Publications
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Malavatu, Jayachandra & Fässler, Bernhard
(2026).
A multi-function shared hybrid battery energy storage system for commercial applications: Energy arbitrage, university building and electrical vehicle charging station.
Results in Engineering (RINENG).
30.
doi:
10.1016/j.rineng.2026.110259.
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Battery energy storage systems play a crucial role in implementing demand-side management strategies for commercial applications. Commercial applications require batteries that meet both high energy and power demands. A single type of battery is often inefficient at satisfying both, so we propose a hybrid battery energy storage system that combines power-dense and energy-dense batteries. However, the economic feasibility of hybrid energy storage systems continues to be a major obstacle to their widespread adoption. To enhance economic viability, this paper introduces a multi-function shared hybrid energy storage system designed for various commercial applications. The system was evaluated across two Norwegian commercial sites using three different individual applications: energy arbitrage, electricity bill reduction in university buildings, and profit maximization in electric vehicle charging stations. Three years of historical data measured from smart meters were used to simulate and compare the performance of the hybrid energy storage system in both individual and shared applications. The proposed system effectively reduced overall monthly peak demand, nearly matching the performance of individual applications. Results indicate that for one site, sharing the hybrid energy storage system among three applications increased profit by 27.81 % compared to using it only for the highest profitable individual application (i.e., university buildings). For the other site, the profit increase was 21.24 %. In addition, the shared system improved grid performance, reducing the grid peak-to-average power ratio by 4.43 %, the standard deviation of grid power by 0.67 %, and the smoothness of grid power by 10.52 % compared to scenarios without any storage system.
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Malavatu, Jayachandra; Kepplinger, Peter & Fässler, Bernhard
(2025).
A comparative simulation study of single and hybrid battery energy storage systems for peak reduction and valley filling using norm-2 optimization.
Results in Engineering (RINENG).
25.
doi:
10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104389.
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The objective of this study is to address the power imbalance between supply and demand caused by the adoption of electric vehicles and renewable energy sources. Due to power imbalance at the point of common coupling, additional peaks and valleys will be created. The novelty of this work lies in proposing a hybrid energy storage system that combines power-dense and energy-dense batteries, optimized using a Norm-2 approach, to mitigate these imbalances effectively. The methodology involves a simulation study using realistic distribution grid load curves, focusing on two case studies. The results of this study reveal that, with an optimally sized energy storage system, power-dense batteries reduce the peak power demand by 15 % and valley filling by 9.8 %, while energy-dense batteries fill the valleys by 15 % and improve the peak power demand by 9.3 %. Furthermore, a hybrid energy storage system outperforms and is useful for multiple grid applications when compared with a single type of energy storage system. The study identifies an optimal capacity share of 40 % power-dense and 60 % energy-dense batteries as providing an effective balance between power and energy requirements. The findings highlight the proposed system successfully manages not only the highest peaks and valleys, but also intermediate fluctuations caused by renewable energy and electric vehicle integration. During a one-year simulation using a hybrid energy storage system, peak power demand decreased by 11 %, peak-to-average ratio improved by 12 %, and power variance was reduced by 29 %, indicating more stable and efficient grid performance compared to without any storage system.
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Malavatu, Jayachandra; O'Born, Reyn Joseph; Peter, Kepplinger & Fässler, Bernhard
(2022).
Hybrid energy storage systems of energy- and power-dense batteries: a survey on modelling techniques and control methods.
Procedia CIRP.
105,
p. 794–798.
doi:
10.1016/j.procir.2022.02.193.
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Published
Aug. 24, 2026 5:53 AM
- Last modified
Aug. 24, 2026 5:53 AM
