Gøril Hannås

• Nadarajah, Lashand Sivathasan; Hellström, Magnus Mikael & Hannås, Gøril (2020). Realization of Benefits from Best Value Approach by Proper Utilization of Expertise in Infrastructure Projects. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. ISSN 2195-4356. p. 321–330. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-1910-9_27. Full text in Research Archive
• Halvorsen, Theodor Kvæven; Hannås, Gøril & Hellström, Magnus Mikael (2020). Adaptation of Risk Sharing Partnerships (RSP) to New Industries. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. ISSN 2195-4356. p. 331–344. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-1910-9_28. Full text in Research Archive
• Klakegg, Ole Jonny; Torp, Olav; Kalsaas, Bo Terje; Bølviken, Trond & Hannås, Gøril (2020). Uncertainty management. A development area for Lean Construction. In Tzortzopoulos, Patricia; Kagioglou, Mike & Koskela, Lauri (Ed.), Lean Construction. Core Concepts and New Frontiers. Routledge. ISSN 9780429203732. Full text in Research Archive
• Teryokhin, Sergei & Hannås, Gøril (2018). Impact of supplier-specific investments in inter-organisational information systems on strategic electronic coordination : the moderation effect of buyer dependence. Engineering Management in Production and Services. ISSN 2543-6597. 10(1), p. 7–21. doi: 10.1515/emj-2018-0001. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper examines the factors which influence sharing of the strategic information (in other words, electronic coordination) in a buyer–supplier dyad. The antecedents of this coordination are examined rather well in the transaction cost economics (TCE) theory and resource-dependency theory (RDT), while the supply chain management perspective is contemplated. The mentioned frameworks are used in the analysis. However, the research focus is narrowed down to the exploration of the antecedents of information exchange conducted via inter-organisational information systems (IOS). The empirical analysis is based on 198 observations of Norwegian companies operating in different types of industries. A regression model is used to test the hypotheses about the antecedents of strategic electronic coordination. The research results indicate that the direct effect of the supplier-specific investments in the IOS on the exchange of strategic information in the buyer–supplier dyad is not statistically significant. The supplier-specific investment in the IOS becomes positively associated with the strategic information exchange in the buyer–supplier dyad only when the buyer is dependent on the supplier. The buyer dependency creates a high motivation for the company to exchange the strategic information with the supplier who is more powerful in the dyad. This research concludes that the companies making substantial investments in the IOS for electronic coordination purposes may not reach their goals if relation-specific factors, such as buyer dependency, are not comprehensively considered. Keywords: buyer dependency, inter-organisational information system (IOS), resource dependency theory, strategic electronic coordination, specific IOS investment, transaction cost economics (TCE)

• Kalsaas, Bo Terje; Hannås, Gøril; Frislie, Grethe & Skaar, John (2018). Transformation From Design-Bid-Build to Design-Build Contracts in Road Construction. In Gonzalez, Vicente (Eds.), Proceedings of The 26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction. Indian Institute of Technology Madras. ISSN 9789380689296. p. 34–45. doi: 10.24928/2018/0394. Full text in Research Archive
• Teryokhin, Sergei & Hannås, Gøril (2017). Pre-requisites of successful strategic electronic coordination : the moderation effect of the ownership mechanism of inter-organisational information systems. Engineering Management in Production and Services. ISSN 2543-6597. 9(4), p. 34–47. doi: 10.1515/emj-2017-0029. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper, we attempt to explain how the ownership mechanism of an interorganisational information system (IOS) may impact strategic information exchange (electronic coordination) induced by specific investments in the IOS. Recent research and practice show that heavy investments in IOSs demonstrate mixed results with respect to their impact on the electronic coordination. Consequently, the search of additional factors is needed to help and explain under what circumstances the IOS investments for strategic purposes become beneficial for the companies in a buyersupplier dyad. Transaction cost economics (TCE) and the hostage model are used as a framework for the research. 198 observations of Norwegian companies in different branches of industry constitute the base of the empirical study. A buyer-supplier dyad is the unit of the analysis. A regression model of the relation between the IOS ownership mechanism and the strategic information sharing is used to test two hypotheses about the buyer-supplier collaboration via an IOS. The results demonstrate that the risk of unilateral specific investments in an IOS made by the buyer or the seller is attenuated by the ownership mechanism of the IOS. The willingness of a buyer to share their strategic information with the supplier via the IOS increases if the supplier invests in the IOS which is owned and controlled by the buyer. Conversely, the supplier becomes motivated to share certain sensitive strategic information with the buying company if the latter invests in the IOS which is owned and controlled by the supplier. Keywords: hostage model, inter-organisational information system (IOS), IOS ownership, specific IOS investment, strategic electronic coordination

