situasjonsbilde ved bruk av DSB kartmodul for skogbrann, som eksempel på mer samordnet bruk av kartstøtte. I tillegg ble Nødnett benyttet, med mulighet for bruk av en felles talegruppe for alle deltagerne. I forkant av øvelsen ble det lagt ut en nettbasert opplæringspakke med instruksjonsvideoer og oppgaver, og på øvelsens første dag ble det gjennomført ytterligere opplæring og oppgaveløsning i form av en halvdags sesjon i MS Teams. Evaluering fra øvelsen er basert på observasjon under øvelsen, spørreundersøkelser i etterkant av opplæring og øvelse, og gruppeintervjuer med representanter for deltagerorganisasjonene. Deltagerne gir tilbakemelding om en godt planlagt og gjennomført øvelse med et realistisk scenario. Øvelsen har bidratt til helhetsforståelse av behov for samvirke mellom aktører på ulike nivå i en større skogbrann, og synliggjort potensiale for deling av situasjonsbilde ved bruk av felles digitalt kartgrunnlag i kombinasjon med bruk av Nødnett. Videre har øvelsen gitt detaljerte innspill til videre utvikling av DSBs kartsystem, og synliggjort behov for videre utvikling av rutiner og maler for informasjonsutveksling mellom ulike nivå. INSITU-prosjektet vil bidra til videre oppfølging av læringspunkter fra øvelsen, i samarbeid med de involverte aktører.

• Ulltveit-Moe, Nils; Nergaard, Henrik; Erdödi, László; Gjøsæter, Terje; Kolstad, Erland & Berg, Pål (2016). Secure Information Sharing in an Industrial Internet of Things. arXiv.org. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper investigates how secure information sharing with external vendors can be achieved in an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). It also identifies necessary security requirements for secure information sharing based on identified security challenges stated by the industry. The paper then proposes a roadmap for improving security in IIoT which investigates both short-term and long-term solutions for protecting IIoT devices. The short-term solution is mainly based on integrating existing good practices. The paper also outlines a long term solution for protecting IIoT devices with fine-grained access control for sharing data between external entities that would support cloud-based data storage.

• Gjøsæter, Terje; Prinz, Andreas & Snaprud, Mikael (2015). Abstractions and Architecture for Language Specification. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 9788271178093. Full text in Research Archive
• Ulltveit-Moe, Nils; Gjøsæter, Terje; Erdödi, László & Siegl, Stefan (2015). D8.1 Specification of Security and Privacy Handling. SEMIAH Consortium. Full text in Research Archive
• Gabioud, Dominique; Erdodi, Laszlo; Basso, Gillian; Unander, Harald; Werlen, Karl & Ulltveit-Moe, Nils [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). SEMIAH D3.2 – Overall System Requirements and Functional Specifications. SEMIAH Consortium. Full text in Research Archive
• Henriksen, Bjørnar; Kolstad, Erland; Unander, Harald; Ulltveit-Moe, Nils & Gjøsæter, Terje (2015). SEMIAH D3.1 Verification and Validation Plan. SEMIAH Consortium. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This document contains a high-level verification and validation plan for SEMIAH. It describes the test strategy and methods that will be utilised to complement the software development activities in WP6. The SEMIAH test strategy is mainly based on International Software Testing Qualifications Board’s (ISTQB’s) Agile Test Extension [1]. The testing activities will be divided in four phases: feature development, continuous integration, system test, and pilot system. The business requirements will be validated in acceptance tests through exploratory testing. Features or functionalities of the SEMIAH system will be tested in the feature acceptance tests during the development phase. Nominated feature tests will also be included in the system test and regression testing. Non-functional requirements will be tested either as a natural part of the feature development or during system integration or system test activities. In the integration and system test phases the system will be built step-by-step as new features are delivered from the feature development tasks. At the end, a final system acceptance test will be conducted before the system is released for pilot testing in actual homes. Verification of Develco, Netplus, and Fraunhofer OGEMA products and their wireless interfaces towards appliances or smart devices are not part of this test strategy, nor is the testing of research features that are not to be integrated in the pilot system.

• Gjøsæter, Terje & Prinz, Andreas (2013). Languagelab 1.1 user manual. Universitetet i Agder. Full text in Research Archive

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