Stein Oluf Kristiansen

• Apriliyanti, Indri Dwi; Nugraha, Diwangkara Bagus; Kristiansen, Stein & Øverland, Indra Nobl (2024). To reform or not reform? Competing energy transition perspectives on Indonesia's monopoly electricity supplier Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN). Energy Research & Social Science. ISSN 2214-6296. 118. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103797. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper maps the opposing rationales for reforming or not reforming the giant monopoly electricity provider in the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia's state-owned power company, Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), distributes electricity to 98 % of the country's households. Only 13 % of the company's power generation is from renewable sources, while 60 % is from coal-fired power plants. PLN is sometimes cast as the main obstacle to the energy transition in Indonesia, which has a more carbon-intensive electricity sector than both China and India. How PLN evolves is therefore important for global climate mitigation. Based on document analysis and rare interviews with the high-level policymakers who govern PLN, we find that keeping consumer prices low and maintaining security of supply are the utility's dominant concerns. Indirect costs, negative environmental externalities and alternative business opportunities in renewable energy are rarely taken into consideration. This is due to entrenched elite interests and what is referred to in the theoretical literature as ‘collective conservatism’. Three measures that could change PLN's approach to decarbonisation are: redirecting government financial support, introducing more stringent carbon pricing regulations and leveraging growing private business interest in renewable energy to change the framework within which PLN operates.

• Kristiansen, Stein Oluf; Budiman, Arief & Pudyatmoko, Satyawan (2023). Ecosystem Guardians or Threats? Livelihood Security and Nature Conservation in Maluku, Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian economic studies. ISSN 0007-4918. 59(1), p. 119–143. doi: 10.1080/00074918.2021.1932744. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article addresses the challenge of combining ecosystem protection with economic development. The setting is societies living near a national park in a poor and peripheral part of Indonesia. Data from our household survey are used to answer the following questions: Do local communities find secure and sustainable livelihoods in areas surrounding the park? To what extent do communities close to the park contribute to ecosystem protection? We use cluster analysis to group households based on a mapping of livelihood means and outcomes. In-depth interviews complement the statistical data. The study reveals prevailing and widespread poverty combined with non-sustainable livelihoods. It shows that people’s traditional lives may pose a risk, rather than the solution, to ecosystem protection, and that sustained biodiversity and pristine forests may not be consistent with maintaining an economic resource base for an increasing population. Further, that ecosystem degradation does not necessarily evoke traditional social mechanisms for nature protection.

• Kristiansen, Stein; Goebel, Vera Hermine; Andersen, Morten Hamborg; Plagemann, Thomas Peter; Traaen, Gunn Marit & Øverland, Britt [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Evaluating a Low-Cost Strain Gauge Breathing Sensor for Sleep Apnea Detection at Home. In Gedeon, Ibrahim (Eds.), 2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9781728194417. doi: 10.1109/ICCWorkshops50388.2021.9473597. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We report results and experience from a clinical evaluation of a low-cost strain gauge breathing sensor for sleep apnea detection. We collected from 34 individuals 57 nights of unattended sleep monitoring data at home with the certified Type 3 monitor Nox-T3 and the Flow strain gauge sensor from SweetZpot. The quality of the Flow data does not match the quality of the Nox-T3 data due to the much simpler build of the Flow sensor and issues during data acquisition. The Flow data can still be used to accurately discriminate between normal and disrupted breathing. With appropriate data pre-processing, we achieve a mean breath detection sensitivity of 97.2% and positive prediction value of 94.2%.

