Bjørge Herman Hansen

• Bratteteig, Mari; Grydeland, May; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Ruud, Ellen; Torsvik, Ingrid Kristin & Thorsen, Lene [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2026). Weekly physical activity trajectories in short- and long-term survivors of childhood cancer: the PACCS and SURfit studies. Journal of cancer survivorship. ISSN 1932-2259. doi: 10.1007/s11764-026-02086-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose Identify and describe weekly physical activity (PA) trajectories in adolescent and adult childhood cancer survivors (survivors), describe characteristics of survivors following different PA trajectories, and compare PA trajectories to controls. Methods This study includes adolescent (9–18 years) survivors and controls from the Physical Activity in Childhood Cancer Survivors (PACCS) study and adult (18–49 years) survivors from the survivor fitness (SURfit) study and controls from the Norwegian National Physical Activity Survey 2. Weekly trajectories of accelerometer-measured PA were identified by multivariate latent class mixed models using daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous and light PA (MVPA, LPA). Survivors’ characteristics related to different PA trajectories were assessed using a descriptive approach, and PA trajectories between survivors and controls were visually compared. Results We identified four PA trajectories among adolescents (Low regular; Medium, drop weekend; Medium, peak Friday; and Medium regular) and four among adult survivors (Medium regular; Medium, drop weekend; Medium regular MVPA, high regular LPA; and High, drop weekend). The main factors related to the different PA trajectories were sex, age at assessment, sleep, and (parental) education, whereas diagnosis seemed important in adolescent survivors only. In adolescents, trajectories were comparable between survivors and controls, while in adults, only three trajectories were comparable. The allocation to the different trajectories was more favorable in adolescent survivors (fewer in the Low trajectory) and adult survivors (no Low regular MVPA trajectory was identified in survivors) compared to controls. Implications for Cancer Survivors Our findings show many different behavioral approaches to accumulate PA over a week. They highlight the need for targeted PA interventions in a subset of survivors (i.e., adolescent, female survivors of CNS tumors). Developing interventions to prevent PA drops on the weekend holds high potential.

• Ekelund, Ulf; Tarp, Jakob; Ding, Ding; Sanchez-Lastra, Miguel Adriano; Dalene, Knut Eirik & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2026). Deaths potentially averted by small changes in physical activity and sedentary time: an individual participant data meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 407(10526), p. 339–349. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)02219-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Eckmann, Henrik R.; Razieh, Cameron; Danilevicz, Ian Meneghel; Vidil, Sam; Chastin, Sebastien & Sherar, Lauren B. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2026). Impact of accelerometer epoch summary measure on associations between physical activity and all-cause mortality in Whitehall II and UK Biobank. Scientific Reports. 16(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-30237-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Eckmann, Henrik R.; Razieh, Cameron; Chastin, Sebastien; Sherar, Lauren B.; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Rowlands, Alex V. (2025). Adapting the Intensity Gradient for Use Across Commonly Derived Accelerometer Epoch Summary Measures: A Learning Network for Advanced Behavioural Data Analysis (LABDA) Project. Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour (JMPB). ISSN 2575-6605. 8(1). doi: 10.1123/jmpb.2025-0015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The intensity gradient (IG) quantifies the distribution of time spent across accelerometer-assessed physical activity intensity and is positively associated with health. It was developed using the Euclidean norm minus one (ENMO) acceleration measure. This study aimed to enable generation of comparable IGs across other measures (mean amplitude deviation [MAD], monitor independent movement summary [MIMS], and counts) by addressing a key step in the IG algorithm of dividing physical activity intensity into incremental intensity bins. Two methods of creating analogous bins for MAD, MIMS, and counts were explored: (a) linear scaling (“naïve”) and (b) nonlinear modeling (“modeled”). Generated IGs were compared with the original IG (IG_ENMO) using limits of agreement and intraclass correlation. Forty-three adults (age: median [interquartile range]: 23 [21, 26], 61% female) were included. Relative to IG_ENMO, the naïve approach led to higher IGs (+0.27, +0.39, +0.54 for MAD, MIMS, and counts, respectively). In contrast, the modeled approach led to lower IGs (bias: −0.43, −1.23, and −0.91, respectively). For MAD and counts, limits of agreement were slightly wider for naïve bins (95% limits of agreement: ±0.26 and ±0.34) versus modeled bins (±0.21 and ±0.28) but for MIMS were slightly wider for modeled bins (modeled: ±0.35, naïve: ±0.31). For the naïve approach, IG_MAD was most consistent (intraclass correlation 95% CI: 0.49–0.82) and IG_Counts least consistent (0.09–0.61). Intraclass correlations were higher for the modeled approach with IG_MAD most consistent (0.72–0.91) and IG_MIMS least consistent (0.59–0.86). Results indicate that consistency of the IG between measures is improved with appropriate scaling to create analogous intensity bins, but agreement is limited.