• Klakegg, Ole Jonny; Torp, Olav; Kalsaas, Bo Terje; Bølviken, Trond & Hannås, Gøril (2017). Usikkerhetsstyring - et utviklingsområde for Lean Construction. In Kalsaas, Bo Terje (Eds.), Lean Construction. Forstå og forbedre prosjektbasert produksjon. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245021073. p. 335–363. Full text in Research Archive
• Hannås, Gøril; Buvik, Arnt & Andersen, Otto (2015). The effect of relation specific information technology on collaborative coordination in business-to-business relationships. International Journal of procurement management. ISSN 1753-8432. 8(4), p. 416–440. doi: 10.1504/IJPM.2015.070742. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper examines how specific investments in information technology (IT) affect vertical electronic coordination (VEC) between firms. Recent research has demonstrated that increased specificity in IT investments fosters greater electronic coordination in B2B relationships. In order to capture the various business processes and information exchanged in business-to-business relationships, this paper makes a deliberate distinction between VEC for collaborative purposes and for transactional purposes. The most important distinction concerns the characteristics of the exchange situation, in which the degree of inter-firm dependence plays a central part. Empirical data from a cross-industrial survey of 198 buyer-supplier relationships reveals that the effect that customised IT investments on VEC for collaborative purposes is contingent on the level of basic specific assets employed in buyer-seller relationships. This study found no such effects for electronic coordination for transactional purposes. The findings of this study shows that specific IT investments enhance the ability to carry out collaborative vertical coordination only when strong inter-firm dependency and small number conditions are present.

• Hannås, Gøril & Andersen, Otto (2011). B2B Relationships in Modern Times: Implications of Relation-Specific Information Systems on Governance Forms. International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management (IJISSCM). ISSN 1935-5726. 4(3). doi: 10.4018/jisscm.2011070102. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Information technology (IT) enables businesses to integrate information systems across entities without altering the firms? legal boundaries. New forms of inter-firm dependence and governance mechanisms may arise, due to the explicit investments made in technology and systems for collaboration purposes. There is an important distinction between general and customized investments in inter-organizational information systems (IOS), because the specificity level in IT exhibits certain characteristics that accentuate both the risk and value of inter-firm trade. Several research calls have been made to validate governance theories on IOS. Based on a literature review, this paper provides a synthesis and integration of transaction cost economics (TCE) and IOS literature regarding governance forms. The paper discusses why the specificity level of IOS plays a central role in modern collaboration between firms, and how vertical electronic coordination (VEC) represents a mechanism for electronic governance forms. Based on the discussion, the paper presents an agenda for future research.

• Hannås, Gøril; Buvik, Arnt & Andersen, Otto (2010). Electronic commerce and governance forms : a transaction cost approach. International Journal of procurement management. ISSN 1753-8432. 3(4), p. 409–427. doi: 10.1504/IJPM.2010.035470. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A large amount of the electronic commerce (EC) literature is focused on the benefits of digitalizing transactions, as well as technological and organizational issues related to implementing inter-firm information systems. Even though businesses firms choose different electronic solutions for different purposes, there are still modest research contributions focusing on what kind of governance structures that emerge from business to business (B2B) electronic commerce and why these different governance forms emerge. This paper develops a framework for analyzing how certain transaction characteristics such as order frequency, relation specific assets and uncertainty affect the alignment of electronic governance form (EGF). The authors discuss the concept of EGF and categorize electronic governance structures into four different types. The basis for the discussion is transactions cost economics (TCE) combined with theoretical contributions from electronic commerce.