• Sharma, Arvind; Kolhe, Mohan Lal; Kristiansen, Stein; Simonsen, Stig; Landsverk, Henrik & Oland, Signe Marie (2020). Techno-Economic Case Study of Micro-Grid System at Soccer Club of Skagerak Arena Norway. In Solic, P (Eds.), 2020 5th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech). IEEE Press. ISSN 9789532901054. p. 1–5. doi: 10.23919/SpliTech49282.2020.9243789. Full text in Research Archive
• Apriliyanti, Indri Dwi & Kristiansen, Stein (2019). The logics of political business in state-owned enterprises: the case of Indonesia. International Journal of Emerging Markets. ISSN 1746-8809. 14(5), p. 709–730. doi: 10.1108/IJOEM-08-2018-0433. Full text in Research Archive
• Pudyatmoko, Satyawan; Budiman, Arief & Kristiansen, Stein (2018). Towards sustainable coexistence: People and wild mammals in Baluran National Park, Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics. ISSN 1389-9341. 90, p. 151–159. doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2018.02.006. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2018). Institutions and Rural Stagnation in Eastern Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian economic studies. ISSN 0007-4918. 54(2), p. 193–214. doi: 10.1080/00074918.2018.1441526. Full text in Research Archive
• Purnomo, Boyke Rudy & Kristiansen, Stein Oluf (2017). Economic reasoning and creative industries progress. Creative Industries Journal (CIJ). ISSN 1751-0694. doi: 10.1080/17510694.2017.1403206. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein & Sulistiawati, Linda (2016). Traditions, Land Rights, and Local Welfare Creation: Studies from Eastern Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian economic studies. ISSN 0007-4918. 52(2), p. 209–227. doi: 10.1080/00074918.2015.1129049. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein Oluf (2013). Crossing borders to widen perspectives. In Holbek, Jonny; Kristiansen, Stein Oluf & Randøy, Trond (Ed.), Management for Progress : Festschrift in honor of the manifold academician Professor Harald Knudsen, 70 years. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788270997343. p. 115–135. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein; Dwiyanto, Agus; Pramusinto, Agus & Putranto, Erwan Agus (2009). Public Sector Reforms and Financial Transparency: Experiences from Indonesian Districts. Contemporary Southeast Asia. ISSN 0129-797X. 31(1), p. 64–87. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As in many Asian, African, and Latin American countries, democratization and devolution reforms have characterized the recent development of public management in Indonesia. This article analyses the current development of "good governance" in Indonesian local government. The main objective is to assess the level of transparency, the mechanisms for hiding, and the extent of corruption in district budgeting and accounting. The empirical data consists of 200 in-depth interviews with members of the executive, legislative and civil society institutions in six districts. The article concludes that national systems and traditions of politics and bureaucracy have a strong negative impact on local administrative procedures, leaving only marginal space for regional variance and improvements. There is a remarkable lack of transparency, and checks and balances in public financial affairs are still mostly missing in all districts.

• Furuholt, Bjørn; Kristiansen, Stein & Wahid, Fathul (2008). Gaming or gaining? Comparing the use of Internet cafés in Indonesia and Tanzania. The international information & library review. ISSN 1057-2317. 40(2), p. 129–139. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Main objectives of this study are to map and compare patterns of Internet use in poor contexts and to enhance the understanding of social gains from Internet access. The term ¿utility gap¿ is introduced, defined as a divergence between optimal benefits and real social profit from regular Internet use at a specific site. Internet cafés are the most common venues for accessing the Internet in poor countries, and this research is based on a survey of customers in such cafés in two countries. The selected cities of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania and Yogyakarta in Indonesia represent typical poor African and Asian contexts for Internet use, which are worthy of comparing. At both locations, usage frequency tends to increase with higher individual competence and capacities. Type of use is influenced by age and gender, as well as by competence, capacities, and usage frequency. A high percentage of users utilise their Web access for socially gainful activities, and limited time is spent on games and gambling. Use patterns are quite similar in the two cities. However, the utility gap appears to be bigger in the Tanzanian than in the Indonesian context. Indonesians use access to the Web from Internet cafés primarily for instrumental purposes, like seeking information, while Tanzanians spend more resources for on-line recreation. The paper concludes that education and Internet experience are important for enhanced social gains from public Internet access.