• Bolstad, Silje-Håvard; Anderssen, Norman; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Meyer, Ilan H. (2025). Gender-affirming health care needs, barriers to care, and health and wellbeing in a broad nationwide sample of transgender people in Norway. BMC Public Health. 25. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-25243-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Transgender people report increased prevalence of mental distress and suicide attempts compared to the general population. Gender-based minority stressors such as discrimination and victimization are positively associated with mental health problems while social and medical gender transition is inversely associated with mental health problems. Barriers to accessing gender-affirming health care is reported by transgender people in many countries, including Norway which has a state-funded public health care system. The aim of the current study was to examine gender-affirming health care needs, barriers to care and health and wellbeing in a broad nationwide sample of transgender people in Norway. Methods: A nationwide sample with 579 transgender participants completed an anonymous online survey during June-September 2023. Chi-square tests and ANOVA were used to examine differences between gender identity groups. Results: Having obtained gender-affirming health care was more common among trans men and trans women as compared to nonbinary people. Participants generally reported being satisfied with the outcomes of gender-affirming hormonal and surgical treatments. Having obtained treatment entirely through private funding was reported by 32.5% of those using hormones and 49.5% of those who had obtained surgery. Not being able to afford hormones or surgery was reported by 45.9% and 65.5% among those with unmet treatment needs. Compared to trans men and trans women with unmet needs, nonbinary people with unmet needs were less likely to be under assessment or on a waiting list to obtain treatments. Of the total sample, 36.7% reported suicide attempts, 74.8% reported mental distress above clinical cut-off and 12.5% reported being satisfied with life. Conclusions: Transgender people in Norway reported high levels of mental distress and suicidality. Despite being young and with low income, a large proportion had obtained gender-affirming medical treatments entirely through private funding. Transgender people in need of gender-affirming health care could benefit from increased access to care through the state-funded public health care system in Norway.

• Atkin, Andrew J.; Sherar, Lauren B.; Ekelund, Ulf; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Andersen, Lars Bo & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2025). Age-related change in children’s physical activity and sedentary time: The International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD). PLOS ONE. 20(9). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0327394. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Many young people fail to achieve the minimum recommended amount of physical activity to benefit their health. Understanding the nature of age-related changes in behaviour and how this varies for population sub-groups is informative for intervention design. The aim of this study was to describe age-related changes in physical activity and sedentary time and examine variability in patterns of change across demographic sub-groups. Methods Data are from 13 studies in the International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD), all of which provided ≥2 waves of waist-worn accelerometer data. Annual change in sedentary time, light intensity physical activity (LPA) and moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) were estimated using three level mixed effects linear regression models, using participant age as the exposure variable. In interaction models, we examined whether changes in behaviour differed by day of the week (weekday/ weekend), age at baseline assessment (<10/ ≥ 10 years), sex, weight category, maternal education and ethnicity. Results In total, 6567 participants provided two or more waves of valid accelerometer data (44.5% boys, mean (SD) baseline age 10.6 (2.1) years (range 4.1–15.8 years)). Across the week and for all studied sub-groups, sedentary time increased by approximately 25 minutes/day/year of age, LPA decreased by approximately 22 minutes/day/year of age and MVPA decreased by approximately 3 minutes/day/year of age. The annual increase in sedentary time was greater in girls compared to boys (β (95% confidence interval) change (min) for each additional year of age: girls, 25.9 (25.4, 26.4); boys, 23.6 (23.0, 24.2)) and in adolescents compared to children (adolescents, 27.0 (26.5, 27.6); children, (23.5 (22.9, 24.2)). The annual decrease in MVPA was greater in boys compared to girls (boys, −2.7 (−3.0, −2.5); girls, −2.2 (−2.4, −2.0)) and at the weekend compared to during the week (weekend, −3.0 (−3.3, −2.8); weekday −2.3 (−2.5, −2.1)). Conclusion Accelerometer assessed sedentary time increased whilst LPA and MVPA decreased during childhood and adolescence. This overall pattern was observed across the week and in all studied sub-groups, but small differences in the magnitude of changes can be used to guide the timing and targeting of behaviour change interventions, such as designing physical activity interventions which focus on weekends where a child’s time is less structured.

