Monica Klungland Torstveit

• Ausland, Ådne; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Knight, Camilla J.; Ivarsson, Andreas & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2026). Navigating uncharted territory: a biopsychosocial perspective on coaching female athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. ISSN 1612-197X. doi: 10.1080/1612197x.2026.2701821. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As female athlete participation continues to grow globally, there is a pressing need to develop coaching strategies that address their specific biopsychosocial needs. This study explores the uncharted territory of coaching female athletes within the Norwegian sports context, drawing on the subjective experiences of coaches, retired elite female athletes, and sports federation representatives. Using a qualitative study design, 32 semi-structured interviews were conducted across eight major sports in Norway. Participants included elite coaches (n = 8), recreational coaches (n = 8), retired elite female athletes (n = 8), and sports federation representatives (n = 8). Reflexive thematic analysis generated three primary themes: (1) communication and relationships as sexed foundations of effective coaching, (2) female-specific coaching knowledge and its psychosocial consequences, and (3) systemic conditions of coach education and delivery. Coaches reported challenges in addressing menstrual health, body image, and injury prevention, often due to limited access to practical resources and evidence-based knowledge. Findings also revealed structural barriers within current coach education programmes, including minimal biopsychosocial content and limited organisational support. This study highlights the urgent need for practical, inclusive education that integrates biopsychosocial knowledge to foster more equitable coaching environments, enhancing the long-term well-being, development, and performance of female athletes.

• Ausland, Ådne; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2026). Guided by trust and pushed past the limit: Retired elite female athletes’ narrative accounts of coaching, voices and menstrual health. International journal of sports science & coaching. ISSN 1747-9541. doi: 10.1177/17479541261440230. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Coach-athlete relationships are central to athlete development, health, and performance in elite sport. This study explored how retired elite female athletes retrospectively narrate their coaching experiences, with attention to how these relationships intersected with female-specific health concerns, training autonomy, and psychological support. A biopsychosocial perspective informed the interview design, focusing on how physical, psychological, and social factors coalesce to shape athletes’ experiences. Using a qualitative interview design and thematic narrative analysis, interviews were conducted with eight retired Norwegian elite female athletes. Participants reflected on relational dynamics across their careers, including trust, silence, vulnerability, and how topics such as menstrual health and low-energy availability were addressed or ignored, in their coaching environments. Two narrative trajectories were constructed. The first described relationships characterised by long-term trust, emotional availability, and openness to female-specific concerns, which supported athletes’ willingness to share bodily cues and collaborate on adjustments. The second trajectory depicted more distant and rigid environments, where health-related concerns were overlooked, and athletes gradually learned to withhold concerns, often normalising silence as part of the high-performance culture. Across both trajectories, the narratives highlighted how coaching relationships shape athletes’ sense of safety, autonomy, and capacity to voice physical and psychological needs. The findings suggest that a female-informed relational approach (brief state checks, explicit validation, and proportionate adjustments) may help foster more open dialogue about body-related cues. These insights may support the continued development of coach education programmes that integrate biopsychosocial awareness to create more responsive and sustainable coaching environments for elite female athletes.

• Ausland, Ådne; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ivarsson, Andreas; Melin, Anna; Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Augustsson, Sofia Ryman [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2026). Perceived importance and self-evaluations of female-specific knowledge: current insights into sports coaching of female athletes. Sports Coaching Review. ISSN 2164-0629. p. 1–17. doi: 10.1080/21640629.2026.2659981. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Female athletes encounter biological challenges, such as puberty and hormonal health, embedded within psychosocial coaching environments. Despite their relevance, these topics remain insufficiently integrated into coach education programmes. This study surveyed 779 coaches in Norway and Sweden to examine perceived knowledge versus the importance of female-specific topics through a biopsychosocial perspective. Results revealed a consistent discrepancy: coaches rated these topics as highly important but reported limited knowledge. Latent profile analysis identified three distinct profiles: “High-Performance but Resource-Limited”, “Aware but Underprepared”, and “Confident but Unaware,” with no significant differences based on coach sex or education. Across profiles, coaches reported limited resource access and a strong need for education regarding how these factors impact communication, training, and well-being. These findings indicate persistent gaps in coach preparedness, highlighting the need for context-sensitive education. Integrating biologically grounded content within a biopsychosocial perspective may strengthen coaching practice and thus enhance female athletes´ long-term development.

• Augustsson, Sofia Ryman; Linner, Susanne; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ausland, Ådne; Bjärsholm, Daniel & Ivarsson, Andreas [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2026). Development of the FIDES Athlete Development Program ‘girls are not small boys’: a digital educational intervention. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. 12(1), p. 003163–003163. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2025-003163. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: To develop a sustainable and accessible educational programme on biopsychosocial female-specific topics, for young female athletes in organised sport, their parents and coaches for future testing and evaluation in a full-scale intervention study. Methods: A digital educational programme, along with its methodology, was developed in four steps: First, content validity of female-specific topics was identified through (a) literature reviews by an interdisciplinary research team and (b) an online survey of 1323 female athletes (aged 16–24 years) assessing perceived knowledge and knowledge needs regarding biopsychosocial topics. Second, film scripts based on identified topics were written, internally reviewed and evaluated by a pilot group of six 13–16-year-old female athletes. Third, online surveys assessing main and secondary outcomes were developed and tested in the pilot group. Finally, digital format and production were developed collaboratively with a film scholar and film technicians. Results: The intervention development yielded 12 videos of 5–7 min, featuring sports science researchers and female elite athletes sharing their perspectives on biopsychosocial topics specific to women. The protocol development produced a quasi-experimental, modified staircase cluster trial design, including bi-weekly assessment of main (ie, well-being and sporting experiences) and secondary outcomes (eg, perceived support) at baseline, pre-, post-intervention and post-post follow-up. Conclusion: This study outlines the development of a digital educational intervention for young female athletes, their parents and coaches, emphasising that interdisciplinary collaboration and user engagement are key to identifying intervention components and relevant outcomes.

• Vedenpää, Mimmi M. S.; Sagelv, Edvard Hamnvik; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Borch, Kristin Benjaminsen & Osborne, John Owen (2025). Lower Prevalence of Disordered Eating Behaviours Among Norwegian Female Athletes Compared to Non-Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Survey Using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. European Journal of Sport Science (EJSS). ISSN 1746-1391. 25(9). doi: 10.1002/ejsc.70043. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of this study was to report and compare the prevalence of disordered eating behaviours (DEBs) among Norwegian female athletes of different competition levels and sport types, and non-athletes of different physical activity levels. A total of 565 females (athletes: n = 189; non-athletes: n = 376) completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 (EDE-Q). Athletes were categorised as recreational (n = 72), national (n = 94), or elite (n = 23), while non-athlete females were sedentary (n = 111) or physically active but non-competitive (exercisers: n = 265). A global EDE-Q score of > 2.5 was considered as increased risk of an eating disorder. Data were modelled using linear or logistic regression, adjusted for body mass index (BMI), age category, and education level. Global EDE-Q score was lower among recreational (mean [95% confidence interval]): (1.73 [1.31, 2.14]; p = 0.003; d = 0.50) and national-level athletes (1.89 [1.52,2.26]; p = 0.024; d = 0.39) compared to exercisers (2.47 [2.19,2.75]), with recreational athletes also scoring lower than sedentary females (2.43 [2.09,2.78]; p = 0.022; d = 0.47). Leanness focused sports had higher restraint (p = 0.046; d = 0.30) and eating concern (p = 0.025; d = 0.35) subscale scores compared to non-leanness focused sports. Recreational- or national-level athletes scored on average lower DEB symptoms using EDE-Q, compared to sedentary and physical-active non-athletes. No EDE-Q difference was found between competition levels. Leanness focused sport athletes were more concerned about eating behaviours and had higher restraint than athletes from non-leanness focused sports. These findings suggest that sport participation may be associated with lower or higher disordered eating symptoms, depending on competitive level and type of sport, highlighting the complexity of these relationships in physically active females.