• Furuholt, Bjørn & Kristiansen, Stein (2007). A rural-urban Digital Divide? Regional aspects of Internet use in Tanzania. Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries. 31(6), p. 15–15. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The digital divide is the gap between those with regular, effective access to digital technologies, in particular the Internet, and those without. The global digital divide is a term often used to describe the gap between more and less economically developed nations, while at the national level, there is often an urban-rural divide. In developing countries, most Internet users gain access through public access points like Internet cafés. In this article, we take a closer look at the digital divide within Tanzania. Based on a survey among Internet café users in rural, semi-urban and central regions of the country, we find that the divide is mainly a question of finding venues with technology to access the Internet. The Internet users and usage at the different sites are surprisingly uniform, with, however, a few significant differences.

• Kristiansen, Stein (2007). Entry Barriers in Rural Business: The Case of Egg Production in Eastern Indonesia. Journal of Entrepreneurship. ISSN 0971-3557. 16(1), p. 53–76. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Market liberalisation should ideally enhance the chances for development of rural business. Yet, entry barriers in poor areas are still high and local resources like land and labour, remain underutilised. This article searches for reasons behind entry barriers in one specific business, in rural Indonesia, namely layer egg production. In Indonesia, the poultry business is strongly concentrated in Java, and the huge populations on other islands are practically without commercial egg producers. Egg prices in these regions are therefore high and quality is low. The research is based on fieldwork in five of Indonesia's islands: Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, and Flores. Traditional entry barriers, like capital costs, economies of scale, brand loyalty, and technological development, are found to be low. Main explanations for the lack of entry by small-scale entrepreneurs are: limited information and knowledge; uncertainties due to the concentration and market dominance by powerful business groups. The gap is wide between those who know and control and those who do not. Lowering entry barriers into layer egg and feed production is mainly a matter of increasing competence at the household level, but institutional changes are also required. Government institutions should play a stronger role in competence development, and local cooperatives could facilitate stable supply of quality feed.

• Furuholt, Bjørn & Kristiansen, Stein (2007). Internet Cafés in Asia and Africa ? Venues for Education and Learning? Journal of Community Informatics. 3(2), p. 1–16. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper examines the use of Internet cafés in two developing countries; Indonesia and Tanzania. The research is based on surveys of some 500 respondents in total in the two countries, supported by in-depth interviews. The findings show that Internet cafés are used for competence development today, and that they have the potential to be suitable arenas for human resource development for a wide range of users. For the users, access speed and price are important obstacles to increased use. More research is needed to see how Internet cafés can attract new user-groups to help reduce the digital divide within a developing country.

• Kristiansen, Stein (2006). Transaction Costs and Linkage Creation: Experiences from Indonesia. European Journal of Development Research. ISSN 0957-8811. 18(4), p. 662–683. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  High transaction costs are created by the lack of interaction, trust, and information flows between sectors and regions in poor countries. This paper assesses impacts of Indonesian linkage strategies on transaction cost reduction in rural businesses. We also discuss the general relevance of the linkage term and policy alternatives for employment creation and business development in poor areas today. The research is mainly based on extensive literature reviews, and also on sessions of fieldwork in Indonesia. Conclusions on effects of public linkage strategies are generally negative. Good intentions have been spoiled by elite interests and corruption. Alternatively, we argue that programmes for transaction cost reduction in rural areas should focus on problems of information asymmetry, be more politically conscious, and based on community interests and initiatives. Cooperatives may have better chances to succeed in linkage creation after the breakdown of traditional power structures

• Kristiansen, Stein & Ramli, Muhid (2006). Buying an Income: The Market for Civil Service Positions in Indonesia. Contemporary Southeast Asia. ISSN 0129-797X. 28(2), p. 207–233. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In Indonesia, positions in the Civil Service are subject to hidden market transactions. the demand for stable sources of income is high, and lack of transparency makes sales possible by government officers in core positions. the recent decentralization reforms have blurred borders of responsibility and lines of reporting in the bureaucracy and facilitated increasing rent-seeking at local levels. the article reports from a study of payment for government positions in an urban and a rural district in a province in indonesia, Nusa Tenggara Barat. the survey reveals that prices for positions are rising and vary among departments in accordance with available opportunities to boost their income. Prices are higher where many projects are available and the compensation is good. the article concludes that current practices are unethical and hurt the society and that increased transparency in employment procedures must be in place before things can get any better.