• García, Jaime López; Aadland, Eivind; Berger, Nicolas; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Benadjaoud, Mohamed Amine & Hees, Vincent van [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). Differences in the activity intensity distribution over the day between boys and girls aged 3 to 17 years. Scientific Reports. 15(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03866-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Physical activity (PA) decreases from childhood to adolescence, with girls being less active than boys. The timing of these differences remains unknown. Using accelerometer data from three cross-sectional studies in Norway and Belgium (n = 2507, age = 3-17years), we assessed sex differences in sedentary behaviour (SB) and PA levels (light, moderate, vigorous) throughout the day and across the full spectrum of activity intensity distribution on weekdays and weekend days, using linear regression and functional data analyses. Across all age groups (preschoolers (3-5y), children (6-10y), adolescents (11-17y)), girls were less active than boys, particularly on weekdays (e.g., vigorous PA (> 1111 counts/15s) difference:-16.9 min/day (95% Confidence interval:-19.3,-14.4; p-value < 0.001) in children). It was the case throughout the day, particularly during school hours (8h30-15h29) in all age groups. Analysis of the full spectrum of activity intensity distribution (0 to 3000 counts) added to these findings that on weekend days, girls spent less time in zero-count SB than boys (difference=-21.0 min/day (-28.7,-13.4; p-value < 0.001) in children), but higher (17.3 min/day (13.2,21.4; p-value < 0.001)) in the “other SB”, 1-180 counts/15s. The sex differences in PA during school hours suggest the need for targeted interventions promoting activities engaging girls. Additionally, the time spent in zero-count, particularly evident in boys on weekend days, deserves further investigation.

• Hammer, Stian; Toussaint, Michel; Kvidaland, Haakon Kristian; Røksund, Ola Drange; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Bovim, Lars Peder Vatshelle [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2025). Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Norwegian Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Muscle and Nerve. ISSN 0148-639X. 72(1), p. 82–92. doi: 10.1002/mus.28418. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction/Aims: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that all children, including those with disabilities, should be physically active for optimal health benefits. The primary aim of this study was to quantify and describe overall physical activity (PA) levels and sedentary behavior in Norwegian boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), in comparison with healthy controls. Methods: Boys aged 5–18 years with DMD were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Sedentary time, light PA, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were measured with use of an accelerometer for seven consecutive days. Data on PA were obtained via self-report questionnaires. Comparisons were drawn between ambulatory and non-ambulatory boys with DMD, and between ambulatory boys with DMD and healthy controls, with data retrieved from a database. Results: Twenty-eight boys with DMD participated, with a mean age of 12.6 (standard deviation 3.6) years, of whom 24 had accelerometry data. Ambulatory boys had higher PA levels compared with non-ambulatory boys (p = 0.008), and 53% of ambulatory boys met the WHO's recommendation for daily MVPA, whereas none of their non-ambulatory counterparts did. Boys with DMD were less physically active compared with healthy peers. Sedentary time was higher over weekends compared with weekdays, and increased with age both in the DMD group and in healthy controls. Discussion: Further research is needed to improve participation in PA by exploring barriers and facilitators, with a particular focus on non-ambulatory boys with DMD.

• Rowlands, Alex V.; Kingsnorth, Andrew P.; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Fairclough, Stuart J.; Boddy, Lynne M. & Maylor, Benjamin D. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2025). Enhancing clinical and public health interpretation of accelerometer-assessed physical activity with age-referenced values based on UK Biobank data. Journal of Sport and Health Science. ISSN 2095-2546. 14. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.100977. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Higher accelerometer-assessed volume and intensity of physical activity (PA) have been associated with a longer life expectancy but can be difficult to translate into recommended doses of PA. We aimed to: (a) improve interpretability by producing UK Biobank age-referenced centiles for PA volume and intensity; (b) inform public-health messaging by examining how adding recommended quantities of moderate and vigorous PA affect PA volume and intensity. Methods 92,480 UK Biobank participants aged 43–80 years with wrist-worn accelerometer data were included. Average acceleration and intensity gradient were derived as proxies for PA volume and intensity. We generated sex-specific centile curves using Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) and modeled the effect of adding moderate (walking) or vigorous (running) activity on the combined change in the volume and intensity centiles (change in PA profile). Results In men, volume was lower as age increased while intensity was lower after age 55; in women, both volume and intensity were lower as age increased. Adding 150 min of moderate PA weekly (5 × 30 min walking) increased the PA profile by 4 percentage points. Defining moderate PA as brisk walking approximately doubled the increase (9 percentage points) while 75 min of vigorous PA weekly (5 × 15 min running) trebled the increase (13 percentage points). Conclusion These UK Biobank reference centiles provide a benchmark for interpretation of accelerometer data. Application of our translational methods demonstrate that meeting PA guidelines through shorter duration vigorous activity is more beneficial to the PA profile (volume and intensity) than longer duration moderate activity.