• Sundgot-Borgen, Christine; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn; Sølvberg, Nina; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Mountjoy, Margo & Mathisen, Therese Fostervold (2025). Factors predicting disordered eating and the prevalence of eating disorders in adolescent elite athletes, trained athletes and a reference group: a prospective controlled two-step study. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 59(15), p. 1043–1054. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108808. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Objective To prospectively examine the prevalence of diagnosed eating disorders (ED-diagnosis), ED-symptoms and factors predicting ED-symptoms in three male and female high school student groups: elite athletes, trained athletes and a non-athlete reference group at baseline (T1) and 1-year follow-up (T2). Methods A survey was administered at baseline (T1) (n=1186) and 1-year follow-up (T2) (n=1144) (step-one). Participants classified with ED-symptoms by the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ 6.0) at T2 were invited to a diagnostic interview (step-two). Results Prevalence of ED-diagnosis for males and females were 6.9% and 9.3% in elite athletes, 5.9% and 11.2% in trained athletes and 3.0% and 11.9% in references, respectively. No group differences were statistically significant. Male references had more ED-symptoms compared with elite and trained male athletes (EDEQ-global score 0.81 vs <0.55), while elite female athletes had fewer ED-symptoms compared with trained female athletes and female references (EDEQ-global score 1.14 vs >1.59). Trained female athletes increased ED-symptoms over time, whereas elite female athletes consistently had fewer ED-symptoms in comparison. High ED-symptom presentation was predicted by high body mass index and more psychological distress in males, whereas for females, ED-symptoms were predicted by lower resilience, more psychological distress and being a non-athlete reference. Conclusion No statistically significant group differences in the prevalence of ED-diagnosis were observed between elite athletes, trained athletes and a non-athlete reference group. Female elite athletes had fewer ED-symptoms compared with other female groups, and male references had more ED-symptoms compared with male athlete groups. Preventive measures that address psychological resilience and distress should be considered.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Fahrenholtz, Ida; Melin, Anna; Garthe, Ina & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Participant evaluations of the FUEL intervention designed for female endurance athletes at risk of REDs: A mixed methods approach. Sports Psychiatry. 4(2). doi: 10.1024/2674-0052/a000107. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Based on a mixed methods design, we investigated the experiences and evaluations of female endurance athletes at risk of REDs who participated in the FUEL intervention programme. Methods: Eighty-two percent of the FUEL participants filled out an evaluation questionnaire, and ten participated in a semi-structured interview. The quantitative data were analysed using a Bayesian Mann-Whitney test, while a critical realist approach was used to analyse the qualitative data. Results: The overall satisfaction rate (from 1 to 10) was 9.1 ± 1.1, with weak evidence for a higher satisfaction level among the FUELcombined (16 digital lectures and 8 individual consultations) compared to FUELlectures (16 digital lectures) participants (9.3 ± 0.9 versus 8.0 ± 1.5, BF10=1.00). Most of the participants found the duration and frequency of the consultations appropriate and did not find the digital format limiting. These results were supported by the qualitative findings showing that the participants expressed educative and motivating experiences. They also appreciated the 16-week intervention duration providing the opportunity to absorb new knowledge, implement it in their daily routines, become more body conscious, and reflect on their new positive bodily experiences. Conclusion: The participants in this multicenter study were satisfied with the FUEL intervention expressing their intentions to recommend it to other athletes and their entourage. They also highlighted the time given to acquire new knowledge, being able to reflect on their positive bodily experiences, and positively change their mindsets. Our findings may be of value for future studies developing highly needed sports nutrition interventions for the prevention of REDs at all levels.

• Wasserfurth, Paulina; Halioua, Robin; Toepffer, Désirée; Lautz, Zoë; Engel, Helena & Melin, Anna Katarina [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). Screening for Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: Detection of Clinical Indicators in Female Endurance Athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 57(6), p. 1257–1265. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003644. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose The purpose was to evaluate the individual and combined use of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and the Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire (BEDA-Q) to detect clinical indicators associated with Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Methods In this cross-sectional study, 50 female endurance athletes training ≥4× a week completed the LEAF-Q and BEDA-Q and were assessed for presence of selected REDs indicators. Athletes meeting the criteria for mild or more severe REDs severity/risk according to the International Olympic Committee REDs Clinical Assessment Tool Version 2 (IOC REDs CAT2) were classified as REDs cases. Diagnostic properties of the German versions of the LEAF-Q and BEDA-Q were assessed at different cutoffs using receiver operating characteristics calculations. Results Fourteen (28%) athletes were classified as REDs cases. The LEAF-Q had a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 50%, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 38% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 86%. For detection of disordered eating behavior/eating disorder, the BEDA-Q showed a sensitivity and specificity of 71% and 76%, respectively, with a PPV of 68% and an NPV of 79%. Out of 14 REDs cases, 9 (64%) scored positive in the LEAF-Q and BEDA-Q. Two athletes (14%) scored positive only in the LEAF-Q, and one athlete scored positive only in the BEDA-Q. Two REDs cases remained undetected by both questionnaires. Conclusions Among German female endurance athletes, the LEAF-Q and BEDA-Q are good screening tools to detect REDs cases with mild or more severe severity/risk as classified according to the IOC REDs CAT2. Further clinical assessments should be initiated when athletes score positive in at least one of the questionnaires.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Sersland, Andreas; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Knight, Camilla J.; Ivarsson, Andreas & Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). The Association Between Psychosocial Factors and Reported Injuries Among Youth Grassroot Soccer Players. European Journal of Sport Science (EJSS). ISSN 1746-1391. 25(6). doi: 10.1002/ejsc.12314. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Regular participation in grassroot sports may benefit adolescents by developing movement skills, fostering peer relationships, and cultivating positive attitudes and behaviors. However, increased volume and intensity of sport participation raise the risk of injuries, which may lead adolescents to quit sport. Hence, sport injuries are a public health concern, yet knowledge about injury prevalence in grassroot settings remains limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate: (a) the prevalence of injury in youth grassroot football players and (b) the relationships between prevalence of injury and potential risk factors; namely, sex, age group, social support, coach and peer autonomy support, and training load. Adolescents (n = 568; M age = 15.7 years; and SD = 1.4) playing for U14–U19 teams in Agder County in Norway provided information pertaining to their participation in grassroot football. Although no differences in the prevalence of injuries or substantial injuries were found between sex and age groups, the results indicated differences in injury anatomical areas based on sex and age. Moreover, the results revealed that a higher injury prevalence was associated with a combination of lower levels of peer autonomy support, higher weekly accumulated total football activity, and being female. For substantial injuries, the combination of higher amounts of match time or being a player who perceived lower levels of coach autonomy support in the group accumulating least match time was associated with a higher injury prevalence. Our results showed a surprisingly high prevalence of injury in youth grassroot football, highlighting the need for future intervention studies.

• Radovan, Felicia; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Kjær, Jørgen; Melin, Anna; Ausland, Ådne & Bjärsholm, Daniel [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2025). Female athletes' knowledge of biopsychosocial puberty-related topics in sports. What is missing? Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 7. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1596418. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Puberty has been identified as one of the main contributing factors for girls dropping out of sports during adolescence. Knowledge and social support can, however, help athletes navigate the biopsychosocial (BPS) puberty-related changes associated with this period. Yet, research on female athletes' knowledge about BPS puberty-related topics is lacking. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to examine female athletes' perceived knowledge and knowledge needs of BPS puberty-related topics during adolescence, explore interconnections across BPS domains, and investigate differences between athletes in team and individual sports.Method: A total of 1,323 Swedish and Norwegian female athletes (M age 18.7 ± 2.3 years, range 16–24) from ten sport disciplines [n = 657 (49.7%) team sport athletes; n = 656 (49.6%) individual sport athletes] completed an online survey in 2024 on perceived knowledge and knowledge needs regarding BPS puberty-related topics during adolescence.Results: Findings revealed low perceived knowledge and high knowledge needs among female athletes. A Mann–Whitney U test revealed higher perceived knowledge among team sport athletes regarding individual differences, social cohesion, social comparison, acceptance within the group, and recovery, compared to individual sport athletes. Additionally, team sport athletes reported higher knowledge needs regarding social comparisons, sports nutrition and recovery, while individual sport athletes reported higher knowledge needs regarding changes in sex hormones, individual differences, and changes in body composition. A network analysis identified clusters of biological, psychosocial, and behavioral topics in perceived knowledge and knowledge needs, indicating that knowledge is concentrated within domains.Discussion: The findings highlight gaps in knowledge among female athletes regarding BPS puberty-related topics across various sporting contexts. The results also underscore the urgent need for holistic and interdisciplinary educational programs addressing these knowledge gaps in the sporting context of female athletes.

• Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Mathisen, Therese Fostervold & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2024). Nye retningslinjer for syndromet relativ energimangel i idrett (REDs). Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 144(6), p. 462–462. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.24.0181. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Lav energitilgjengelighet gir dårligere prestasjoner og flere skader. I mange idretter har utøvere et betydelig energibehov for å opprettholde effekten av nødvendig treningsmengde og ønskede konkurranseprestasjoner. Innen idrettsmedisin anvendes uttrykket lav energitilgjengelighet (Low Energy Availability, LEA) for å beskrive en tilstand der energiinntaket er for lavt til å dekke basale energibehov dersom trening tar for mye av energitilførselen. Når eksponeringen for dette er langvarig eller av betydelig størrelse, kalles det problematisk lav energitilgjengelighet (1). Dette vil over tid bidra til ulike negative fysiologiske og psykologiske helse- og prestasjonsrelaterte effekter, en tilstand som omtales som relativ energimangel i idrett (Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, REDs) (2). Ifølge Den internasjonale olympiske komité (IOC) sin konsensusrapport fra 2023 er relativ energimangel et klinisk diagnostisert, multifaktorielt syndrom karakterisert ved en samling av negative helse- og prestasjonsutfall som følge av eksponering for problematisk lav energitilgjengelighet.

• Mountjoy, Margo; Melin, Anna; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Relative energy deficiency in sport a clinical approach for athletics athletes. ASPETAR Sports Medicine Journal. ISSN 2304-0904. 13. Full text in Research Archive
• Dasa, Marcus Småvik; Friborg, Oddgeir; Kristoffersen, Morten; Pettersen, Gunn; Sagen, Jørn Vegard & Torstveit, Monica Klungland [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Risk and prevalence of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) among professional female football players. European Journal of Sport Science (EJSS). ISSN 1746-1391. 24(7), p. 1032–1041. doi: 10.1002/ejsc.12129. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A high prevalence of low energy availability (LEA) has been reported in female football players. This is of concern as problematic LEA may evolve into a syndromic pattern known as relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs). Given the difficulties in accurately assessing LEA, our study shifts emphasis to measurable indicators of REDs, serving as proxies for health detriments caused by LEA. The present cross-sectional study aimed to quantify the risk of REDs and to assess the prevalence of indicators indicative of the syndrome. 60 players (tiers 3 and 4) from three Norwegian football teams were analyzed as a single cohort but also stratified based on player position and menstrual status. The proportion of players at risk for REDs was 22%, that is, 17% with mild, 3% with moderate to high, and 2% with very high/extreme risk, respectively. The majority of the cohort (71%) presented with no primary indicators, while 20%, 7%, and 2% presented with one, two, and three primary indicators, respectively. Regarding secondary indicators, 57% had none, 33% had one, and 10% had two indicators. For associated indicators, 30% had none, 42% had one, 18% had two, 8% had three, and 2% had four indicators. Player position did not affect the prevalence of REDs indicators. Among noncontraceptive users (n = 27), secondary amenorrhea (AME) was reported by 30%. These findings indicate that health and performance teams should prioritize universal health promoting strategies rather than selective or indicative strategies. Particularly, focus on nutritional periodization to secure sufficient energy availability, mitigating the risk of problematic LEA and REDs should be addressed.