• Kristiansen, Stein & Santoso, P (2006). Surviving decentralisation? Impacts of regional autonomy on health service provision in Indonesia. Health Policy. ISSN 0168-8510. 77, p. 247–259. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The paper aims to assess the impacts of decentralisation and privatisation reforms on access to and quality of health services in Indonesia. The research draws on qualitative and quantitative data from interviews, focus group discussions, and household survevs in four selected districts. The main conclusions are three-fold; the local administration of health care services is without transparency and accountability, health centres are turned into profit centres, and the increasing roles of private actors tend to reduce concerns over preventive health care and the conditions for poor people. Our policy recommendations include increased government spending to maintain public efforts in environmental and preventive health and in maintaining a minimum health service for the poor. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

• Kristiansen, Stein & Pratikno, ukjent-for-m039443 (2006). Decentralising education in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Development. ISSN 0738-0593. 26, p. 513–531. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The paper aims to assess the impacts of a dramatic decentralisation reform in Indonesia on access to and quality of primary and secondary education. The research draws on qualitative and quantitative data from interviews, focus group discussions and household surveys in four selected districts. The main conclusions are threefold; the administration of educational services is without transparency and accountability, household expenditures on children's education are high and increasing, and huge social and geographical disparities exist. Policy recommendations include increased government spending to make primary education available to all and improved measures to control public policies and expenditure in this sector. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

• Wahid, Fathul; Furuholt, Bjørn & Kristiansen, Stein (2006). Internet for development? Patterns of use among Internet café customers in Indonesia, Information Development. ISSN 0266-6669. 22(4), p. 278–291. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Internet cafés are important for people?s access to the Internet in poor countries. These venues offer a potential gateway to valuable information, meaningful communication, and political participation for ordinary citizens. They may also represent a possible threat to traditions and cultural values. In this paper, we analyse the use of the Internet among Internet café customers in the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A main objective is to assess the importance of Internet use for human resource development. Three main categories of use are identified, namely communication, instrumental, and recreational. The two first mentioned are by far the most important in our sample. Those who use the Internet mainly for instrumental purposes, i.e. seeking information, reading online news, and research, are generally older and more highly educated with a higher personal and financial capability. This fact points in the direction of increased individual usefulness of Internet access over time.

• Kristiansen, Stein; Wahid, Fathul & Furuholt, Bjørn (2006). Investing in knowledge? Information asymmetry and Indonesian schooling. The international information & library review. ISSN 1057-2317. 38(4), p. 192–204. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper reports from a survey of media exposure and level of knowledge among senior high-school students at various locations in Indonesia. Government budgets for education have recently been dramatically reduced in Indonesia and increasing financial burdens are put on the households, like in many other poor countries. There is a tendency to increasing differences in quality of schooling among social layers and geographical areas. Main conclusions in this research are that information asymmetry exists as a problem in society and that type of school and location matter more than media exposure for students? knowledge level. Students in public schools generally score significantly higher than those in private institutions. Also, students? level of knowledge tends to fall with decreasing level of geographical centrality. Our policy recommendations include increased public investment in quality schooling for all.