• Sluijs, Esther M.F. Van; Ekelund, Ulf; Hallal, Pedro C.; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Panter, Jenna & Salmon, Jo [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Family Car Ownership: Driving Inactivity in Young People? Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses in the International Children's Accelerometry Database. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. ISSN 1543-3080. 21(12), p. 1391–1400. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2024-0044. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Ubiquitous car ownership may affect children’s activity and health. We assessed the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between household car ownership and children’s daily time spent sedentary (SED) and in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Methods: Pooled cohort data were from the International Children’s Accelerometry Database. Outcome measures were average daily accelerometer-measured SED and MVPA (in minutes per day). Exposures were household car ownership (none, 1, and ≥2) and change in car ownership. Associations were examined using multivariable mixed-effects linear regression. Results: Mean age of participants (N = 4193) was 10.4 years (SD = 2.0), 53.4% were girls, and mean follow-up duration (N = 1333) was 3.3 years (SD = 1.1). Cross-sectionally, household car ownership was associated with higher SED (vs none: 1 car: β = 14.1 min/d, 95% CI, 6.7–21.5; ≥2 cars: 12.8, 95% CI, 5.3–20.4) and lower MVPA (vs none: 1 car: β = –8.8, 95% CI, −11.9 to −5.7; ≥2 cars: β = –8.8, 95% CI, −12.0 to −5.7). Associations were stronger in boys than girls and in children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (SED only). Prospectively, there were no associations with increased car ownership. Reductions in household car ownership (of which 93.1% had ≥ 2 cars at baseline) were associated with a greater reduction in MVPA (vs no change: β = −8.4, 95% CI, −13.9 to −3.0) but not SED. Conclusions: Children in households with car access were more SED and less active than those without. Losing access to a second car was associated with greater decreases in MVPA, potentially related to losing access to activity-enabling environments. Reducing car access and use are important public health targets (eg, reducing air pollution), but their potential impact on children’s activity opportunities should be mitigated.

• Tarp, Jakob; Dalene, Knut Eirik; Fagerland, Morten; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2024). Physical Activity Volume, Intensity, and Mortality: Harmonized Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. ISSN 0749-3797. 67(6), p. 887–896. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2024.07.022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: It is unclear whether moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with a lower mortality risk, over and above its contribution to total physical activity volume. Methods: 46,682 adults (mean age: 64 years) were included in a meta-analysis of nine prospective cohort studies. Each cohort generated tertiles of accelerometry-measured physical activity volume and volume-adjusted MVPA. Hazard ratios (HR, with 95% confidence intervals) for mortality were estimated separately and in joint models combining volume and MVPA. Data was collected between 2001 and 2019 and analyzed in 2023. Results: During a mean follow-up of 9 years, 4,666 deaths were recorded. Higher physical activity volume, and a greater contribution from volume-adjusted MVPA, were each associated with lower mortality hazard in multivariable-adjusted models. Compared to the least active tertile, higher physical activity volume was associated with a lower mortality (HRs: 0.62; 0.58, 0.67 and 0.50; 0.42, 0.60 for ascending tertiles). Similarly, a greater contribution from MVPA was associated with a lower mortality (HRs: 0.94; 0.85, 1.04 and 0.88; 0.79, 0.98). In joint analysis, a lower mortality from higher volume-adjusted MVPA was only observed for the middle tertile of physical activity volume. Conclusions: The total volume of physical activity was associated with a lower risk of mortality to a greater extent than the contribution of MVPA to physical activity volume. Integrating any intensity of physical activity into daily life may lower mortality risk in middle-aged and older adults, with a small added benefit if the same amount of activity is performed with a higher intensity.

