Leona Chandra

• Schoormann, Thorsten; Gupta, Samrat; Möller, Frederik & Kruse, Leona Chandra (2025). With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility: Responsible Management of Artificial Intelligence in Supporting Design Research Activities. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). ISSN 1530-1605. 58, p. 5405–5414. doi: 10.24251/HICSS.2025.649. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Novel technologies are getting growing attention in our scholarly lives and are shifting the way traditional research practices are used. This paper explores how design research is affected by technological advancements and what potential risks can arise from that. By surveying information systems (IS) design literature, we observed a focus on enhancing the design outcome through computational, data-driven, and AIdriven approaches. Only a few papers in our sample provide insights into how the design process, from problem understanding through artifact building to evaluation, can be supported. We therefore explore the opportunities of delegating tasks between human designers and technology by presenting examples from the broader design research literature and borrowing illustrations from adjacent fields. Our work aims to open up the solution space of technology-aided design processes and creates awareness of the responsible handling of technology in design research.

• Kruse, Leona Chandra (2025). Design Principles Unveiled: Capturing Innovation Insights for Future Design Breakthroughs. CERN IdeaSquare Journal of Experimental Innovation (CIJ). 9(1), p. 5–8. doi: 10.23726/cij.2025.1582. Full text in Research Archive
• Johanna, Lorenz,; Jan, Recker, & Kruse, Leona Chandra (2025). How Physical–Digital Experiences are Designed. Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE). ISSN 2363-7005. doi: 10.1007/s12599-025-00956-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Innovations in immersive systems technologies allow commercial experience providers to mix both digital and physical design components in offerings such as escape rooms or city tours, creating what we call a “physical–digital experience” that cuts across both physical and virtual realms. A multiple case study of four experience-economy providers was conducted to understand how such physical–digital experiences are designed. A theoretical model explains how the deliberate and interdependent design and combination of physical and digital activities creates a new and integrated experience that features spatiotemporal and social recombination, sensory enrichment, and cross-realm anchoring, which make a physical–digital experience more than just the sum of physical and digital experiential activities alone. This research draws attention to the dual constitution of physical–digital experience and contributes to the growing scholarly discourse on the role of physicality as anchor, nexus, and lever for digital innovation.

• Horstmann, Svea; Drechsler, Katharina & Kruse, Leona Chandra (2025). A framework for nurturing champions of digital innovation. Information Systems and E-Business Management. ISSN 1617-9846. 23, p. 623–669. doi: 10.1007/s10257-024-00697-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Information Systems (IS) champions enthusiastically promote a digital innovation project throughout its development by obtaining the necessary resources. These individuals shape the innovativeness of an organization, as they initiate digital innovation projects and lead them toward successful completion. We still know little about how these champions can be identified and nurtured in organizations. We follow the Design Science Research approach in developing a framework for nurturing IS champions that can guide human resource practitioners. Our framework offers a strategic view of the champion journey and prescribes recommendations for action. The design decisions were derived from literature on digital innovation and innovation champions, and the framework was subsequently refined and evaluated meticulously. The design underwent two stages based on expert interviews from the IT industry (formative evaluation) and was subsequently evaluated by experts in digital innovation project management and human resource development in the IT industry (summative evaluation). The results demonstrate the feasibility of the framework and offer further insights into the problem and solution space of nurturing IS champions.

• Schoormann, Thorsten; Möller, Frederik; Kruse, Leona Chandra & Otto, Boris (2024). BAUSTEIN—A design tool for configuring and representing design research. Information Systems Journal. ISSN 1350-1917. p. 1–31. doi: 10.1111/isj.12516. Full text in Research Archive
• Griva, Anastasia; Kruse, Leona Chandra; Hattinger, Monika; Högberg, Karin; Pappas, Ilias & Conboy, Kieran (2024). Making space for time: Strategies for the design of time-aware hybrid work. Information Systems Journal. ISSN 1350-1917. doi: 10.1111/isj.12552. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Time is central to many debates about hybrid work- the impact on speed and productivity, commute times, and synchronisation of work. However, we argue that time is often over-simplified in extant hybrid work literature and tends to ignore many temporal concepts that capture the inherently complex, multi-faceted, subtle, and socially embedded nature of time. To address this issue, we conducted studies of five hybrid work teams across two large organisations. The paper contributes to current research on hybrid work by (i) illustrating the various temporal concepts that may be considered in the design of hybrid work environments, as well as the impact of considering or not considering them; (ii) illustrating how these temporal concepts in a physical space can be augmented in the digital space, rather than assuming the digital space should simply represent the physical; and (iii) providing a framework for the consideration of time–aware hybrid work. We hope to spark scientific interest in studying the temporal nuances of hybrid work but also the temporal aspects of design in other areas.