• Kristiansen, Stein & Trijono, Lambang (2005). Authority and Law Enforcement: Local Government Reforms and Security Systems in Indonesia. Contemporary Southeast Asia. ISSN 0129-797X. 27(2), p. 236–254. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article assesses the impact of decentralization and deregulation reforms in Indonesia on security and law enforcement. The research draws on qualitative and quantitative data from interviews, focus group discussions and household surveys in four selected districts. The main conclusions are that local security bodies are being developed without control by the central government or local level democratic bodies. There is a total lack of transparency and accountability in security affairs and much power is concentrated in the hands of the district heads, the bupati. Policy recommendations include increased central government control over policing, security organizations and law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Furuholt, Bjørn; Kristiansen, Stein & Wahid, Fathul (2005). Information dissemination in a developing society: Internet café users in Indonesia. Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries. 22(3), p. 1–17. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The article analyses the market for Internet cafés in Indonesia and thereby studies the spread of information through the Internet in a developing society. The city of Yogyakarta was selected as the research site, due to its abundance of Internet cafés and customers. The empirical research is based on a survey comprising 270 users. Customers are typically young and educated. Males represent the majority of users but unmarried females are also regulars. User frequency is statistically associated with individual capability, electronic media exposure and financial capacity. Ten percent of customers’ total monthly expenditures are on Internet cafés. Users represent a multitude of cyber cultures, and more research is needed to assess different preferences and motives for use.

• Kristiansen, Stein (2005). Information flows and adaptation in Tanzanian cottage industries. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. ISSN 0898-5626. 17(5), p. 365–388. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2005). Cottage industries in Tanzania: Can they survive? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation. ISSN 1465-7503. 6(2), p. 97–104. Full text in Research Archive
• Jenssen, Jan Inge & Kristiansen, Stein (2004). Sub-cultures and entrepreneurship: The value of social capital in Tanzanian business. Journal of Entrepreneurship. ISSN 0971-3557. 13(1). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The national cultures of African countries are fragmentedand it is of interest to know more about the influence of sub-cultural qualities on small-scale business development in various African contexts. We argue that the impact of sub-cultural characteristics on the acquisition of entrepreneurial resources at a specific location is influenced by the development of social capital. The paper is empirically based on case studies of entrepreneurs in the wood business in the coastal town of Tanga, Tanzania. The article concludes that sub-cultural qualities like group cohesion, mobility and level of education have significant effect on social capital formation, andthereby also on access to entrepreneurial resources. Entrepreneurs belonging to African and Asian sub-cultures have different preconditions for developing social networks, trust andsocial skills, which influence resources like motivation, information and access to capital and markets.

• Kristiansen, Stein (2004). Social networks and business success: The role of subcultures in an African context. The American journal of economics and sociology. ISSN 0002-9246. 63(5), p. 1149–1171. doi: 10.1111/j.1536-7150.2004.00339.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The main objective of this paper is to illuminate social and cultural preconditions for networking and success in business in an African context. By in-depth studies of small-scale entrepreneurs in the wood business in Tanzania, we find that people belonging to an Asian subculture probably have a better standing for entering and thriving in business, due to group cohesion, mobility, and level of education. Through high-quality social networks, characterized by a high number and variety of relations, certain groups seem to be in a better position to enact their business environment and raise entrepreneurial resources such as motivation and ideas, information, capital, and trust. To reduce social discontent and inter-ethnic and religious conflicts in this area, we suggest that policy measures be taken to enhance levels of education and access to information for all citizens to create a “level playing field” in economic affairs.

• Wahid, Fathul; Furuholt, Bjørn & Kristiansen, Stein (2004). Information diffusion agents and the spread of Internet cafés in Indonesia. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 13, p. 659–683. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2004). Entrepreneurial intention among Indonesian and Norwegian students. Journal of Enterprising Culture. ISSN 0218-4958. 12(1), p. 55–78. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper aims to identify determinants of entrepreneurial intention among young people. The empirical basis is formed by surveys among Indonesian and Norwegian students. The main objective is to compare the impact of different economic and cultural contexts. Independent variables in the study include demographic factors and individual background, personalitytraits, and contextual elements such as access to capital andinformation. The individual perceptions of self-efficacy andinstrumental readiness are the variables that affect entrepreneurial intention most significantly. Age, gender and educational background have no statistically significant impact. Generally, the level of entrepreneurial intention is higher amongIndonesian students. The lower level of entrepreneurial intention among Norwegian students is explained by the social status and economic remuneration of entrepreneurs in comparisonwith those enjoyed by employees in the Norwegian context.