• Strain, Tessa; Flaxman, Seth; Guthold, Regina; Semenova, Elizaveta; Cowan, Melanie & Riley, Leanne M [Show all 92 contributors for this article] (2024). National, regional, and global trends in insufficient physical activity among adults from 2000 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 507 population-based surveys with 5·7 million participants. The Lancet Global Health. ISSN 2572-116X. 12(8), p. e1232–e1243. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00150-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Insufficient physical activity increases the risk of non-communicable diseases, poor physical and cognitive function, weight gain, and mental ill-health. Global prevalence of adult insufficient physical activity was last published for 2016, with limited trend data. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of insufficient physical activity for 197 countries and territories, from 2000 to 2022. Methods: We collated physical activity reported by adults (aged ≥18 years) in population-based surveys. Insufficient physical activity was defined as not doing 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity, 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity, or an equivalent combination per week. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to compute estimates of insufficient physical activity by country or territory, year, age, and sex. We assessed whether countries or territories, regions, and the world would meet the global target of a 15% relative reduction of the prevalence of insufficient physical activity by 2030 if 2010–22 trends continue. Findings: We included 507 surveys across 163 countries and territories. The global age-standardised prevalence of insufficient physical activity was 31·3% (95% uncertainty interval 28·6–34·0) in 2022, an increase from 23·4% (21·1–26·0) in 2000 and 26·4% (24·8–27·9) in 2010. Prevalence was increasing in 103 (52%) of 197 countries and territories and six (67%) of nine regions, and was declining in the remainder. Prevalence was 5 percentage points higher among female (33·8% [29·9–37·7]) than male (28·7% [25·0–32·6]) individuals. Insufficient physical activity increased in people aged 60 years and older in all regions and both sexes, but age patterns differed for those younger than 60 years. If 2010–22 trends continue, the global target of a 15% relative reduction between 2010 and 2030 will not be met (posterior probability

• Western, Benedikte; Demmelmaier, Ingrid; Vistad, Ingvild; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Stenling, Andreas & Henriksen, Hege [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). How many days of continuous physical activity monitoring reliably represent time in different intensities in cancer survivors. PLOS ONE. 18(4). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284881. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Physical activity (PA) monitoring is applied in a growing number of studies within cancer research. However, no consensus exists on how many days PA should be monitored to obtain reliable estimates in the cancer population. The objective of the present study was to determine the minimum number of monitoring days required for reliable estimates of different PA intensities in cancer survivors when using a six-days protocol. Furthermore, reliability of monitoring days was assessed stratified on sex, age, cancer type, weight status, and educational level. Methods Data was obtained from two studies where PA was monitored for seven days using the SenseWear Armband Mini in a total of 984 cancer survivors diagnosed with breast, colorectal or prostate cancer. Participants with ≥22 hours monitor wear-time for six days were included in the reliability analysis (n = 736). The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Spearman Brown prophecy formula were used to assess the reliability of different number of monitoring days. Results For time in light PA, two monitoring days resulted in reliable estimates (ICC >0.80). Participants with BMI ≥25, low-medium education, colorectal cancer, or age ≥60 years required one additional monitoring day. For moderate and moderate-to-vigorous PA, three monitoring days yielded reliable estimates. Participants with BMI ≥25 or breast cancer required one additional monitoring day. Vigorous PA showed the largest within subject variations and reliable estimates were not obtained for the sample as a whole. However, reliable estimates were obtained for breast cancer survivors (4 days), females, BMI ≥30, and age <60 years (6 days). Conclusion Shorter monitoring periods may provide reliable estimates of PA levels in cancer survivors when monitored continuously with a wearable device. This could potentially lower the participant burden and allow for less exclusion of participants not adhering to longer protocols.

• Stavnsbo, Mette; Stenling, Andreas; Berntsen, Sveinung; Chinapaw, Mai J. M.; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Manios, Yannis [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). Does an obesogenic family environment moderate the association between sports participation and body composition in children? The ENERGY project. Pediatric Obesity. ISSN 2047-6302. 18(7). doi: 10.1111/ijpo.13031. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  BackgroundPrevious research on the association between sports participation and body composition has shown mixed findings. The family home is considered one of the most influential environments on childhood obesity. Thus, the association between sports participation and body composition in children may be influenced by an obesogenic home environment.ObjectivesTo investigate if an obesogenic family environment moderates the association between sports participation and body composition in children.MethodsA total of 3999 children (54% girls; 11.6 ± 0.7 years) and their parent(s) were included from the ENERGY project. A composite obesogenic family environment risk score was created from 10 questionnaire items. Height, weight (to calculate body mass index), and waist circumference were obtained by trained researchers and used as indicators of body composition.ResultsThe composite risk score significantly moderated the association between sports participation and both waist circumference and body mass index. In children from families with moderate and high obesogenic risk, organized sports participation was significantly associated with smaller waist circumference (moderate risk: −0.29, 95% CI −0.45 to −0.14; high risk: −0.46, 95% CI −0.66 to −0.25) and lower body mass index (moderate risk: −0.10, 95% CI −0.16 to −0.04; high risk: −0.14, 95% CI −0.22 to −0.06), but not in children with a low obesogenic family risk score.ConclusionsEnrolling children in sports activities from an early age can be important for healthy weight maintenance, especially among children from obesogenic family environments.