• Lichtenstein, Mia Beck; Hertz, Søren Peter Thygesen; Johansen, Karen Krogh; Rytter, Josefine; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn & Torstveit, Monica Klungland [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Are Sub-elite Athletes at Higher Risk of Eating Disorders, Exercise Addiction, Depression, and Low Energy Availability Compared with Elite Athletes? Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 1050-642X. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000001257. Full text in Research Archive
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Augustsson, Sofia Ryman; Ausland, Ådne; Bjärsholm, Daniel & Kjær, Jørgen Bagger [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). FIDES Athlete Development Programme: project background and study protocol of an embedded multiple case study. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. 10(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001898. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Most sports science research revolves around male subjects. As a result, most of the knowledge and practices within sports are male-centric. Failing to take the biological, psychological and social (biopsychosocial) particularities of females into account is believed to hinder optimal sports participation, development and performance, with potential negative effects on the health and well-being of females. To close the knowledge gap and alleviate these issues, we aim to develop and evaluate a 12-video educational intervention that addresses female-specific subject matter: the FIDES Athlete Development Programme. The study is designed as an embedded multiple case study where at least 1320 Swedish female athletes aged 13–16 will participate, in addition to their parents and their coaches. The girls will be recruited through their sports clubs, with half being exposed to the FIDES Athlete Development Programme and the other half serving as control cases. The primary outcomes are well-being and sporting experience. To further increase our understanding of the intervention and its implications, interviews and focus group interviews with a reference group of girls and focus group interviews with a randomly selected subsample of coaches and parents will also be performed. The project is approved by the Swedish ethics committee (number: 2023-05264-01) and will be carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results from the project will be published open access in peer-reviewed journals, at national and international conferences, in mass media, and a PhD thesis. The anonymised data will be made openly available in a data repository.

• Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Ackerman, Kathryn E.; Constantini, Naama; Holtzman, Bryan; Koehler, Karsten & Mountjoy, Margo L. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): a narrative review by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on REDs. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 57(17), p. 1119–1126. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106932. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) is common among female and male athletes representing various sports at different performance levels, and the underlying cause is problematic low energy availability (LEA). It is essential to prevent problematic LEA to decrease the risk of serious health and performance consequences. This narrative review addresses REDs primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies and recommends best practice prevention guidelines targeting the athlete health and performance team, athlete entourage (eg, coaches, parents, managers) and sport organisations. Primary prevention of REDs seeks to minimise exposure to and reduce behaviours associated with problematic LEA. Some of the important strategies are educational initiatives and de-emphasising body weight and leanness, particularly in young and subelite athletes. Secondary prevention encourages the early identification and management of REDs signs or symptoms to facilitate early treatment to prevent development of more serious REDs outcomes. Recommended strategies for identifying athletes at risk are self-reported screening instruments, individual health interviews and/or objective assessment of REDs markers. Tertiary prevention (clinical treatment) seeks to limit short-term and long-term severe health consequences of REDs. The cornerstone of tertiary prevention is identifying the source of and treating problematic LEA. Best practice guidelines to prevent REDs and related consequences include a multipronged approach targeting the athlete health and performance team, the athlete entourage and sport organisations, who all need to ensure a supportive and safe sporting environment, have sufficient REDs knowledge and remain observant for the early signs and symptoms of REDs.

• Stavnsbo, Mette; Stenling, Andreas; Berntsen, Sveinung; Chinapaw, Mai J. M.; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Manios, Yannis [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). Does an obesogenic family environment moderate the association between sports participation and body composition in children? The ENERGY project. Pediatric Obesity. ISSN 2047-6302. 18(7). doi: 10.1111/ijpo.13031. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  BackgroundPrevious research on the association between sports participation and body composition has shown mixed findings. The family home is considered one of the most influential environments on childhood obesity. Thus, the association between sports participation and body composition in children may be influenced by an obesogenic home environment.ObjectivesTo investigate if an obesogenic family environment moderates the association between sports participation and body composition in children.MethodsA total of 3999 children (54% girls; 11.6 ± 0.7 years) and their parent(s) were included from the ENERGY project. A composite obesogenic family environment risk score was created from 10 questionnaire items. Height, weight (to calculate body mass index), and waist circumference were obtained by trained researchers and used as indicators of body composition.ResultsThe composite risk score significantly moderated the association between sports participation and both waist circumference and body mass index. In children from families with moderate and high obesogenic risk, organized sports participation was significantly associated with smaller waist circumference (moderate risk: −0.29, 95% CI −0.45 to −0.14; high risk: −0.46, 95% CI −0.66 to −0.25) and lower body mass index (moderate risk: −0.10, 95% CI −0.16 to −0.04; high risk: −0.14, 95% CI −0.22 to −0.06), but not in children with a low obesogenic family risk score.ConclusionsEnrolling children in sports activities from an early age can be important for healthy weight maintenance, especially among children from obesogenic family environments.

• Stenqvist, Thomas Birkedal; Melin, Anna Katarina & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) Indicators in Male Adolescent Endurance Athletes: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study. Nutrients. 15(24). doi: 10.3390/nu15245086. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Longitudinal measurements of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) among adolescent male elite athletes are lacking. We aimed to monitor REDs indicators and their possible impact on performance in elite high-school cross-country skiing and biathlon athletes (n = 13) (16.3 ± 0.4 years, 179.4 ± 7.6 cm, 63.6 ± 8.2 kg body mass (BM), and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak): 61.5 ± 5.3 mL/kg BM/min) every 6 months for 3 years. Protocols included assessments of energy availability (EA), body composition and bone mineral density (BMD), resting metabolic rate (RMR), disordered eating behavior, exercise addiction, VO2peak, and muscle strength. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model. At baseline, 38% had low lumbar BMD (Z-score ≤ −1), and overall, bone health increased only slightly. VO2peak and muscle strength improved (p < 0.001), RMR decreased (p = 0.016), and no change was observed in EA or physiological or psychological REDs indicators. Conclusively, many of these young male athletes had poor bone health at baseline, and most either lost or did not achieve the expected pubertal bone mineral accrual, although no other indication of REDs was observed, while performance improved during the study period. Our findings highlight the importance of elite sports high schools focusing on screening for early detection of impaired bone health in male athletes.

• Mountjoy, Margo; Ackerman, Kathryn E.; Bailey, David M.; Burke, Louise M.; Constantini, Naama & Hackney, Anthony C. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2023). 2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 57(17), p. 1073–1097. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) was first introduced in 2014 by the International Olympic Committee’s expert writing panel, identifying a syndrome of deleterious health and performance outcomes experienced by female and male athletes exposed to low energy availability (LEA; inadequate energy intake in relation to exercise energy expenditure). Since the 2018 REDs consensus, there have been >170 original research publications advancing the field of REDs science, including emerging data demonstrating the growing role of low carbohydrate availability, further evidence of the interplay between mental health and REDs and more data elucidating the impact of LEA in males. Our knowledge of REDs signs and symptoms has resulted in updated Health and Performance Conceptual Models and the development of a novel Physiological Model. This Physiological Model is designed to demonstrate the complexity of either problematic or adaptable LEA exposure, coupled with individual moderating factors, leading to changes in health and performance outcomes. Guidelines for safe and effective body composition assessment to help prevent REDs are also outlined. A new REDs Clinical Assessment Tool-Version 2 is introduced to facilitate the detection and clinical diagnosis of REDs based on accumulated severity and risk stratification, with associated training and competition recommendations. Prevention and treatment principles of REDs are presented to encourage best practices for sports organisations and clinicians. Finally, methodological best practices for REDs research are outlined to stimulate future high-quality research to address important knowledge gaps.

• Gredin, N. Viktor; Kryger, Katrine Okholm; McCall, Alan; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Massey, Andrew [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Psychology research in women’s soccer: a scoping review. Science and medicine in football. ISSN 2473-3938. doi: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2285962. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Previous research suggests that psychological factors play an important role in trying to explain and predict the participation, performance, and health of player and practitioners in soccer. However, most previous works have focused on specific research questions and included samples from male populations. As part of a larger Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) project aiming to steer women’s soccer research, our purpose with this scoping review was to give an overview of the current state of psychology-related research within women’s soccer. We searched five electronic databases up to April 2023, from which 280 original peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. Included records were inductively coded into 75 specific research topics and nine broader research categories. Population characteristics within each topic and category, and overall publication trends, were identified. The results revealed a growth in research attention, with notable increases in publication rates around the international competitions years, over the last two decades. While a notable number of abstracts did not report sufficient details about population age and/or playing levels, senior elite players were identified as the most common population studied. Most studies examined several topics from different research categories, with research focusing on emotions, moods and/or environmental factors, and the specific the topics of anxiety, stress, and coach behavior, receiving most research attention. Our study provides an informative mapping of all psychology-related research activity within women’s soccer, which will enhance researchers’ understanding of the current quantity of literature within this complex, heterogeneous, and growing area of research.