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• Hannås, Gøril & Nyhus, Ellen Katrine (2011). Marketing Management Norwegian Glossary. Pearson Custom Publishing. ISBN 9780857764478. 48 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Hernes, Toril A. Nagelhus; Sandset, Per Morten; Greve, Gottfried; Brekke, Camilla; Fitjar, Rune Dahl & Hannås, Gøril (2022). Vi har ikke tid til at finansiering av forskning settes på vent. Full text in Research Archive
• Bogen, Nils Kristian; Farbrot, Audun; Fitjar, Rune Dahl; Hannås, Gøril & Krogh, Christen (2021). Syv grep for å gjøre studenter til fremtidens jobbskapere. Full text in Research Archive
• Bogen, Nils Kristian; Hannås, Gøril; Farbrot, Audun; Fitjar, Rune Dahl & Krogh, Christen (2020). Sammen kan universiteter og høyskoler bli bedre verdiskapere. Full text in Research Archive
• Hellström, Magnus Mikael; Hannås, Gøril & Frislie, Grethe (2018). Building a cooperative culture throughout the construction supply chain. Full text in Research Archive
• Meland, Øystein Husefest; Hannås, Gøril & Robertsen, Karl (2011). SELECTION CRITERIA AND TENDER EVALUATION: THE EQUIVALENT TENDER PRICE MODEL (ETPM). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Several research studies have identified critical success factors and their impact on project success. Central to both success and failure is the issue of selection criteria, and the importance of incorporating qualitative factors when contracting for complex design and construction projects. Empirical findings suggest that price is still commonly used criterion for selecting a winner, even though tendering documents indicate that quality factors are part of the evaluation. In this paper we argue that tender competitions with high focus on price in complex design and construction projects deteriorate both incentives for collaboration and project outcome in terms of cost and quality. Thus, the lowest bid may paradoxically result in the most expensive project from both an investment and a life cycle cost perspective. We offer an alternative approach to evaluating tenders, based on the Equivalent Tender Price Model(ETPM). The aim is to increase the probability of avoiding project failure related to cost overrun, poor quality and lack of functionality, in addition to ensure more transparency in the tender evaluation process. Simulation tests of the model demonstrate that evaluation of tenders through an Equivalent Tender Price model makes selection criteria more transparent and quantifiable and therefore less at risk of manipulation. Keywords: Equivalent Tender Price, selection criteria, evaluation models, LCC, PDCS

• Hannås, Gøril (2010). Coordination in modern industrial buyer-supplier relations: When do buyers risk making specific IT investments? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Making specific investments in inter-organizational information systems (IOS) may be part of an explicit strategy to lock in partners or to improve coordination within a specific relationship. But the specificity level in IT and systems accentuates both the risk and value of inter-firm trade. The underlying assumption of transaction cost theory is that the supplier undertakes the transaction risk due to economic incentives to accommodate the customer. When do buyers choose to customize IT systems to meet coordination needs and facilitate more efficient exchange with a specific supplier? This study explores customized IOS investments made by the buyer in 198 buyer-supplier relationships. The results demonstrate that a buyer?s investment in idiosyncratic information systems are positively associated with the levels of other buyer-specific assets already deployed in the relationship, perceived pace of change in information technology, as well as the supplier?s customization of the information system in use.