• Borgen, Christine Sundgot; Bond, D.S.; Sniehotta, F.F.; Kvalem, Ingela Lundin; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Bergh, Irmelin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Associations of changes in physical activity and sedentary time with weight recurrence after bariatric surgery: a 5-year prospective study. International Journal of Obesity. ISSN 0307-0565. 47, p. 463–470. doi: 10.1038/s41366-023-01284-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Increasing physical activity and limiting sedentary time may minimize weight recurrence after bariatric surgery. However, few studies have evaluated potential associations of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time with post-surgical weight recurrence over time. Aims To evaluate associations of change in physical activity and sedentary time with weight recurrence after bariatric surgery. Methods Participants from the Oslo Bariatric Surgery Study, a prospective cohort study, wore an ActiGraph monitor for seven days at 1- and 5 years after surgery to assess daily physical activity and sedentary time. Participants’ weight was measured at in-person clinic visits. Chi-square Test and Paired-samples T-test evaluated group differences and change over time, while Pearson’s Correlation, multiple logistic and linear regression investigated associations between variables. Results Five years after surgery 79 participants (70.5% response rate, 81% female) (mean (sd) age: 54.0 (±9.3), BMI: 32.1 (±4.7)) had valid monitor data. Participants increased their sedentary time (71.4 minutes/day (95% CI: 54.2–88.6, p = <0.001)) and reduced daily steps (−1411.1 (95% CI: 737.8–208.4), p = <0.001), light physical activity (−54.1 min/day (95% CI: 40.9–67.2, p = <0.001)), and total physical activity (−48.2 (95% CI: 34.6–63.3), p = <0.001) from 1- to 5 years after surgery. No change was found for moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity. No associations were found between changes in steps, physical activity or sedentary time and weight recurrence. Conclusion Participants increased sedentary time and decreased light- and total physical activity between 1- and 5 years post-surgery. Overall, changes in physical activity and sedentary time were not associated with weight recurrence. Interventions to help patients increase physical activity and limit sedentary time after bariatric surgery are needed.

• Korslund, Silje Bjørnerud; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Bjørkkjær, Tormod (2023). Association between sociodemographic determinants and health behaviors, and clustering of health risk behaviors among 28,047 adults: a cross-sectional study among adults from the general Norwegian population. BMC Public Health. 23(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15435-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Understanding the associations between health behaviors and which subgroups are at risk of developing health risk behaviors is vital knowledge to develop effective public health interventions to reduce the high prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The objective of the study was to assess the association between physical activity, diet, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption and sociodemographic determinants (sex and education), and to examine clustering patterns of these health behaviors. Method Data was collected from an online self-reported questionnaire from the Norwegian public health survey conducted in 2019. The study sample consisted of 28,047 adults (≥18 years old) from Agder county in Southern Norway. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were used to determine the association between sex and education according to physical activity, diet, tobacco use and alcohol consumption. Linear regression was used to examine the association between educational level and number of health risk behaviors, and cluster analysis were performed to determine cluster patterns. Results Females were more likely than men to meet the national public health recommendations for diet (p<0.001), tobacco use (p<0.01), and alcohol consumption (p<0.001). High education was associated with meeting the recommendations for each of the four health behaviors and with a lower risk of having three or four health risk behaviors simultaneously. Furthermore, clustering of health risk behaviors was observed in five of the sixteen health behavior patterns. Conclusion Our findings show a higher risk of having multiple health risk behaviors for males and individuals with low education, and these subgroup findings could inform public health policy and be target goals in future public