• Kristiansen, Stein (2004). Liberalisation, information and innovation: Cottage garment industries in Tanzania. European Journal of Development Research. ISSN 0957-8811. 16(2), p. 375–395. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2003). Small-scale business in rural Java: Involution or innovation? Journal of Entrepreneurship. ISSN 0971-3557. 12(1), p. 21–41. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2003). Violent Youth Groups in Indonesia: The Cases of Yogyakarta and Nusa Tenggara Barat. Sojourn. ISSN 0217-4472. 18(1), p. 110–138. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein & Indarti, Nurul (2003). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention: The Case of Norwegian Students. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business. ISSN 1411-1128. 5(1), p. 79–96. doi: 10.22146/gamaijb.5392. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper aims to identify determinants of entrepreneurial intentions among young people. The empirical basis is Norwegian students, while an objective is also to create a basis for comparative studies among different economic and cultural contexts. Independent variables in the study include demographic factors and individual background, personality traits, and contextual elements like access to capital and information. The individual perceptions of self-efficacy and instrumental readiness are the variables that affect entrepreneurial intentions most significantly. Age, gender and educational background have no statistically significant impact. Generally, the level of the entrepreneurial intentions among Norwegian students is relatively low, which may be explained by social status and economic remuneration of entrepreneurs compared with employees in the Norwegian context.

• Kristiansen, Stein; Furuholt, Bjørn & Wahid, Fathul (2003). Internet café entrepreneurs: Pioneers in information dissemination in Indonesia. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation. ISSN 1465-7503. 4(4), p. 251–263. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Internet cafés represent a potential means for bridging the information gap between social groups and geographical areas. This study examines the spread of Internet cafés in Indonesia. Main objective are to identify characteristics of Internet café entrepreneurs and to enhance our understanding of preconditions for the supply of Internet access by small-scale private enterprises. A survey methodology is used and the data reveal clear statistical associations between entrepreneurial adaptations, such as connection types and service variety, and success variables. Our policy recommendations include government intervention primarily in infrastructure development and awareness creation for a more equitable spread of access to information through the Internet.

• Kristiansen, Stein (2003). Survival of cottage industries in Africa: The case of clustering and social networks in Tanzanian garment industries. ?. 21(3), p. 365–382. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2003). North-South academic institutional collaboration: The case of Mzumbe University, Tanzania, and Agder University College, Norway. ?. 3(2). Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2002). Individual perception of business contexts: The case of small-scale entrepreneurs in Tanzania. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship. ISSN 1084-9467. 7(3), p. 283–305. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2002). Enacting their business environments: Asian Entrepreneurs in East Africa. African and Asian Studies. ISSN 1569-2094. 1(3), p. 165–187. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein & Ryen, Anne (2002). Enacting their Business Environments: Asian Entreprenurs in East Africa. African and Asian Studies. ISSN 1569-2094. 1(3), p. 165–186. doi: 10.1163/156921002X00040. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The main objective of this paper is to contribute to explaining the outstanding business success among the Asian diaspora in East Africa as compared to the native African population. Taking an actor's point of view, the business context is analysed against a theoretical background of alien entrepreneurship and a presentation of the history of Asians in the region. A main argument is that the alien entrepreneurs are in a better position to enact their business context in a manner favourable for success, based on ethnic resources such as kinship, education and pride, mobility and communication and social networking. The main policy recommendations include mechanisms to improve information flows and networking capabilities of indigenous business people.