• Molla, Alemayehu; Kruse, Leona Chandra; Karanasios, Stan; Cheong, Christopher & Hoang, Giang (2024). Designing Information Systems for Infectious Disease Management in VUCA Situations: Insights from a Design Archaeology Analysis of COVIDSafe. Journal of the AIS. 25(5), p. 1372–1409. doi: 10.17705/1jais.00882. Full text in Research Archive
• Lorenz, Johanna; Kruse, Leona Chandra & Recker, Jan Christof (2024). Creating and Capturing Value with Physical-Digital Experiential Consumer Offerings. Journal of Management Information Systems. ISSN 0742-1222. 41(3), p. 779–811. doi: 10.1080/07421222.2024.2376386. Full text in Research Archive
• Kruse, Leona Chandra; Bergener, Katrin; Conboy, Kieran & al., et (2023). "Understanding the Digital Companions of Our Future Generation" by Leona Chandra Kruse, Katrin Bergener et al. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 52, p. 465–479. doi: https:/aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol52/iss1/22/. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The main protagonist in Kazuo Ishiguro’s latest novel is Klara, an artificial friend whose existential goal is to be a child’s companion. Some aspects of this fictional narrative have begun to gradually enter our daily lives. Products reminiscent of Klara are available abundantly on the market: smart toys, adaptive learning applications, and companion robots. Children can relate to these products and perform activities together with them. Preliminary research has shown fundamental differences between existing technologies and these emerging children’s digital companions. However, we still do not know much about their benefits and risks. This paper explores different and even contradicting perspectives on the phenomenon. We present the discussion from four perspectives - 1) temporality, 2) use, 3) trust and ethics, and 4) sociotechnical design - and conclude the paper with an agenda for interdisciplinary IS research. The agenda points to the need for a psychological, medical, engineering, and temporal research community to understand this emerging sociotechnical phenomenon and design its future for the better.

• Pappas, Ilias; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Kruse, Leona Chandra & Purao, Sandeep (2023). Practicing Effective Stakeholder Engagement for Impactful Research. IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society. 4(3), p. 248–254. doi: 10.1109/TTS.2023.3296991. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Scholars acknowledge that achieving societal impact should be a key aim of research. However, societal impact usually becomes tangible only long after research completion, so that scholars can hardly report its evidence in a research article, if it is to be published in a timely manner. Interventionist research methods that involve engagement with stakeholders to generate solutions for real-world problem situations can provide a path towards direct societal impact. We argue that achieving such impact requires effective engagement with careful attention to the timing of engagement and inclusiveness of stakeholders – drawing on examples from our own research projects. Our analyses suggest that the research team needs to make choices to structure engagement efforts across research phases spanning problem definition, solution design, and solution evaluation. These choices define a space of possibilities that a research team can navigate based on considerations of access, research setting, research approach, and researcher expertise. We map these to three specific interventionist research approaches: Action Research, Clinical Research, and Action Design Research to highlight the alternatives. The paper concludes by pointing out that interventionist approaches can create favorable conditions but require the judicious exercise of choices by the research team to generate outcomes with direct societal impact.

• Kruse, Leona Chandra & Drechsler, Katharina (2022). Digitalization of multisensory collective activity: The case of virtual wine tasting. Journal of Information Technology. ISSN 0268-3962. 37(4), p. 358–358. doi: 10.1177/02683962221096860. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Wine tasting is a multisensory collective activity because it involves other senses in addition to sight and hearing. The importance of these multiple senses for wine tasting makes it more challenging to digitalize than other collective activities. We conducted an ethnography and used a semiotic analysis to explore the strategies to digitalize wine tasting sessions. In so doing, we examined how small artisanal winemakers and wine merchants in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Switzerland moved their wine tasting sessions online to compensate for their lost key revenue streams during the global Covid-19 crisis. Based on our analysis, we present a typology of virtual wine tasting and illustrate how the approach to digitalize wine tasting evolved from a reactive approach to a more proactive one. We also identify strategies to digitalize wine tasting and characterize its social space. We discuss some avenues to regard virtual wine tasting as something more than just a digital representation of in-person wine tasting session by highlighting the mediating role of an information system. Finally, we propose some implications for digitalizing other multisensory collective activities.