• Sagelv, Edvard Hamnvik; Hopstock, Laila Arnesdatter; Morseth, Bente; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein & Johansson, Jonas Lars [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). Device-measured physical activity, sedentary time, and risk of all-cause mortality: an individual participant data analysis of four prospective cohort studies. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 57(22), p. 1457–1463. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106568. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives - To examine whether moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) modifies the association between sedentary time and mortality and vice versa, and estimate the joint associations of MVPA and sedentary time on mortality risk.<p> <p>Methods - This study involved individual participant data analysis of four prospective cohort studies (Norway, Sweden, USA, baseline: 2003–2016, 11 989 participants ≥50 years, 50.5% women) with hip-accelerometry-measured physical activity and sedentary time. Associations were examined using restricted cubic splines and fractional polynomials in Cox regressions adjusted for sex, education, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, study cohort, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and/or diabetes, accelerometry wear time and age.<p> <p>Results - 6.7% (n=805) died during follow-up (median 5.2 years, IQR 4.2 years). More than 12 daily sedentary hours (reference 8 hours) was associated with mortality risk only among those accumulating <22 min of MVPA per day (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.74). Higher MVPA levels were associated with lower mortality risk irrespective of sedentary time, for example, HR for 10 versus 0 daily min of MVPA was 0.85 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.96) in those accumulating <10.5 daily sedentary hours and 0.65 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.79) in those accumulating ≥10.5 daily sedentary hours. Joint association analyses confirmed that higher MVPA was superior to lower sedentary time in lowering mortality risk, for example, 10 versus 0 daily min of MVPA was associated with 28–55% lower mortality risk across the sedentary time spectrum (lowest risk, 10 daily sedentary hours: HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.65).<p> <p>Conclusions - Sedentary time was associated with higher mortality risk but only in individuals accumulating less than 22 min of MVPA per day. Higher MVPA levels were associated with lower mortality risk irrespective of the amount of sedentary time.

• Dalene, Knut Eirik; Kolle, Elin; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Ekelund, Ulf & Grydeland, May [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Device-measured sedentary time in Norwegian children and adolescents in the era of ubiquitous internet access: secular changes between 2005, 2011 and 2018. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 51(5), p. 1556–1567. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyac063. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Access to screen-based media has been revolutionized during the past two decades. How this has affected sedentary time (ST) accumulation in children is poorly understood. Methods: This study, based on the Physical Activity among Norwegian Children Study (PANCS), uses accelerometer data from population-based samples of 9- and 15‐year-olds, collected in 2005 (n = 1722), 2011 (n = 1587) and 2018 (n = 1859). Secular changes between surveys were analysed using random-effects linear regression models adjusted for survey-specific factors. Data on ST were collected using hip-worn ActiGraphs and ST was defined using a threshold equivalent to <100 counts/min. Sedentary bouts were grouped by duration: <1, 1–5, 5–15, 15–30 and ≥30 min. Results: Between 2005 and 2018, ST increased by 29 min/day in 9-year-old boys (95% CI: 19, 39; P <0.001), by 21 min/day in 15-year-old boys (95% CI: 8, 34; P = 0.002) and by 22 min/day in 15-year-old girls (95% CI: 10, 35; P <0.001), but not in 9-year-old girls at 6 min/day (95% CI: -3, 16; P = 0.191). All age-sex groups accumulated less ST in bouts lasting <5 min and more ST in longer bouts, particularly in 5–15-min bouts. Adolescent girls also increased ST accumulation in 15–30-min and ≥30-min bouts. Changes were largely mirrored before, during and after school on weekdays and during weekend days. Conclusions: Coinciding with the introduction of smartphones, tablets and near-universal internet access, total daily ST and ST accumulated in prolonged sedentary bouts increased between 2005 and 2018 in children and adolescents.

• Beldo, Sigurd Klemetsen; Aars, Nils Abel; Christoffersen, Tore; Furberg, Anne-Sofie; Halvorsen, Peder Andreas & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Criterion validity of the Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale in adolescents : the Fit Futures Study. PLOS ONE. 17(9), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273480. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale (SGPALS) is commonly used to measure physical activity (PA) in population studies, but its validity in adolescents is unknown. This study aimed to assess the criterion validity of the SGPALS against accelerometry in a large sample of adolescents. A secondary aim was to examine the validity across strata of sex, body mass index (BMI), parental educational level, study program and self-reported health. Methods: The study is based on data from 572 adolescents aged 15–17 years who participated in the Fit Futures Study 2010–11 in Northern Norway. The participants were invited to wear an accelerometer (GT3X) attached to their hip for seven consecutive days. We used Spearman’s rho and linear regression models to assess the validity of the SGPALS against the following accelerometry estimates of PA; mean counts/minute (CPM), steps/day, and minutes/ day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Results: The SGPALS correlated with mean CPM (ρ = 0.40, p<0.01), steps/day (ρ = 0.35, p<0.01) and MVPA min/day (ρ = 0.35, p<0.01). We observed no differences between correlations within demographic strata (all p>0.001). Higher scores on SGPALS were associated with a higher CPM, higher number of steps per day and more minutes of MVPA per day, with the following mean differences in PA measurements between the SGPALS ranks: CPM increased by 53 counts (95% CI: 44 to 62), steps/day increased by 925 steps (95% CI: 731 to 1118), and MVPA by 8.4 min/day (95% CI: 6.7 to 10.0). Mean difference between the highest and lowest SGPALS category was 2947 steps/day (6509 vs. 9456 steps/day) and 26.4 min/day MVPA (35.2 minutes vs 61.6 minutes). Conclusion: We found satisfactory ranking validity of SGPALS measured against accelerometry in adolescents, which was fairly stable across strata of sex, BMI, and education. However, the validity of SGPALS in providing information on absolute physical activity levels seem limited.

