Carl Erik Moe

• Helleren, Rita; Jacobsen, Marianne Giske; Theisen, Theis; Moe, Carl Erik; Opsal, Anne & Trønnes, Rune [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). Cost savings of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy using a digital infusion pump. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance (JAC-AMR). 8(3). doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlag052. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background and objectives: Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) enables IV antibiotic adminis-tration outside hospital settings and has been found to reduce costs and improve patient satisfaction. In Norway, OPAT has been less established due to the preference for narrow-spectrum antibiotics often requiring multiple daily doses. We undertook a cost evaluation of an OPAT programme using a continuous ambulatory de-livery device (CADD), and comparison with costs of inpatient treatment for equivalent IV antibiotic courses. Materials and methods: A retrospective cost analysis was conducted on 170 consecutive patients treated with OPAT at Sørlandet Hospital, Norway (2016–2021). Eligible patients received multidose IV antibiotics at home using CADD pumps. OPAT costs included equipment and antibiotics, staff time, transportation and patient time, and were compared with estimated inpatient costs for the same treatment and duration. Sensitivity ana-lyses tested robustness of the findings across various cost scenarios. Results: A total of 170 patients received OPAT, mostly with narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics, with a mean duration of 16.4 days per patient (range 1–67 days), and an estimated saving of approximately 51 hospital bed days per month. The mean cost per OPAT treatment was €1603 versus €12 982 for inpatient care, i.e. represent-ing 12% of inpatient costs. Sensitivity analysis confirmed OPAT savings between 72% and 89% across scenarios. Conclusions: These findings confirm that a CADD-based OPAT programme considerably reduces costs on a so-cietal perspective in a publicly funded health system and contributes to reduced hospital bed occupancy. The ability to administer narrow-spectrum antibiotics supports antimicrobial stewardship.

• Moe, Carl Erik & Søren, Skaarup, (2026). Digital inclusion – invisible work and grey zones for nurses, acting as frontline workers. BMC Health Services Research. 26. doi: 10.1186/s12913-026-14040-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The high degree of digitalization in Scandinavian countries has led to challenges for those who find themselves digitally excluded, facing several barriers to participation in society. Many may receive help from “warm experts”, i.e. family members or friends, but that is not possible for all. Different groups of frontline government workers may also act as helpers, even if they do not have assistance with digital public services as a core part of their remit. In Norway, health personnel often care for citizens in their home settings and may frequently be asked to help with digital challenges. This study aims to explore the nature of the work that nurses do in helping citizens with digital challenges, and challenges that they face in doing this. This explorative study is based on a survey of 3.044 nurses working in the Norwegian municipal sector. The survey constitutes a combination of a qualitative (open ended questions) and quantitative approach (closed questions), The open-ended questions were thematically analyzed and the close questions were used for descriptive statistics. The findings show that nurses do considerable invisible work in helping patients with digital technology. They frequently help with both basic hardware and software challenges, as well as with specific services, some of which are related to health. Many do this driven by their professional ethos, believing this is vital to patients´ well-being. This takes time from other (core) tasks. They often worry about the help they provide and find themselves in a grey zone exacerbated by a lack of guidelines and support from peers and colleagues. The paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the invisible work nurses do due to digitalization of public services, and why they do this. Furthermore, the paper highlights the grey zone which many nurses must navigate, and the challenges they encounter. Although our findings are from a specific context, they may also apply to nurses and healthcare workers in other countries with high degrees of digitalization, and to some extent to other groups of frontline workers. Implications include better digital training but also more concrete guidelines for nurses on what to do when asked for digital help.