• Buvik, Arnt; Andersen, Otto & Hannås, Gøril (2009). The impact of buyer-specific investments and buyer-specific control investments on hierarchical governance in supplier-buyer relationship. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Based on transaction costs analysis (TCA) and resource-dependence theory (RDT), this study examines the association between buyer specific investments, buyer specific control investments and hierarchical governance in industrial buyer-seller relationships and develops three hypotheses specifying these associations. Data from a survey of 159 industrial buyer-seller relationships provide support for the hypotheses, and demonstrates that there is a strong and negative association between buyer specific investments and hierarchical buyer control, while the effect of buyer specific control investments is positively associated to hierarchical governance. Finally, in accordance with TCA predictions, the supplier¿s investments in specific control arrangements in the supplier plants increase their influence and control over the suppliers business substantially. The outcome of the empirical analysis demonstrates that it is important to evaluate the nature and function of different kinds of buyer specific investments when considering the antecedents to governance mode in business-to-business relationships.

• Hannås, Gøril; Buvik, Arnt & Andersen, Otto (2009). Vertical electronic coordination in B2B relationships. In ., , (Eds.), POMS 2009 - 20th Annual Conference of the Production and Operations Management Society : Program booklet. Production and Operations Management Society (POMS). p. 102–102. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper examines how relation-specific IT investments affect vertical electronic coordination between firms. Recent research has conceptualized that the levels of specificity in IT investments and adjacent business processes lead the parties to increased vertical electronic integration (Kim and Mahoney, 2006). We propose that idiosyncratic investments in general may serve as a guide for electronic integration between firms, because specific assets induce the need for coordination and information exchange. Through a cross-industrial survey of 198 Norwegian businesses, we found vertical electronic coordination between firms to be conditionally dependent on specific assets that are not related to IT. The effect of specific IT investments on electronic collaboration is contingent upon the level of other specific assets deployed in the buyer-seller relationship. This suggests that substantial specific investments increase the need for customised information systems that can facilitate efficient coordination where assets are at risk.

• Hannås, Gøril; Buvik, Arnt & Andersen, Otto (2009). Vertical electronic coordination in B2B relationships. Full text in Research Archive
• Hannås, Gøril (2009). Vertical electronic coordination in B2B relationships. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper examines how relation-specific IT investments affect vertical electronic coordination between firms. Recent research has conceptualized that the levels of specificity in IT investments and adjacent business processes lead the parties to increased vertical electronic integration (Kim and Mahoney, 2006). We propose that idiosyncratic investments in general may serve as a guide for electronic integration between firms, because specific assets induce the need for coordination and information exchange. Through a cross-industrial survey of 198 Norwegian businesses, we found vertical electronic coordination between firms to be conditionally dependent on specific assets that are not related to IT. The effect of specific IT investments on electronic collaboration is contingent upon the level of other specific assets deployed in the buyer-seller relationship. This suggests that substantial specific investments increase the need for customised information systems that can facilitate efficient coordination where assets are at risk.

• Hannås, Gøril & Andersen, Otto (2008). B2B Relationships in Modern Times: What are the Implications of Relation-Specific Information Systems on Transaction Cost Analysis? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Information technology (IT) allows business relationships to integrate their information systems and coordination-related activities without altering the legal boundaries of the firms. This may encourage new mechanisms of governance forms, as the characteristics of IT investments and activities coordinated electronically may create new forms of inter-dependence between firms. The modern industrial organization, whose coordination depends on information technology, will attribute its inter-firm dependence not only to specific assets or resource dependence, but also to the explicit technology and systems in which the firm has invested in order to collaborate with business partners. Hence, the governance issue in modern B2B relationships does not merely hinge on the level of traditional asset specificity involved, but also on how organizational inter-dependencies are derived from implementation of inter-firm information systems. In this paper we discuss the grounds for how IOS characteristics impact transaction costs and governance forms. In particular, we focus on how the implementation of relation-specific information systems may change governance mechanisms in business-to-business relationships, in ways that may extend the central tenets of TCE.