• Kruse, Leona Chandra; Purao, Sandeep & Seidel, Stefan (2022). "How Designers Use Design Principles: Design Behaviors and Application " by Leona Chandra Kruse, Sandeep Purao et al. Journal of the AIS. 23(5), p. 1235–1270. doi: https:/aisel.aisnet.org/jais/vol23/iss5/3/. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper investigates how information systems design professionals use design principles (extracted from a prior design science research project) in a new design situation. We do this by capturing think-aloud protocols from experienced design professionals who are given access to potentially useful design principles. Our analysis identifies two dimensions of use: design behaviors (what designers do) and application modes (how designers apply the principles). Mapping across the dimensions suggests two use pathways: forward chaining and backward chaining. Our study shows how empirically studying expert designers can shed light on the microprocesses of design principles in use, and how an empirical turn in the investigation can contribute to clarifying the fundamental nature of design principles. We conclude by highlighting the implications of these insights for crafting more useful design principles.

• Gregor, Shirley; Kruse, Leona Chandra & Seidel, Stefan (2020). "Research Perspectives: The Anatomy of a Design Principle" by Shirley Gregor, Leona Chandra Kruse et al. Journal of the AIS. 21(6), p. 1622–1652. doi: https:/aisel.aisnet.org/jais/vol21/iss6/2/. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This essay derives a schema for specifying design principles for information technology-based artifacts in sociotechnical systems. Design principles are used to specify design knowledge in an accessible form, but there is wide variation and lack of precision across views regarding their formulation. This variation is a sign of important issues that should be addressed, including a lack of attention to human actors and levels of complexity as well as differing views on causality, on the nature of the mechanisms used to achieve goals, and on the need for justificatory knowledge. The new schema includes the well-recognized elements of design principles, including goals in a specific context and the mechanisms to achieve the goal. In addition, the schema allows: (1) consideration of the varying roles of the human actors involved and the utility of design principles, (2) attending to the complexity of IT-based artifacts through decomposition, (3) distinction of the types of causation (i.e., deterministic versus probabilistic), (4) a variety of mechanisms in achieving aims, and (5) the optional definition of justificatory knowledge underlying the design principles. We illustrate the utility of the proposed schema by applying it to examples of published research.

• Seidel, Stefan; Kruse, Leona Chandra; Székely, Nadine; Gau, Michael & Stieger, Daniel (2017). Design principles for sensemaking support systems in environmental sustainability transformations. European Journal of Information Systems. ISSN 0960-085X. 27(2), p. 247–247. doi: 10.1057/s41303-017-0039-0. Full text in Research Archive

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• Kushagra, Bhatnagar,; Tejas, Kotha,; Kruse, Leona Chandra & Matti, Rossi, (2026). Gatekeepers in an Open Market? The Case of Contemporary NFT Marketplaces. doi: https:/scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/e65f5b7b-39d6-402c-9a73-78829a447fae. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  NFTs (non-fungible tokens) promised the interaction of artists/creators directly with their collectors without the need for any intermediaries, but the realisation was quick that such a technology, instead of getting rid of intermediaries, reintroduced new intermediaries in the form of NFT marketplaces. These marketplaces exhibit diverse features and cater to different user groups. A wide array of governance strategies, such as curation and gatekeeping, are used to steer creativity and interactions in the marketplace, informed by the marketplace's strategy. We examined this diversity by identifying the 'ideal types' of marketplaces based on these strategies alongside the motivations of the creators to make sense of the growing NFT market and constructed a typology that distinguishes four kinds of NFT marketplaces: Avant-garde, Canonical, Mass Culture, and Coterie. The article also offers practical implications for creators and collectors looking to make informed choices when deciding to participate in a particular marketplace.

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