• Sølvberg, Nina; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Mountjoy, Margo; Rosenvinge, Jan Harald & Pettersen, Gunn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Risk factors for sexual harassment and abuse victimization among adolescent athletes and non-athletes: A one-year follow-up study. International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect. ISSN 0145-2134. 147. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106592. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The association between SHA and negative mental health increases the need to understand risk factors for SHA victimization, which is important for future development of prevention programs. Objective: To examine which combinations of demographic- and mental health factors were associated with subsequent SHA victimization, and the prevalence of elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students who experienced sexual revictimization. Participants and setting: Norwegian elite athletes and recreational athletes attending sport high schools, and reference students attending non-sport high schools (mean age: 17.1 years) were eligible for participation. Methods: The participants answered an online questionnaire at two measurement points one year apart, T1 and T2 (n = 1139, 51.1 % girls). After testing for measurement invariance, data were analyzed with Classification and Regression Tree analysis (CRT) using demographic- and mental health variables from T1 as independent variables, and SHA at T2 as outcome. Results: The combination of being a girl with high level of symptoms of eating disorders and other psychological symptoms was associated with subsequent reporting of SHA. Among the students with lifetime experience of SHA at T1 (n = 533, 58.3 %), 49.5 % reported revictimization at T2 (60.9 % girls, 32.2 % boys, p ≤ .001). The prevalence of SHA revictimization was lower among elite athletes (44.3 %) compared with recreational athletes (49.1 %) and reference students (59.4 %, p = .019). Conclusion: The combination of female gender and mental health symptoms are risk factors for subsequent SHA victimization. These findings, and the high prevalence of SHA revictimization is important knowledge for developing preventive programs targeting elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students.

• Melin, Anna K.; Areta, José L.; Heikura, Ida A.; Stellingwerff, Trent; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Hackney, Anthony C. (2023). Direct and indirect impact of low energy availability on sports performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. doi: 10.1111/sms.14327. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Low energy availability (LEA) occurs inadvertently and purposefully in many athletes across numerous sports; and well planned, supervised periods with moderate LEA can improve body composition and power to weight ratio possibly enhancing performance in some sports. LEA however has the potential to have negative effects on a multitude of physiological and psychological systems in female and male athletes. Systems such as the endocrine, cardiovascular, metabolism, reproductive, immune, mental perception, and motivation as well as behaviors can all be impacted by severe (serious and/or prolonged or chronic) LEA. Such widely diverse effects can influence the health status, training adaptation, and performance outcomes of athletes leading to both direct changes (e.g., decreased strength and endurance) as well as indirect changes (e.g., reduced training response, increased risk of injury) in performance. To date, performance implications have not been well examined relative to LEA. Therefore, the intent of this narrative review is to characterize the effects of short-, medium-, and long-term exposure to LEA on direct and indirect sports performance outcomes. In doing so we have focused both on laboratory settings as well as descriptive athletic case-study-type experiential evidence.

• Fahrenholtz, Ida; Melin, Anna Katarina; Garthe, Ina; Wasserfurth, Paulina; Ivarsson, Andreas & Hollekim-Strand, Siri Marte [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). Short-term effects and long-term changes of FUEL—a digital sports nutrition intervention on REDs related symptoms in female athletes. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 5. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1254210. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Female endurance athletes are at high risk for developing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs), resulting in symptoms such as menstrual dysfunction and gastrointestinal (GI) problems. The primary aim of this study was to investigate effects of the FUEL (Food and nUtrition for Endurance athletes—a Learning program) intervention consisting of weekly online lectures combined with individual athlete-centered nutrition counseling every other week for sixteen weeks on REDs related symptoms in female endurance athletes at risk of low energy availability [Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) score ≥8]. Female endurance athletes from Norway (n = 60), Sweden (n = 84), Ireland (n = 17), and Germany (n = 47) were recruited. Fifty athletes with risk of REDs (LEAF-Q score ≥8) and with low risk of eating disorders [Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) global score <2.5], with no use of hormonal contraceptives and no chronic diseases, were allocated to either the FUEL intervention (n = 32) (FUEL) or a sixteen-week control period (n = 18) (CON). All but one completed FUEL and n = 15 completed CON. While no evidence for difference in change in LEAF-Q total or subscale scores between groups was detected post-intervention (BFincl < 1), the 6- and 12-months follow-up revealed strong evidence for improved LEAF-Q total (BFincl = 123) and menstrual score (BFincl = 840) and weak evidence for improved GI-score (BFincl = 2.3) among FUEL athletes. In addition, differences in change between groups was found for EDE-Q global score post-intervention (BFincl= 1.9). The reduction in EDE-Q score remained at 6- and 12- months follow-up among FUEL athletes. Therefore, the FUEL intervention may improve REDs related symptoms in female endurance athletes.

• Sølvberg, Nina; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Mountjoy, Margo; Rosenvinge, Jan H; Pettersen, Gunn & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2023). Sexual harassment and abuse; disclosure and awareness of report- and support resources in Norwegian sport- and non-sport high schools: a prospective exploratory study. Frontiers in Psychology. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1168423. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: To examine high school students’ disclosure of sexual harassment and abuse (SHA), and awareness of reporting systems and support mechanisms in school among students, leaders, and coaches. Method: Norwegian 17-year-old high school elite athletes (n = 630), recreational athletes (n = 307), and reference students (n = 263) responded to an online questionnaire at two measurement points, 1 year apart (T1 and T2). Leaders and coaches (n = 249) at the participating high schools responded to an adapted version of the questionnaire at T1. Data were analyzed using ANOVA or Welch test, Pearson Chi-Square test, and McNemar test. Results: In total, 11.4 and 34.0% of the adolescents were aware of reporting systems and support mechanisms, respectively, in their schools. Nearly all the leaders, and half of the coaches were aware of these resources. Among the adolescents with lifetime experience of SHA, 20.1% had disclosed their experiences to someone. Girls disclosed more frequently than boys. The eliteand recreational athletes disclosed less often compared with the reference students. A negative change from T1 to T2 was found in disclosure of SHA and awareness of support mechanisms. At T2, 6.5% of the adolescents reported that their school had implemented measures against SHA during the last 12 months. Conclusion: The results emphasize a need for institutional effort to improve information about available report- and support resources and increase the relevance of use of such systems for adolescents.

• Fahrenholtz, Ida; Melin, Anna K.; Garthe, Ina; Hollekim-Strand, Siri Marte; Ivarsson, Andreas & Koehler, Karsten [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). Effects of a 16-Week Digital Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge and Behavior in Female Endurance Athletes with Risk of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Nutrients. 15(5). doi: 10.3390/nu15051082. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Female endurance athletes are considered a high-risk group for developing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Due to the lack of educational and behavioral intervention studies, targeting and evaluating the effects of the practical daily management of REDs, we developed the Food and nUtrition for Endurance athletes—a Learning (FUEL) program, consisting of 16 weekly online lectures and individual athlete-centered nutrition counseling every other week. We recruited female endurance athletes from Norway (n = 60), Sweden (n = 84), Ireland (n = 17), and Germany (n = 47). Fifty athletes with symptoms of REDs and with low risk of eating disorders, with no use of hormonal contraceptives and no chronic diseases, were allocated to either the FUEL intervention (n = 32) (FUEL) or a 16-week control period (n = 18) (CON). All but one completed FUEL, while 15 completed CON. We found strong evidence for improvements in sports nutrition knowledge, assessed via interviews, and moderate to strong evidence in the ratings concerning self-perceived sports nutrition knowledge in FUEL versus CON. Analyses of the seven-day prospective weighed food record and questions related to sports nutrition habits, suggested weak evidence for improvements in FUEL versus CON. The FUEL intervention improved sports nutrition knowledge and suggested weak evidence for improved sports nutrition behavior in female endurance athletes with symptoms of REDs.

• Sundgot-Borgen, Christine; Mathisen, Therese Fostervold; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2022). Explanations for use of dietary- and muscle enhancing dietary supplements among university students: a national cross-sectional study. BMC Nutrition. 8. doi: 10.1186/s40795-022-00510-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Use of dietary supplements (DS) and muscle enhancing dietary supplements (MEDS) is frequent among students despite the lack of evidence of effects and health risks related to consumption. We need to increase our understanding of students’ motivation, examine potential gender differences, and explore explanatory factors, to address preventive measures related to use. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the frequency of, and the reasons for, DS use among university students, as well as explanatory factors for use of MEDS. Method: Male and female students from nine Norwegian universities participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants responded to questions about demographics, DS and MEDS use, internalization of body ideals, physical activity- and exercise level, motives for exercise, and exercise context. Independent t-test, Chi-square test, Pearson’s correlation, and logistic regression were used to investigate between group differences, associations, and explanatory factors for use, respectively. P-values ≤ 0.05 were defined as significant. Results: A total of 1001 males (34%) and females, with a mean(sd) age of 24.21(4.76) years, participated. The frequency of DS use was 42% and 40% (p = .414) in males and females, respectively, in which more males than females used DS to improve physical or mental performance (p =  < .001), increase muscle mass (p =  < .001) and weight for health (p = .014), and improve appearance (p =  < .001). In males and females, respectively, 25% and 10% used MEDS (p =  < .001). In males, being a fitness center member (OR:3.80), exercising to improve muscle mass (OR:1.96), and a higher physical activity level (OR:1.09) positively explained MEDS use, while exercising to increase endurance (OR:0.49) and being an exercise science student (OR:0.47) negatively explained MEDS use. In females, internalizing the athletic body ideal (OR:1.78) and exercising to improve muscle mass (OR:1.74) positively explained MEDS use. Conclusions: Our main findings indicate that a surprisingly high percentage of male and female Norwegian students use DS and MEDS, and that reasons for use, and variables explaining the variability in frequency of use, differ between genders. Longitudinal studies to investigate direction of associations are needed in future research.

• Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn & Mathisen, Therese Fostervold (2022). Last Word on Viewpoint: Do we need to change the guideline values for determining low bone mineral density in athletes? Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 132(5), p. 1325–1326. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00227.2022. Full text in Research Archive
• Fahrenholtz, Ida Lysdahl; Melin, Anna Katarina; Wasserfurth, Paulina; Stenling, Andreas; Logue, Danielle & Garthe, Ina [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Risk of Low Energy Availability, Disordered Eating, Exercise Addiction, and Food Intolerances in Female Endurance Athletes. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 4. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.869594. Full text in Research Archive
• Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn & Mathisen, Therese Fostervold (2022). Do we need to change the guideline values for determining low bone mineral density in athletes? [Viewpoint]. Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 132(5), p. 1320–1322. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00851.2021. Full text in Research Archive
• Lundy, Bronwen; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Stenqvist, Thomas Birkedal; Burke, Louise M.; Garthe, Ina & Slater, Gary [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Screening for Low Energy Availability in Male Athletes: Attempted Validation of LEAM-Q. Nutrients. 14(9). doi: 10.3390/nu14091873. Full text in Research Archive
• Sølvberg, Nina; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Rosenvinge, Jan H; Pettersen, Gunn & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2022). Sexual Harassment and Abuse among Young Elite Athletes, Recreational Athletes, and Reference Students: A Prospective Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 54(11), p. 1869–1878. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002972. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: To examine the 12-months prevalence and 12-months prospective change in reported sexual harassment and abuse (SHA)-victimization among young elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students in three different social settings and identify the perpetrators. Methods: In total, 919 adolescents responded to an online questionnaire in 12th grade (T1) and 13th grade (T2). The sample consisted of elite athletes (n = 482) and recreational athletes (n = 233) attending Norwegian elite sport high schools (n = 26), and reference students (n = 200) attending ordinary high schools with no sport specialization (n = 6). Data were analyzed using Independent sample t-test, Pearson Chi-Square for independence/Fisher’s Exact test, McNemar test and logistic regression analysis. Results: The total 12-months prevalence of SHA was 38.6% at T1 and 35.1% at T2. Most of the participants (74.6-85.0%) reported no change in SHA from T1 to T2. The prevalence of SHA was higher for girls compared to boys, and elite athletes reported less SHA than recreational athletes and reference students, respectively. SHA occurred most often in a free time setting. Verbal SH, non-verbal SH, and physical SHA were reported by 24.6%, 27.0%, and 14.0%, respectively. Peers were reported as perpetrators by 83.1%, trainer/teacher/health personnel by 20.1%, and “other” perpetrators by 56.4%. Conclusions: As one in three elite athletes and nearly one in two recreational athletes and reference students, respectively, reported SHA-victimization within a 12-months period, well-targeted preventive measures are needed for both young athletes and non-athletes.

• Svantorp-Tveiten, Kethe Marie Engen; Ivarsson, Andreas; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Sundgot-Borgen, Christine; Mathisen, Therese Fostervold & Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). The Healthy Body Image Intervention and Reduction in Eating Disorder Symptomatology and Muscle Building Supplement Use in High School Students: A Study of Mediating Factors. Frontiers in Psychology. 13. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.803654. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Mediation analysis is important to test the theoretical framework underpinning an intervention. We therefore aimed to investigate if the healthy body image (HBI) intervention’s effect on eating disorder (ED) symptomatology and use of muscle building supplements was mediated by the change in risk and protective factors for ED development and muscle building supplement use. <p> <p>Methods: This study used data from the HBI intervention: a cluster randomized controlled universal intervention aiming to promote positive body image and embodiment and reduce the risk for ED development including 30 schools in Norway. A total of 1,713 (37% boys) participants were included in the analyses. Conditional latent growth curve analyses were performed to test for indirect effects on ED symptomatology and weekly frequency of protein and creatine supplement use measured at the 12-month follow-up via change in the proposed mediators. Results: In girls, the reduction in ED symptomatology was mediated by positive changes in protective factors (self-esteem and body image flexibility) and reductions in risk factor scores (perceived media pressure and thin appearance internalization). Comparable changes in protective and risk factors among boys played no mediating role. <p> <p>Conclusion: Interventions aiming to reduce the risk of ED development in girls may benefit from aiming to enhance self-esteem and body image flexibility and reduce perceived media pressure and thin appearance internalization. Future studies should investigate the casual relationship between muscle building supplement use and risk and protective factors for ED development in both girls and boys.

• Sundgot-Borgen, Christine; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn; Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid; Kolle, Elin; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Svantorp-Tveiten, Kethe Marie Engen [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Body appreciation and body appearance pressure in Norwegian university students comparing exercise science students and other students. BMC Public Health. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10550-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Body image is considered a core issue for public health and associates with university students’ overall health. Due to positive associations between exercise and body image, it has been suggested that students within an exercise science program might be more body appreciative compared to other students. On the other hand, the strong societal idealization of the athletic body may expose them to a pressure of having a specific body appearance, which may result in unfavorable health consequences. Nevertheless, studies investigating these hypotheses are lacking. We therefore aimed to explore the level and associations of body appreciation, body appearance pressure, body image related mental health constructs, physical activity, and exercise, in Norwegian university exercise science and non-health reference students.

• Bjørnarå, Helga Birgit; Westergren, Thomas; Sejersted, Ellen; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Berntsen, Sveinung [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Does organized sports participation in childhood and adolescence positively influence health? A review of reviews. Preventive Medicine Reports. 23. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101425. Full text in Research Archive
• Svantorp-Tveiten, Kethe Marie Engen; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Rosenvinge, Jan H; Sundgot-Borgen, Christine; Friborg, Oddgeir & Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Effect of A Healthy Body Image intervention on risk- and protective factors for eating disorders: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Mental health & prevention. 24. doi: 10.1016/j.mhp.2021.200225. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To investigate the immediate and 12-months effects of a school-based intervention aiming to reduce risk and enhance protective factors for eating disorder development in high school boys and girls. Method: In total, 4,149 adolescents from 30 high schools were eligible for inclusion and 2,446 consented to participate and were randomly allocated to the Healthy Body Image (HBI) intervention or a control group (classes as usual). The HBI intervention is multicomponent consisting of three workshops targeting body image, social media usage and lifestyle. Linear mixed model and intention-to-treat analyses were applied to investigate the effects of group, time, and gender at posttest, 3-, and 12-months follow-up. The main outcome variable was weight and shape concerns, and secondary outcome variables were self-esteem, mental distress, body image flexibility, thin internalization, muscular internalization, drive for leanness, perceived media pressure, protein- and creatine supplement use, and diet aid use. Results: The HBI intervention significantly reduced eating disorder risk factor scores related to ED pathology, thin internalization and perceived pressure from media, which was particularly pronounced in girls. Positive intervention effects on body image flexibility were only observed at posttest for boys but grew increasingly larger for girls across the 12-month follow-up time span. Favorable intervention effects on protein and creatine supplement use were only present at 3-months follow-up in boys solely. A general favorable intervention effect was observed for self-esteem, mental distress, muscular internalization, and drive for leanness. Conclusion: The HBI intervention produced consistent reductions in risk factors and enhancements in protective factors associated with eating disorder development in adolescents.

• Svantorp-Tveiten, Kethe Marie Engen; Friborg, Oddgeir; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Mathisen, Therese Fostervold; Sundgot-Borgen, Christine & Rosenvinge, Jan H [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Protein, creatine and dieting supplements among adolescents: Use and associations with eating disorder risk factors, exercise- and sports participation, and immigrant status. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 3. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.727372. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: This study aimed to estimate the number of weekly users of protein, creatine, and dieting supplements and to explore whether weekly use was related to eating disorder (ED) risk factors, exercise, sports participation, and immigrant status.<p><p> Methods: In total, 629 and 1,060 high school boys and girls, respectively, self-reported weekly frequency of protein, creatine, and dieting supplement use, and weight and shape concerns, appearance internalization and pressure, self-esteem, mental distress, physical activity level, exercise context, and the type and weekly frequency of sport played. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were performed to investigate explanatory factors for supplement use.<p> Results: More boys than girls used protein and creatine supplements. Immigrant boys had more frequent use of all supplements than non-immigrant boys, and immigrant girls used creatine supplements more frequently than non-immigrant girls. In total, 23–40 and 5–6% of the variation in the weekly frequency of supplement use in boys and girls, respectively, was explained by immigrant status, ED risk factors, and exercise and sports participation. More frequent use of protein, creatine and dieting supplements in boys was significantly explained by more weight and shape concerns, fitness center exercise, and weight-sensitive sports participation. Depending on the type of supplement, more frequent use of supplements in girls was significantly explained by lower self-esteem, more engagement in weight-sensitive sports, and less engagement in general sport and exercise activities. Conclusion: Weekly supplement use was common and more frequent among boys than girls. The weekly use of protein, creatine, and dieting supplements was related to ED risk factors, exercise and sports participation, and immigrant status in boys but not in girls.