• Hannås, Gøril (2008). E-business i praksis Norske virksomheters investering og bruk av IT innen innkjøp og forsyning. Resultater fra dr. avhandling i logistikk 2007. Full text in Research Archive
• Hannås, Gøril (2008). Verdien av elektronisk samarbeid. ?. 2, p. 2–2. Full text in Research Archive
• Hannås, Gøril & Andersen, Otto (2008). B2B Relationships in Modern Times: What are the Implications of Relation-Specific Information Systems on Transaction Cost Economics? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Information technology (IT) allows business relationships to integrate their information systems and coordination-related activities without altering the legal boundaries of the firms. This may encourage new mechanisms of governance forms, as the characteristics of IT investments and activities coordinated electronically may create new forms of inter-dependence between firms. The modern industrial organization, whose coordination depends on information technology, will attribute its inter-firm dependence not only to specific assets or resource dependence, but also to the explicit technology and systems in which the firm has invested in order to collaborate with business partners. Hence, the governance issue in modern B2B relationships does not merely hinge on the level of traditional asset specificity involved, but also on how organizational inter-dependencies are derived from implementation of inter-firm information systems. In this paper we discuss the grounds for how IOS characteristics impact transaction costs and governance forms. In particular, we focus on how the implementation of relation-specific information systems may change governance mechanisms in business-to-business relationships, in ways that may extend the central tenets of TCE.

• Hannås, Gøril (2008). Mulighetenes marked Utfordringer og utvikling innen innkjøp og logistikk. Full text in Research Archive
• Hannås, Gøril (2008). Logistikk; et hverdagsbegrep. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  radiokåseri

• Hannås, Gøril; Buvik, Arnt & Andersen, Otto (2005). Electronic commerce and governance forms : a transaction cost approach. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A large amount of the electronic commerce (EC) literature is focused on the benefits of digitalizing transactions, as well as technological and organizational issues related to implementing inter-firm information systems. Even though businesses seem tochoose different electronic solutions for different purposes, less scientific focus has been put on what kind of governance structures emerge from business to business (B2B) electronic commerce and why these different governance forms emerge. In this paper we explore how B2B electronic commerce is affected by inter firm transaction mechanisms, and why these in turn should lead to various types of electronic governance forms (EGF). The purpose of this is to develop a framework for assessing how certain transaction characteristics such as order frequency, relation specific assets and uncertainty affect the governance form of EC. We discuss the concepts of EGF, and further explore the possibilities of categorizing electronic governance structures intofour different types. The basis for this categorization is the assumption that the choice of EGF is dependent upon the frequency of exchange and relation specific IT investments. The model is an attempt to explain how different electronic governance mechanisms are established according to inter-firm relations and transaction characteristics. The basis for discussion is the theoretical grounds of transaction cost economics coupled with theoretical frameworks of electronic commerce.

• Hannås, Gøril (2005). På jakt etter de virkelig store e-handelsgevinstene. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Det er antakeligvis store, langsiktige gevisnter i bruk av e-handel i et strategisk bedriftssamarbeid, dersom det legges bevisste innkjøpstrategier til grunn, som tar i betraktning de mulighetene teknologien gir for koordinering og synkronisering av informasjon. Disse gevinstene er formdentlig langt større enn reduserte administrasjonskostnader internt i en bedrift, og det er jo her fokus med e-handel har vært.

• Brynhildsvoll, Ivar & Hannås, Gøril (2005). Hvor godt fungerer offentlig innkjøp. Full text in Research Archive
• Hannås, Gøril (2005). Association between organisational buying behaviour and the use of electronic commerce. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The introduction of electronic procurement as a digital intermediary in the value chain is argued to rationalise processes and reduce procurement costs. The supply management literature is rich with estimates of e-procurement benefits. However, empirical research on measurable effects of e-procurement is limited. The majority of studies focus on project implementation aspects and technological issues regarding applying intra and inter-firm electronic systems. This paper is a conceptual framework for assessing a theoretical association between organisational buying behaviour and the use of electronic commerce. The basis for discussion is the theoretical grounds of buying behaviour and purchasing portfolios. This is coupled with theoretical frameworks of electronic commerce and transaction costs economics. We derive a set of propositions focusing on possible coherence between organisational purchasing behaviour and the use of e-procurement in different situations of supply risk and product complexity. The framework seeks to contribute to a theoretical understanding of how EC impacts organisational purchasing behaviour and hence the purchasing strategies.