• Das, Jishnu; Hausvik, Geir Inge & Moe, Carl Erik (2024). A Conceptual Framework and Design Principles for Decision Support in Clinical Practice: Managing Knowledge and Uncertainty. In Laurence, Brooks; Angelopoulos, Spyros; Pan, Yu-Chun & Zamani, Efpraxia D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 29th UK Academy for Information Systems (UKAIS) International Conference. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9781739087517. p. 659–668. Full text in Research Archive
• Wass, Sofie; Hansen, Lise Amy & Moe, Carl Erik (2021). Generation of Design Principles as Knowledge Conversion - Elucidating Dynamics. In Kruse, Leona Chandra; Seidel, Stefan & Hausvik, Geir Inge (Ed.), The Next Wave of Sociotechnical Design: 16th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology, DESRIST 2021 Kristiansand, Norway, August 4–6, 2021 Proceedings. Springer. ISSN 9783030824044. p. 149–161. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-82405-1_17. Full text in Research Archive
• Fredriksen, Erica; Thygesen, Elin; Moe, Carl Erik & Martinez, Santiago (2021). Digitalisation of municipal healthcare collaboration with volunteers: a case study applying normalization process theory. BMC Health Services Research. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06429-w. Full text in Research Archive
• Fredriksen, Erica; Martinez, Santiago; Moe, Carl Erik & Thygesen, Elin (2020). Key challenges and best practices in the coordination of volunteers in healthcare services: A qualitative systematic review. Health and Social Care in the Community. ISSN 0966-0410. doi: 10.1111/hsc.13261. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cooperation between voluntary organisations and volunteers within healthcare services contributes to the development of public welfare. The coordination process between healthcare services and volunteers must therefore be studied to understand associated challenges and best practices. This paper presents a systematic literature review of studies that have used qualitative methods. The review was conducted to identify the knowledge base concerning these issues. The search was performed in 4 April 2019 on five databases: EbscoHost, Ovid, Scopus, Emerald and Svemed+. The selection criteria included papers published between 1 January 2009 and 4 April 2019. In total, 5,340 papers were extracted; after removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, 49 papers were independently read by two of the authors. Ten papers addressed the research question and were thus included for further investigation. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist was used to check the eligibility of the papers, all of which were found to be of sufficient quality for analysis. A thematic analysis for synthesising qualitative research was used to identify key challenges in the coordination process and the best practices needed to deal with these challenges. The findings demonstrated the pursuit of a common understanding between employees and volunteers and described challenges in organising the associated work. The main solution applied to these challenges was the involvement of a volunteer coordinator. Although several identified challenges remained unresolved, the papers selected for this review provide an overall picture of volunteer cooperation in health services.

• Fredriksen, Erica; Martinez, Santiago; Moe, Carl Erik & Thygesen, Elin (2020). Communication and information exchange between primary healthcare employees and volunteers – challenges, needs and possibilities for technology support. Health and Social Care in the Community. ISSN 0966-0410. 28(4), p. 1252–1260. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12958. Full text in Research Archive
• Wass, Sofie & Moe, Carl Erik (2020). Knowledge Creation - A Perspective on the Development of Design Principles. In Hofmann, Sara; Müller, Oliver & Rossi, Matti (Ed.), Designing for Digital Transformation. Co-Creating Services with Citizens and Industry. Springer Nature. ISSN 9783030648220. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-64823-7_19. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper we reflect on and conceptualize on the development of design principles in a design process. We use the concept of ba to describe how design principles can be created when involving users, domain experts, designers and researchers in the design process. The study applies action design research (ADR) to design and develop a self-reflective career support tool for persons with intellectual disabilities (ID). We have applied processes of knowledge creation and their corresponding ba, the originating ba, the interacting ba, the systemizing ba and the exercising ba to conceptualize the development of design principles. Preliminary findings imply that a structured process of knowledge creation and sharing, applying the concept of ba, can support the development of design principles when users, domain experts, designers and researchers work together to design and develop theory-ingrained artifacts for a class of systems.

• Moe, Carl Erik; Thygesen, Elin & Aanestad, Margunn (2019). Dilemmas in Scaling up Telemedical Services. Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings. ISSN 1650-3686. 17, p. 56–60. Full text in Research Archive
• Karlsen, Cecilie; Moe, Carl Erik; Haraldstad, Kristin & Thygesen, Elin (2019). Caring by Telecare? A Hermeneutic Study of Experiences among Older Adults and Their Family Caregivers. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 28(7-8). doi: 10.1111/jocn.14744. Full text in Research Archive
• Wass, Sofie; Omland, Hans Olav & Moe, Carl Erik (2019). Understanding the Problem – Innovation in the Welfare Sector Through Action Design Research. In Rodriguez-Abitia, Guillermo & Ferran, Carlos (Ed.), MCIS 2019 PROCEEDINGS. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 9780996683180. Full text in Research Archive

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• Eikebrokk, Tom Roar; Moe, Carl Erik & Oleshchuk, Vladimir (2023). Proceedings of the 34th Norwegian ICT conference for research and education – NIKT 2022. OpenProceedings. ISBN 9783161484100. 12 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Thygesen, Elin; Moe, Carl Erik; Sweden, Cristine Gustafsson, Sophiahemmet University,; Finland, Helinä Melkas, LUT University, & Netherlands, Vaitiare Mulderij-Jansen, Utrect University, the (2025). Enhancing digital health literacy in Europe. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The rapid advancement of health and welfare technologies has profoundly transformed the landscape of health and care delivery, offering immense potential for improved access and efficiency in healthcare. Despite these promising developments, they pose significant challenges concerning digital accessibility, particularly affecting older adults, individuals with lower educational backgrounds, and populations from marginalized communities due to insufficient digital skills. The EU-funded project UPSCALE - Unfolding the processes between user needs and health and welfare technology in socio-technical transition of health and care services - running from 2024 to 2027, aims to address the systemic nature of health and care services through a socio-technical lens. This initiative seeks to understand how health and welfare technologies can be organized and integrated into health and care services, emphasizing the diverse needs of users. UPSCALE employs a multifaceted methodology, including a comprehensive review of literature and policy documents, four in-depth case studies of varied community contexts, and a Europe-wide survey. The project investigates obstacles related to the adoption of health and welfare technologies, focusing on user experience, accessibility, and the availability of information and guidance. UPSCALE aspires to provide a synthesis of socio-technical transition pathways that will shape the future of health and care services, alongside policy recommendations to support the adoption and evolution of health and welfare technologies. These pathways will encompass scenarios that relate to emerging roles, missions, and activities in technology use. In this presentation, preliminary findings from the four case studies will be shared, along with plans for the upcoming survey.