• Stenqvist, Thomas Birkedal; Melin, Anna Katarina; Garthe, Ina; Slater, Gary; Paulsen, Gøran & Iraki, Juma [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Prevalence of Surrogate Markers of Relative Energy Deficiency in Male Norwegian Olympic-Level Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism. ISSN 1526-484X. 31(6), p. 497–506. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0368. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The syndrome of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) includes wide-ranging effects on physiological and psychological functioning, performance, and general health. However, RED-S is understudied among male athletes at the highest performance levels. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate surrogate RED-S markers prevalence in Norwegian male Olympic-level athletes. Athletes (n = 44) aged 24.7 ± 3.8 years, body mass 81.3 ± 15.9 kg, body fat 13.7% ± 5.8%, and training volume 76.1 ± 22.9 hr/month were included. Assessed parameters included resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, and bone mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and venous blood variables (testosterone, free triiodothyronine, cortisol, and lipids). Seven athletes (16%) grouped by the presence of low RMR (RMRratio < 0.90) (0.81 ± 0.07 vs. 1.04 ± 0.09, p < .001, effect size 2.6), also showed lower testosterone (12.9 ± 5.3 vs. 19.0 ± 5.3 nmol/L, p = .020) than in normal RMR group. In low RMRratio individuals, prevalence of other RED-S markers (—subclinical—low testosterone, low free triiodothyronine, high cortisol, and elevated low-density lipoprotein) was (N/number of markers): 2/0, 2/1, 2/2, 1/3. Low bone mineral density (z-score < −1) was found in 16% of the athletes, all with normal RMR. Subclinical low testosterone and free triiodothyronine levels were found in nine (25%) and two (5%) athletes, respectively. Subclinical high cortisol was found in 23% of athletes while 34% had elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Seven of 12 athletes with two or more RED-S markers had normal RMR. In conclusion, this study found that multiple RED-S markers also exist in male Olympic-level athletes. This highlights the importance of regular screening of male elite athletes, to ensure early detection and treatment of RED-S.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Brynjulfsen, Trine; Seiler, Hilde Lohne; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Berntsen, Sveinung (2021). Experiences of Older Adults Preparing for Their First Triathlon: "A Qualitative Study of the Participation in an Endurance Training Intervention. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. ISSN 1748-2623. 16(1). doi: 10.1080/17482631.2021.1872824. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: The overall aim of the present study was to explore the experiences of older adult exercisers participating in an individualized training program lasting 3 months preparing for completing a triathlon competition. Methods: Fourteen older Norwegian adults (median age (interquartile range, IQR) for males (N=10) and females (N=4) were 70.0 (65.0-75.5) and 57.5 (56.3-62.5) years, respectively) participated in 3-month individualized training program comprising three weekly sessions of running, cycling, and swimming. Both field- and laboratory-based testing were conducted. The participants attended two sports nutrition and competitive psychology seminars focusing on triathlon competition. The participants were interviewed in depth in three different focus groups. Thematic analysis was utilized to analyze the findings. Results: Participants improved their performance in all field-based tests. After completion of the thematic data analysis the main finding and overarching theme of well-being and being fit emerged. Additionally, three main themes were identified: 1) motivation; 2) progress and coping; and 3) breaking barriers. Conclusion: Psychological well-being and satisfaction of being fit seem to be vital to participate in a triathlon competition. Promoting specific age-appropriate participation in sports activities can be an effective strategy for promoting a healthy lifestyle among the elderly. Keywords: Running; being fit; cycling; elderly; personalized training; sport participation; swimming; triathlon; well-being.

• Sundgot-Borgen, Christine; Stenling, Andreas; Rosenvinge, Jan H; Pettersen, Gunn; Friborg, Oddgeir & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). The Norwegian healthy body image intervention promotes positive embodiment through improved self-esteem. Body image. ISSN 1740-1445. 35, p. 84–95. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.08.014. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We examined both direct and indirect effects of the Healthy Body Image (HBI) intervention on positive embodiment among Norwegian high school students. In total, 2446 12th grade boys (43 %) and girls (mean age 16.8 years) from 30 schools participated in a cluster-randomized controlled study with the HBI intervention and a control condition as the study arms. We tested mediation models using path analysis and found that among several hypothesized mediators, only self-esteem mediated a positive intervention effect on positive embodiment for both boys and girls. A direct effect of the intervention on positive embodiment was only found in girls. The study provides novel findings indicating that health promotion interventions to address a positive embodiment should focus on enhancing adolescent’s self-esteem. Serial mediation modeling might reveal more complex explanations of change mechanisms and could further evolve current knowledge.

• Stenqvist, Thomas Birkedal; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Faber, Jens & Melin, Anna Katarina (2020). Impact of a 4-Week Intensified Endurance Training Intervention on Markers of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) and Performance Among Well-Trained Male Cyclists. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 11. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.512365. Full text in Research Archive

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• Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Berntsen, Sveinung & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred (2026). Fysisk aktivitet og helse – fra begrepsforståelse til implementering av kunnskap. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISBN 9788202806040. 468 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Beckmann, Hege Bjørnestøl; Haugen, Gunn-Hilde Erstad & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Kraften i likeverd - Sammen for en rettferdig prestasjonsutvikling - Universitetet i Agder. doi: https:/www.uia.no/arrangementer/kurs-konferanse-seminar/kraften-i-likeverd.html. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hvordan kan vi bygge en prestasjonskultur der alle har like muligheter til å lykkes? Vi samler ledere, forskere og utøvere for å belyse utfordringene og løsningene som kan sikre likeverdig karriereutvikling i musikk og idrett. Gjennom inspirerende foredrag, panelsamtaler og dyptgående diskusjoner utforsker vi temaer som fysisk og psykisk helse, utøverperspektivet, støtteordninger og inkludering – og hva som skal til for å skape reelle endringer.

• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Idrettselev, trening og kosthold: Spis smart. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Idrettsernæring og restitusjon for best mulig idrettslig og akademisk prestasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). IDRETTSERNÆRING OG RESTITUSJON FOR IDRETTSELEVER PÅ SKIGYMNAS. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). TRENING, MAT, KROPP OG PRESTASJON FOR IDRETTSELEVER - Hva er utfordringene? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Female inclusion and development in sport. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). FIDES - rammene rundt deltakelse, utvikling og prestasjon blant jenter og kvinner innen idretten. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Idrettslig deltakelse, utvikling og prestasjon blant jenter og kvinner. doi: https:/www.idrettsforbundet.no/idrettskrets/innlandet/kalender/idrettskonferansen-2025/. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). FIDES: Veien mot bedre idrettslig deltagelse, utvikling og prestasjon for jenter/kvinner? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Likeverd for jenters deltagelse, utvikling og prestasjon i idrett? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Doble og triple karrierer for kvinnelige utøvere. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Kraften i likeverd: Idrettslig deltakelse, utvikling og prestasjon blant jenter og kvinner – hva sier forskningen? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Trenerløftet– kan noe «løftes» med bedre idrettsernæring og restitusjon? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Siste kunnskap om REDs – hva kan idrettsfaglærere bidra med? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Kvinnefotball og idrettsernæring. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Restitusjon og idrettsernæring for best mulig håndballprestasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Morgendagens Olympiere: Kostholdsoptimalisering, prestasjonsernæring og mat på reise. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Sports nutrition for great football performance. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Restitusjon og idrettsernæring for unge fotballspillere – hvordan skape overskudd både på og utenfor banen? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Idrettslig deltagelse, utvikling og prestasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Forebygging av REDs - hvordan kan vi identifisere caser? Full text in Research Archive
• Radovan, Felicia; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Kjær, Jørgen; Melin, Anna; Ausland, Ådne & Bjærsholm, Daniel [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2025). Female athletes' knowledge of biopsychosocial puberty-related topics in sports during adolescence: What is missing? Full text in Research Archive
• Ausland, Ådne; Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Ivarsson, Andreas; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Melin, Anne [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2025). Coaching Female Athletes: Where Do Coaches Turn for Knowledge? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As awareness of female athletes' unique challenges grows, understanding how coaches engage with learning opportunities to support them is important. This study explores how coaches prefer to learn, and through which formats they acquire knowledge of coaching female athletes. A web-based survey of 779 coaches (306 females, mean age = 44, SD = 11.5) in Norway and Sweden. Data were analysed using Decision Tree Analyses in SPSS. Findings indicate a strong preference for mixed learning methods (69.3%), particularly among female coaches (75.2%). Digital learning was preferred by 61.6%, with individual sport coaches showing the highest preference (87.5%). Education preferences varied; males (21.4%) and less experienced coaches (24.9%) favoured passive methods, while younger (14.9%) and female coaches (11.8%) leaned towards active (13.1%) or mixed (73.8%). Digital learning was dominant among individual sport coaches (87.5%), whereas mixed approaches were more common in team sports (76.8%). Regarding educators, most coaches (85.2%) preferred a mix of sport scientists and practitioners, though female coaches in team sports favoured practitioners (36.8%) over sport scientists (30.8%). Sources of knowledge specific to coaching female athletes were primarily based on experience, with 86.1% relying on personal or peer experience. Notably, 9.8% of coaches reported no use of knowledge sources related to female athletes. Our study highlights the need for flexible, multimodal coach education that integrates scientific and practical knowledge while considering differences in experience, sport, and learning preferences. Expanding access to structured learning, including digital resources, can help bridge the knowledge gap and enhance coaching practices for female athletes.