• Hannås, Gøril (2005). Leverandørrisiko og organisering av e-handel på innkjøpssiden. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  E-handel, eller e-business, er et vidt begrep som spenner fra elektronisk bestilling og ?sourcing?, til mer omfattende integrert informasjonsutveksling med leverandører. Dette forskningsprosjekt er rettet mot e-handels innvirkning på innkjøpsprosesser, leverandørrelasjoner og leverandørsamarbeid, og hvorvidt bruken av e-handel bidrar til ulik strategi og styring av ulike relasjoner. E-handel er ofte trukket fram som et ?revolusjonerende? medium, fordi en endring av tradisjonelle innkjøpsmetoder synes å kunne gi store besparelser. Flere rapporter tilsier at mange private bedrifter har tatt i bruk e-handel med varierende grad av suksess. Det finnes etter hvert mye forskning på begrepet ?e-commerce?, men mye av det som er skrevet om e-handel er knyttet til prosjektimplementering og bruk av teknologien, og mindre om hvordan det påvirker inter-organisatoriske forhold.

• Hannås, Gøril (2005). Elektronisk forretningsdrift med leverandører; risiko og verdiskapning. Full text in Research Archive
• Brynhildsvoll, Ivar & Hannås, Gøril (2005). Fungerer offentlig innkjøp? Full text in Research Archive
• Frislie, Grethe; Aarøy, Sol B. & Hannås, Gøril (2017). Gjennomføring av prosjekter fra et eierperspektiv : En kvalitativ studie av forskjellige tolkninger. Universitetet i Agder. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne oppgaven presenterer konseptet prosjekteierstyring, og skal svare på hva som kjennetegner god styring og gjennomføring av prosjekter fra et eierperspektiv. De underliggende forskningsspørsmålene søker svar på 1) forskjellig tolkninger av prosjekteierstyring i vitenskapelig prosjektlitteratur, 2) kjennetegn ved god styring og gjennomføring av store, komplekse prosjekter, samt 3) de medfølgende utfordringene prosjekteierne må håndtere. Oppgaven inspireres av grunnleggende prosjektteori, i tillegg til den tradisjonelle transaksjonskostnadsteorien og prinsipal-agentteorien, samt den nyere og mer ukjente stewardshipteorien. Det ble gjennomført en workshop med en samling profesjonelle aktører fra praksis og akademia, for å danne grunnlaget for problemstillingens utgangspunkt. Deretter ble det gjennomført en kvalitativ dokumentstudie for å belyse prosjektlitteraturens tolkning på konseptets underliggende mening. Oppgavens fremgangsmåte styres av et induktivt design, hvilket betyr at det er de empiriske funnene som legger føring for forskningen. Dette er en utradisjonell metode innen ingeniørfag, der vi søker å utfordre disiplinens strenge tradisjoner. Funnene viser at begrepet tolkes på forskjellige måter i både forskning og praksis, hvilket skaper grunnlaget for misforståelser og uklare definisjoner. Det identifiseres tre forskjellige dimensjoner innen prosjekteierstyringen. I disse tydeliggjøres prosjekteiernes rolle, og hvilke mekanismer som inngår i styringen og gjennomføringen av store, komplekse prosjekter. Utfordringene med å håndtere denne styringen presiseres ikke i disse dimensjonene. Det gjør heller ikke en oversikt over den helhetlige styringsrollen prosjekteierne må håndtere i praksis. Dermed introduseres en fjerde dimensjon, som beskriver de komplekse relasjonene som må håndteres. Funn i litteraturen beskylder også den tradisjonelle prosjektlitteraturen for å være rigid og lite åpen for alternative tilnærminger. Det konkluderes med at prosjekteierstyring er en kompleks oppgave, som krever innovasjon og åpenhet for å følge med i utviklingen. Det er behov for bredere aksept for teoretiske bidrag innen andre paradigmer, samt et tettere samarbeid mellom forskning og praksis for å innovere og utvikle prosjektlitteraturen ytterligere