• Kristiansen, Stein (2002). Competition and Knowledge in Javanese Rural Business. Singapore journal of tropical geography. ISSN 0129-7619. 23(1), p. 52–70. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2001). Promoting African Pioneers in Business: What makes a Context Conducive to Small-Scale Entrepreneurship? Journal of Entrepreneurship. ISSN 0971-3557. 10(1), p. 43–69. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2000). Determinants of entrepreneurial endeavour, African Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development. Edited by L.K. Rutashobya and D.R. Olomi. Dar es Salaam University Press. p. 139–159. Full text in Research Archive

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• Holbek, Jonny; Kristiansen, Stein Oluf & Randøy, Trond (2013). Management for Progress : Festschrift in honor of the manifold academician Professor Harald Knudsen, 70 years. Novus Forlag. ISBN 9788270997343. 303 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Kristiansen, Stein (2014). Historical Foundations for the Nordic Development Model. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2014). Doing Business in Asia. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein & Ibadildin, Nygmet (2014). Avoiding the resource curse by diversification? Comparing linkage strategies in Kazakhstan and Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein & Sulistiawati, Linda (2014). Traditions, land rights, and local welfare creation: Studies from eastern Indonesia. Full text in Research Archive
• Holbek, Jonny; Kristiansen, Stein Oluf & Randøy, Trond (2013). Introduction. In Holbek, Jonny; Kristiansen, Stein Oluf & Randøy, Trond (Ed.), Management for Progress : Festschrift in honor of the manifold academician Professor Harald Knudsen, 70 years. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788270997343. p. 13–20. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein Oluf (2012). Political Culture and Democratization in Indonesia: The Cases of Yogyakarta and Flores. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein Oluf (2012). Emerging Economies: Key Features. Full text in Research Archive
• Furuholt, Bjørn & Kristiansen, Stein (2007). A rural-urban digital divide? Regional aspects of internet use in Tanzania. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The digital divide is the gap between those with regular, effective access to digital technologies, in particular the Internet, and those without. The global digital divide is a term often used to describe the gap between more and less economically developed nations, while at the national level, there is often an urban-rural divide. In developing countries, most Internet users gain access through public access points like Internet cafés. In this article, we take a closer look at the digital divide within Tanzania. Based on a survey among Internet café users in rural, semi-urban and central regions of the country, we find that the divide is mainly a question of finding venues with technology to access the Internet. The Internet users and usage at the different sites are surprisingly uniform, with, however, a few significant differences.

• Furuholt, Bjørn & Kristiansen, Stein (2007). Tanzania: A rural - urban digital divide. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2006). The Role of Asians in Tanzanian Business. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The paper traces differences between entrepreneurs of Asian and African origins in the Tanzanian economy. It also questions why Asians tend to be leading and more innovative, and how indigenous business people could strengthen their competitive edge in the current Tanzanian business context.

• Furuholt, Bjørn & Kristiansen, Stein (2005). Internet Cafés - Venues for Learning in Developing Countries. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2004). Information asymmetry, corruption, and good governance (A keynote speech) Experiences from Indonesia during decentralisation. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2003). Information, adaptation and survival: A study of small-scale garment and carpentry industries in Tanzania. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2003). Twinning and tuning: Achievements and prospects of the MU - AUC collaboration. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2003). Problems of rural unemployment in Indonesia. Full text in Research Archive
• Ryen, Anne & Kristiansen, Stein (2002). Gendered Business Contexts: The Case of Male Indian Entrepreneurs in East Africa. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2001). Unemployment, Identity and Business: Violent Youth Groups in Yogyakarta and Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2001). Tanga Tailors in Changing Contexts: A Case Study of Small-Scale Garment Entrepreneurs in Tanzania. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2003). Information asymmetry and economic concentration: The case of hens and eggs in Eastern Indonesia. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN). Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein (2003). Linkages and rural non-farm employment creation: Changing challenges and policies in Indonesia. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN). Full text in Research Archive

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