• Moe, Carl Erik & Skaarup, Søren (2025). Enhancing digital health literacy - Developing strategies to address insufficient digital health literacy among partial digital citizens. Full text in Research Archive
• Moe, Carl Erik; Skaarup, Søren & Rensfeldt, Annika Bergviken (2023). The Nordic Case of Electronic IDs and Their Implications for Digital Equality. Full text in Research Archive
• Fuglerud, Kristin Skeide; Moe, Carl Erik; Aanestad, Margunn; Nyhus, Kjetil; Quinteros, Ragnie & Tharaldsen, Jeanette [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Paneldebatt: Klarer vi å tilby digitale velferdstjenester slik at de som trenger det mest også vil ha nytte av tjenestene? [Internet]. Arendal, streaming. Full text in Research Archive
• Thygesen, Elin & Moe, Carl Erik (2023). Kompass - et karriereverktøy. Full text in Research Archive
• Thygesen, Elin; Wass, Sofie Sara Terese; Hansen, Lise Amy; Moe, Carl Erik; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth & Ludvigsen, Ann-Elisabeth [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). InnArbeid - need-based innovation of technology-supported services with intellectual disabillities in working life. Full text in Research Archive
• Wass, Sofie; Omland, Hans Olav & Moe, Carl Erik (2019). UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM–INNOVATION IN THE WELFARE SECTOR THROUGH ACTION DESIGN RESEARCH. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Action design research is a method to produce knowledge and solve real-world problems through developing innovative IT/IS artifacts. However, the method does not provide detailed guidance in the early stages of the problem formulation. This makes the initial problem formulation process challenging, especially in situations of innovating new artifacts in complex settings. The paper explores how the Work Systems (WS) snapshot can be used as a tool for identifying and understanding a problem domain. The study leans on a project that focuses on the welfare sector and the transition from school to employment for persons with intellectual disability. The study shows that the WS snapshot can provide some basic guidance and structure in such situations and that user journeys can assist in communicating the findings. The complexity of the welfare sector demands that significant time is spend on understanding not only the problem domain itself but also its surrounding settings.

• Thygesen, Elin; Wass, Sofie Sara Terese; Hansen, Lise Amy; Moe, Carl Erik; Holen-Rabbersvik, Elisabeth & Ludvigsen, Ann-Elisabeth [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). InnArbeid - Userdriven technology innovation for including people with intellectual disability in working life. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In Norway, a national objective is to facilitate the participation of the entire population in the workforce, including people with intellectual disabilities (ID). However, it is difficult to find, enter and retain suitable employment for people with ID and the majority start their disability pensions directly after high school. The aim of the InnArbeid project is to develop services and technologies to facilitate a different transition: from high school to a sustained working life for people with ID. A new service model that includes technological support will be developed to facilitate a smoother transition to working life. This implies an opportunity for better coordination of plans and services for this group. In addition, a digital communication solution will be developed to improve the communication between employees in the housing service, employees at the school or at the workplace, relatives and the people with ID. A job search tool will also be developed to connect jobseekers with potential employers. Finally, studies will be conducted on how technological solutions can simplify the work situation for people with ID. This may include existing and newly developed solutions. Methods The methodological approach in the InnArbeid project is based on Action Design Research (ADR). ADR methodology combines action research and design research and includes user-need mapping, co-creation, evaluation and implementation through iterative processes whereby users participate in all stages. Through such extensive user involvement, we aim to gain insights and commitment from all actors, thereby enhancing the possibilities for realisation of the innovations. It is a challenge to develop technology for people with ID since they have reduced learning ability and individual needs. An important part of the project will therefore be to develop new methods for involving this user group. Results In the first phase of the project we have identified relevant actors in the transition from school to working life - as well as their positive and negative experiences of the transition. Key research questions were: What are the needs, barriers, and opportunities for increased work participation for people with ID? More than 60 people have participated in workshops, interviews and observations. At the conference, we will present some preliminary user insights and our mapping of user needs towards the project innovations. Discussions & implications InnArbeid aims to contribute to innovation and improvements in several areas: Better coordination and closer cooperation between actors to make work adaptations more efficient. A new service model for providing greater predictability and security for people with ID and their relatives. Technology-based services to support individual skills and greater participation for people with ID. As more people with ID can join the workforce instead of daycentres, municipal expenses may be reduced and new engagements in society made available for people with ID.

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