• Hannås, Gøril (2007). Vertical electronic coordination and specific IT investments in business-to-business relationships. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 9788279620761. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The focus of this thesis is vertical electronic coordination in business-to-business relationships. The term vertical electronic coordination is defined as a mechanism for electronic governance forms (EGF) between firms. We develop a model where vertical electronic coordination is the central construct that entail the specific activities, processes and information that is shared and exchanged in a buyer¿seller relationship by the means of information technology. In its total form, the construct of VEC entails many different types of activities and information, because there are multiple coordination needs in a buyer-supplier relationship. In order to capture the differences we make a deliberate distinction between vertical electronic coordination for collaborative purposes and vertical electronic coordination for transactional purposes. We expect the scope of vertical electronic coordination, as characterized by this distinction, to be affected by the characteristics of the exchange, in particular the inter-dependence between the firms. Previous research suggests that increased specificity in inter-firm systems facilitates more collaborative electronic coordination (Prosser and Nickl, 1997). Two research issues are therefore of interest: What factors determine the degree of electronic coordination in inter-firm relationships for collaborative purposes? What conditions lead firms to make transaction-specific investments in information technology? In line with previous research, we suggest that higher levels of coordination needs will benefit from higher levels of customized IT investments, to facilitate enhanced coordination efficacy (Holland and Lockett, 1997; Prosser and Nickl, 1997; Kim and Mahoney, 2006). However, we have found that vertical electronic coordination for collaborative purposes between firms appears to be conditionally dependent on the level of other supplier-specific investments deployed in the relationship.Furthermore, our empirical findings suggest that there is a distinction between vertical electronic coordination for transactional activities and vertical electronic coordination for collaborative activities, due to the differentiated need for close communication and cooperation. While vertical electronic coordination for collaborative purposes is associated with specific IT investments and other specific assets, no such relationship was found for transactional vertical electronic coordination.

• Brynhildsvoll, Ivar & Hannås, Gøril (2006). Konkurranseutsetting av revisjonstjenester i kommuner og fylker ; evaluering av ordningen. Telemarksforskning. ISSN 9788274631373. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rapporten er et resultat av en evaluering av konkurranseutsetting av revisjonstjenester i de fire kommunene Os, Austevoll, Bømlo og Klepp. Utgangspunktet for pilotprosjektet har vært å kartlegge hvilken betydning innkjøpsprosessen har for resultatet av konkurranseutsetting av revisjonstjenester. Evalueringen av de 4 kommunene er basert på en modell med transaksjonskostnadsteori som teoretisk rammeverk. Evalueringen er basert på 4 case studier, og viser en positiv effekt mht økonomisk og kvalitetsbasert resultat. Mens kommunenes ledelse er tydelige på at det har skjedd en kostnadsreduksjon målt i direkte utgifter, er målinger av faktisk medgåtte kostnader noe vanskeligere å definere. Brukere, definert som kontrollutvalg og økonomiledere, er også tydelige på at det har skjedd kvalitetsmessige forbedringer i de leverte tjenestene. Dette omfatter eksempler på krav om endring av bokføringen, forbedring av rutiner og oppstramming av regnskapsmessige metoder.

• Hannås, Gøril; Gregersen, Rune & Moe, Carl Erik (2005). Elektronisk handel mot offentlig sektor Slutt rapport LUPE ikon. IKON Innkjøp-offentlig-næringsliv. Full text in Research Archive

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