• Ausland, Ådne; Kjær, Jørgen B; Ivarsson, Andreas; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Melin, Anna [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2025). Off the Beaten Track: How Coaches and Athletes Navigate Female-Specific Topics. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Communication between coaches and female athletes is essential when addressing six key topics: puberty, menstruation, injuries, body composition, coach-athlete relationships, and within-group communication. However, some coaches may experience challenges in communicating these topics due to limited knowledge or confidence. Effective communication on these issues can strengthen coach-athlete relationships, foster trust, and contribute to athlete well-being. This study examines (1) how female athletes and coaches perceive the importance of feeling safe communicating on these topics, (2) how coaches evaluate their own comfort and ability to address these topics, and (3) how coaches perceive their athletes’ comfort in communicating personal thoughts. Methods Two digital surveys were conducted: one with 779 coaches of female athletes (306 female coaches, mean age = 44 years, SD = 11.5 years) and one with 1,323 female athletes aged 16 to 24 years (mean age = 19 years, SD = 2 years) in Norway and Sweden. Coaches rated the importance of feeling safe communicating about these six topics (rated from 1 = unimportant to 7 = very important). Athletes answered three questions: (1) how important they think these conversations are, (2) how comfortable they feel engaging in the conversations, and (3) how comfortable they believe their athletes feel when communicating with them on the six topics. Latent profile analyses were conducted using Mplus. Results Athletes rated communication on all six topics as highly important (M = 5.87-6.27, SD = .82-1.23). Coaches recognized this (M = 5.86-6.21, SD = 0.86-1.13) but reported lower comfort levels in communicating these topics (M = 4.76-5.96, SD = 1.10-1.75). Individual sport coaches felt generally more comfortable than team sport coaches. The largest gaps were found in menstruation and body composition, where coaches felt significantly less comfortable. Coaches also rated their athletes’ comfort in sharing as lower than their own, with female coaches perceiving their athletes as less comfortable than male coaches. Discussion Findings reveal a gap between the perceived importance of communication and coaches’ comfort in addressing these topics. While athletes highly value these conversations, coaches—especially in team sports—often feel unprepared. Coaches also perceive their athletes as less comfortable sharing than they are in engaging, suggesting a misalignment in communication expectations. This highlights the need for fostering environments where athletes feel safer expressing personal concerns and where coaches are better prepared to respond effectively.

• Linner, Susanne; Augustsson, Sofia; Radovan, Felicia; Ausland, Ådne; Bjærsholm, Daniel & Kjær, Jørgen B [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2025). Development of the FIDES ADP "Girls are Not Small Boys" digital educational intervention. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Beckmann, Hege Bjørnestøl; Haugen, Gunn-Hilde Erstad; Abdallah, Rasha & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Kunnskapshull som koster mer enn blod, svette og tårer. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/mening/kronikk/i/qPwVre/kunnskapshull-som-koster-mer-enn-blod-svette-og-taarer. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2025). Mange skader blant unge fotballspillere i Agder. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/sport/i/PpK0l7/mange-skader-blant-unge-fotballspillere-i-agder. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ausland, Ådne (2025). Må være greit å snakke om syklus. [Journal]. Fædrelandsvennen. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/sport/i/4B67kR/maa-vaere-greit-aa-snakke-om-syklus. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Hanne følte seg maktesløs da Iver (18) aldri ble frisk: – Var veldig fortvilet. [Internet]. NRK. doi: https:/www.nrk.no/sport/hanne-folte-seg-makteslos-da-iver-_18_-aldri-ble-frisk_-_-var-veldig-fortvilet-1.17217806. Full text in Research Archive
• Vårvik, Fredrik Tonstad; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Raastad, Truls (2025). Acute fatigue, cellular stress, and signaling responses to power-oriented vs. strength-oriented resistance exercise. Full text in Research Archive
• Gräfnings, Maria; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Schmidt-Trucksäss, Arno & Melin, Anna (2025). Effects of a 16-Week Digital Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports (REDs) markers Among Swiss National Team Cross-Country Skiers and Biathletes. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Fahrenholtz, Ida; Melin, Anna K.; Garthe, Ina & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Quality of Life in Female Endurance Athletes at risk of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: The FUEL study. Full text in Research Archive
• Rustaden, Anne Mette & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). High risk of low energy availability, eating disorders and exercise addiction among personal trainers in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). The Mind and REDs. Overcoming Psychological Hurdles in Prevention. doi: https:/sport-science.org/index.php/ecss-rimini-2025/welcome-to-rimini. Full text in Research Archive
• Mountjoy, Margo L.; Ackerman, Kathryn E.; Bailey, David M.; Burke, Louise M.; Constantini, Naama & Hackney, Anthony C. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2025). Yes: Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) Does Exist! Sports Medicine. ISSN 0112-1642. doi: 10.1007/s40279-025-02219-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Lær av de beste. [Radio]. NRK Sørlandssendingen. doi: https:/radio.nrk.no/serie/distriktsprogram-soerlandet/sesong/202510/DKSL01020825. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Sekundær forebygging av REDs. Hvordan kan vi identifisere og håndtere caser? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). FIDES forsknings- og kompetansesenter – et tiltak i riktig retning? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Relativ energimangel i idrett (REDs). What’s new? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Har Haaland ansvar for at norske barn og unge skal spise sunt? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Avoiding the REDs card. The potential impact of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports on athletic health and performance. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Female Inclusion and DEvelopment in Sport (FIDES): Et steg mot bedre idrettslig deltakelse, utvikling og prestasjon? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). REDs to GREEN - STAY GREEN. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). FIDES og muligheter for bedre idrettslig deltagelse, utvikling og prestasjon blant kvinnelige utøvere. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Relativ energimangel som prestasjonsbrems Hva bør vi vite og hvordan kan vi forebygge? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). REDs in the real world and prevention of REDs. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Idrettslig deltakelse, utvikling og prestasjon blant jenter og kvinner – hva sier forskningen? Full text in Research Archive
• Vårvik, Fredrik Tonstad; Raastad, Truls; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Bjørnsen, Thomas (2024). OPTIMIZING IN-SEASON STRENGTH AND POWER DEVELOPMENT IN HIGH-LEVEL HANDBALL PLAYERS: COMPARING HEAVY STRENGTH TRAINING VERSUS COMBINED STRENGTH- AND POWER TRAINING. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). Idrettslig deltakelse, utvikling og prestasjon blant jenter og kvinner – hva sier forskningen? Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ausland, Ådne; Knight, Camilla J.; Ivarsson, Andreas & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). A comparative qualitative study of the distinctive needs of coaches who are coaching female athletes. Full text in Research Archive
• Ausland, Ådne; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Ivarsson, Andreas; Knight, Camilla J. & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). A qualitative study of retired female athletes' lived experiences pertaining to coaching practices and their recommendations for female-specific coach education programs. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Ausland, Ådne; Augustsson, Sofia Ryman; Ivarsson, Andreas; Kjær, Jørgen & Laxdal, Aron Gauti [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). Perceived Importance and Self-Evaluations of Female-Specific Knowledge: Current Insights into Coaching of Female Athletes. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ausland, Ådne; Knight, Camilla J.; Ivarsson, Andreas & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). A comparative qualitative study of the distinctive needs of coaches who are coaching female athletes. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Ausland, Ådne; Augustsson, Sofia Ryman; Ivarsson, Andreas; Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald & Laxdal, Aron Gauti [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). Perceived Importance and Self-Evaluations of Female-Specific Knowledge: Current Insights into Coaching of Female Athletes. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ausland, Ådne & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Female Inclusion & DEvelopment in Sport (FIDES): Et steg mot bedre idrettslig deltakelse, utvikling og prestasjon? Full text in Research Archive
• Ausland, Ådne; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Ivarsson, Andreas; Knight, Camilla J. & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). A qualitative study of retired female athletes' lived experiences pertaining to coaching practices and their recommendations for female-specific coach education programs. Full text in Research Archive
• Ausland, Ådne; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Augustsson, Sofia Ryman; Ivarsson, Andreas; Kjær, Jørgen & Laxdal, Aron Gauti [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). Perceived Importance and Self-Evaluations of Female-Specific Knowledge: Current Insights into Coaching of Female Athletes. Full text in Research Archive
• Mathisen, Therese Fostervold; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Dasa, Marcus Småvik (2024). Strategier for primær forebygging (The Young Athlete Body Project + IOC Guidelines for Body Comp Management) in seminar: Preventing & treatment of REDs. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). I disse idrettene er det vanske­ligst for utøverne å spise nok. [Internet]. forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Vurderer du proteintilskudd? Da har professoren tre råd. [Journal]. FVN. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Kan økt kunnskap om menstruasjonen bli en superkraft for musikere? [Journal]. FVN. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Økende PT-bruk: Kundene har Elisabeth i lomma. [Journal]. Nrk sørlandet. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Restitusjon og idrettsernæring for unge fotballspillere med ambisjoner. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Menstruasjon og prestasjon. Hva vet vi fra idrettskonteksten? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Female Inclusion and Development in Exercise and Sport (FIDES): Hvordan bedre idrettslig deltagelse, utvikling og prestasjon blant kvinnelige utøvere? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). REDs. Hvor trykker skoen og hvordan kan vi forebygge? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Fuel for the prevention of REDs. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Eksplosiv økning i kreatinbruk: – Vil se bra ut og være sterk. [Journal]. Nrk sørlandet. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Spiser du klokt? Grunnleggende ernæringsbehov i langrenn og prestasjonernæring i konkurranser. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). RED-S og LEA - to bokstavkombinasjoner du kan unngå. [Radio]. Podcast kvinnefrisk. Full text in Research Archive
• Gräfnings, Maria; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Melin, Anna K. (2024). Nutrition knowledge, dietary intake and energy availability among Swiss elite cross-country skiers and biathletes with and without Relative Energy Deficiency in sport (REDs). Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Mathisen, Therese Fostervold; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2024). Oppdatert kunnskap om syndromet REDs (Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport). Verdt å vite for helsepersonell i idretten. Tidsskrift for Norsk Idrettsmedisin. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). A «speed-date» with REDs. The latest updates and how we can prevent. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). RESTITUERER DU KLOKT? Hvordan få energi og overskudd i hverdagen for å bli en bedre utøver? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). BJSM Podcast: From Red Flags to Recovery: A deep dive into primary, secondary and tertiary strategies for manging REDs. [Radio]. British Journal of Sports Medicine. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  https://bjsmbmj.podbean.com/e/from-red-flags-to-recovery-a-deep-dive-into-primary-secondary-and-tertiary-strategies-for-managing-reds-ep542/

• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). REDs 2023 update. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). Idrettsernæring for prestasjon i skisporet og på skolen. Hva kan foreldrene gjøre? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). Restitusjon og idrettsernæring – hvor trykker skoen? Full text in Research Archive
• Mountjoy, Margo; Ackerman, Kathryn E.; Bailey, David M.; Burke, Louise M.; Constantini, Naama & Hackney, Anthony C. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2023). Avoiding the ‘REDs Card’. We all have a role in the mitigation of REDs in athletes. 57(17), p. 1063–1064. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106749. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2023). Female Inclusion & DEvelopment in Sport: Et tiltak I riktig retning? Full text in Research Archive
• Hackney, A.C.; Melin, Anna K.; Ackerman, Kathryn E.; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Burke, Louise M. & Mountjoy, Margo L. (2023). REDs alert: Male athletes be wary and scientists take action! British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 57(17), p. 1066–1067. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106719. Full text in Research Archive
• Vårvik, Fredrik Tonstad; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Pedersen, Silje Marie; Granli, Aslak & Aune, Simon S. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Effects of in-season high-load strength training versus higher-velocity power training in female handball players: Are the adaptations training load- and velocity-specific? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). Restitusjon og idrettsernæring for prioriterte idrettselever. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). Relativ energimangel i idrett. Hva? Hvorfor? Hvordan? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). Barrierer og muligheter for kvinnelige utøvere og trenere. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). Anorektikere danser og heier hverandre sykere på sosiale medier. [Journal]. Nrk. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). Anoreksi og Tik Tok. [TV]. Nrk. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). Restituer bedre – prester bedre! (x2, herrelag og damelag). Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). Forskere advarer ungdom mot markedsføring: – De blir bombardert. [Journal]. FVN. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). Relativ energimangel i idrett. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). «Hot topics» innen idrettsernæring. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). Sandvolleyball, idrettsernæring og restitusjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). IDRETT, MAT, KROPP OG PRESTASJON FOR IDRETTSELEVER. Hva kan foreldrene gjøre? Full text in Research Archive
• Mathisen, Therese Fostervold; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid (2023). TRENERSTUDENTEN EPISODE 45: LEA og REDs. [Radio]. Spotify Podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Ida, Fahrenholtz & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). Myter innen idrettsernæring – lar du deg lure? Full text in Research Archive
• Fahrenholtz, Ida; Melin, Anna Katarina; Garthe, Ina; Ivarsson, Andreas; Koehler, Karsten & Logue, Danielle [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). EFFECTS OF THE FUEL INTERVENTION ON MENSTRUAL FUNCTION IN COMPETITIVE FEMALE ENDURANCE ATHLETES WITH RISK OF RELATIVE ENERGY DEFICIENCY IN SPORT. Full text in Research Archive
• Vårvik, Fredrik Tonstad; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Pedersen, Silje Marie; Granli, Aslak & Aune, Simon S. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). MAXIMIZING PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN FEMALE HANDBALL PLAYERS DURING THE COMPETITIVE SEASON: THE IMPACT OF HIGH-LOAD STRENGTH TRAINING VERSUS POWER-PLYOMETRIC TRAINING. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Fahrenholtz, Ida; Melin, Anna K.; Garthe, Ina; Waaland, Marlene & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). THE EFFECT OF A DIGITAL INTERVENTION ON EATING AND WEIGHT CONCERNS AMONG FEMALE ENDURANCE ATHLETES WITH HIGH VERSUS LOW RISK OF EATING DISORDERS. Full text in Research Archive
• Dasa, Marcus Småvik; Rosenvinge, Jan Harald; Friborg, Oddgeir; Pettersen, Gunn; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Kristoffersen, Morten [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). PREVALENCE OF MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH RED-S IN ELITE-LEVEL FEMALE FOOTBALL PLAYERS. Full text in Research Archive
• Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). A SIX- MONTH TAILORED TELEPHONE AND EMAIL-BASED EXERCISE INTERVENTION INCREASED PHYSICAL FITNESS IN PHYSICALLY INACTIVE ADULT:A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Participants’ evaluation of the FUEL intervention – a recovery program for female endurance athletes with Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). A 16-week online sports nutrition intervention reduces symptoms of eating disorders in female endurance athletes with risk of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs). Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Hanne Short (35) trener to timer hver dag. Tre ting avgjør om du restituerer godt, ifølge eksperter. [Journal]. Nrk. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Leon (22) holdt på å dø i jakten på drømmekroppen. [Journal]. Nrk. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Kosthold påvirker prestasjon lite, mener løpetrener. Professor har tre klare råd. [Journal]. Bergens tidende. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). REDs - Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport med gjest: Monica Klungland Torstveit, professor i idrettsvitenskap. [Radio]. SPORTY BUSINESS. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Leon holdt på å dø av spiseforstyrrelse. [TV]. Nrk. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Early identification and prevention of RED-S. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Evaluation of a practice-oriented recovery program for female endurance athletes with RED-S. The FUEL program. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S); from research to practice. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Testing av kroppssammensetning: Hva? Hvorfor? Hvordan? Full text in Research Archive
• Fahrenholtz, Ida Lysdahl; Melin, Anna Katarina; Garthe, Ina; Hollekim-Strand, Siri Marte; Logue, Danielle & Koehler, Karsten [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Participants’ evaluation of the FUEL-intervention – a recovery program for female endurance athletes with Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Full text in Research Archive
• Fahrenholtz, Ida; Melin, Anna Katarina; Garthe, Ina; Hollekim-Strand, Siri Marte; Logue, Danielle & Koehler, Karsten [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). A 16-week online sports nutrition intervention reduces symptoms of eating disorders in female endurance athletes with risk of relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Kosthold påvirker prestasjon lite, mener løpetrener. Professor har tre klare råd. [Journal]. fvn.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Hvordan kan man som ung utøver balansere totalbelastningen i hverdagen? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Kan utøvers kosthold ha sammenheng med idrettsskader?Rehabiliteringskosthold. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Trening, kosthold, kropp og helse. Hvordan kan foreldre best mulig bidra? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Restitusjon for best mulig prestasjon innen ulike skidisipliner. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Søvn og kosthold for best mulig restitusjon for para utøvere. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Slik lader du opp til best mulig prestasjon. lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Rune & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). E-sport-utøvere, de nye forbildene? lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Restitusjon og idrettsernæring. Hvordan optimalisere for elever på idrettslinjer? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Se hele utøveren. Trening, kosthold, helse og prestasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2022). Kosthold og søvn for langrennsløpere og skiskyttere. Hvordan kan foreldre bistå? Full text in Research Archive
• Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn; Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Mathisen, Therese Fostervold & Sundgot-Borgen, Christine (2021). Sannheten om spiseforstyrrelser i idretten. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  «Det er bare å ta seg sammen», «Hun bare klusser med maten», «De i idretten som får spiseforstyrrelser er uansett ikke vinnermateriale!» Mytene rundt spiseforstyrrelser i idretten er mange. Etter 30 år med forskningsbasert kunnskap om disse utfordringene er det på tide at uvitenhet adresseres og myter avlives.

• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Alarmfunn om norske skijenter. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Frafall blant kvinnelige utøvere: alene blant gutta: - hold ut. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Sannheten om spiseforstyrrelser i idretten. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Idretten er ikke syk, men den trenger en ny retning. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Slankepress i kvinnelangrenn: de fleste mistet mensen. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). - Litt lite og litt seint, ekspertene er kritiske. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Berntsen, Sveinung & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Ser til Island for å forbedre den norske idrettsmodellen. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Livsvarige seinskader for eks-landsagsløpere. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Sju av ti føler kroppspress. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Vektkommentarer kan få fatale følger. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Stavnsbo, Mette & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Hvor sunn er idretten egentlig? Full text in Research Archive
• Stavnsbo, Mette & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Hvor sunn er idretten egentlig? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Tid for å bevege en hel nasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Stavnsbo, Mette (2021). Hvor sunn er idretten egentlig? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Tid for å bevege en hel nasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Stavnsbo, Mette & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Hvor sunn er idretten egentlig? Full text in Research Archive
• Stavnsbo, Mette & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Hvor sunn er idretten egentlig? Full text in Research Archive
• Mathisen, Therese Fostervold; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn; Melin, Anna Katarina; Pettersen, ingvild & Andersen, Øystein [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Alarmfunn om norske skijenter. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Forskning på SCI®-programmet. Hvorfor og hvordan? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Optimalisering av prestasjon for langrennsløpere via restitusjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Hverdagsplanlegging for en toppidrettsutøver. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). RED-S update – focus on performance. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). KRS topphåndball: Idrettsernæring og restitusjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Restitusjon og idrettsernæring i Amazon – optimalisering av prestasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2021). Hvordan balansere totalbelastningen i hverdagen? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Tid for å bevege en hel nasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Tid for å bevege en hel nasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2020). A six- month tailored telephone- and email-based exercise intervention increased physical activity levels among inactive adults: A randomized controlled trial. Full text in Research Archive
• Byrkjedal, Per Thomas; Stenqvist, Thomas Birkedal; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Bergsvik, Kristina & Spencer, Matthew (2020). No effect of a three-week post-season transition period on markers of RED-S in highly-trained male cyclists. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2020). Trine (30) trener selv om hun sover dårlig. [Journal]. Adresseavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2020). Trine (30) trener selv om hun sover dårlig - får støtte av hjerneforsker. [Journal]. Bergens tidende. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2020). Fysisk ­aktivitet er den ­beste medisinen mot søvn-problemer. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2020). Trine (30) trener selv om hun sover dårlig. Men er det egentlig lurt? Dette sier hjerneforskeren og professoren. [Journal]. Sunnmørsposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2020). Trine trener selv om hun sover dårlig. Er det lurt? [Journal]. Stavanger aftenblad. Full text in Research Archive

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