• Ikeda, Erika; Guagliano, Justin M.; Atkin, Andrew J.; Sherar, Lauren B.; Ekelund, Ulf & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of active travel, organised sport and physical education with accelerometer-assessed moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in young people: the International Children’s Accelerometry Database. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 19. doi: 10.1186/s12966-022-01282-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Physical activity (PA) declines during childhood. Important sources of PA are active travel, organised sport and physical education (PE), but it is unclear how these domain-specific PA sources contribute to (changes in) daily moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) in young people. This study aimed to examine (1) the cross-sectional association between domain-specific physical activity (i.e., active travel, organised sport and PE) and daily minutes in accelerometer-assessed MVPA; and (2) the longitudinal association between domain-specific physical activity at baseline and change in daily minutes in MVPA. Methods Participants (baseline age 11.3 ± .1.2 years) were drawn from three studies in the International Children’s Accelerometry Database. The contribution of self-reported standardised active travel, organised sport and PE to accelerometer-measured daily minutes in MVPA was examined using linear regression. In cross-sectional analyses, MVPA was regressed on each PA domain in separate models, adjusted for study, age, sex, maternal education, season, and monitor wear time. In longitudinal analyses, change in MVPA was regressed on each of the baseline PA domains, additionally adjusting for changes in season and wear time, follow-up duration, and baseline MVPA. R-squared was used to compare variance explained by each PA domain. Results In the cross-sectional analyses (n = 3871), organised sport (standardised β = 3.81, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 3.06, 4.56) and active travel (β = 3.46, 95%CI = 2.73, 4.19) contributed more to daily MVPA than PE (β = 0.82, 95%CI = -0.02, 1.66). Compared to the base model which included only covariates (R2 = 21.5%), organised sport (absolute change: + 1.9%) and active travel (+ 1.7%) models explained more of the variance than the PE model (± < 0.1%). Associations followed a similar pattern in the longitudinal analyses (n = 2302), but none of the PA domains predicted change in MVPA (organised sport: standardised β = 0.85, 95%CI = -0.03, 1.72; active travel: β = 0.68, 95%CI = -0.14, 1.50; PE: β = 0.02, 95%CI = -0.87, 0.91). Conclusions A multi-sectoral approach covering a wide range of PA domains should be promoted to minimise the age-related decline in MVPA during childhood.

• Gammon, Catherine; Atkin, Andrew J.; Corder, Kirsten; Ekelund, Ulf; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Sherar, Lauren B. [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2022). Influence of Guideline Operationalization on Youth Activity Prevalence in the International Children's Accelerometry Database. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 54(7), p. 1114–1122. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002884. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction The United Kingdom and World Health Organization recently changed their youth physical activity (PA) guidelines from 60 min of moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) every day, to an average of 60 min of MVPA per day, over a week. The changes are based on expert opinion due to insufficient evidence comparing health outcomes associated with different guideline definitions. This study used the International Children’s Accelerometry Database to compare approaches to calculating youth PA compliance and associations with health indicators. Methods Cross-sectional accelerometer data (n = 21,612, 5–18 yr) were used to examine compliance with four guideline definitions: daily method (DM; ≥60 min MVPA every day), average method (AM; average of ≥60 min MVPA per day), AM5 (AM compliance and ≥5 min of vigorous PA [VPA] on ≥3 d), and AM15 (AM compliance and ≥15 min VPA on ≥3 d). Associations between compliance and health indicators were examined for all definitions. Results Compliance varied from 5.3% (DM) to 29.9% (AM). Associations between compliance and health indicators were similar for AM, AM5, and AM15. For example, compliance with AM, AM5, and AM15 was associated with a lower BMI z-score (statistics are coefficient [95% CI]): AM (−0.28 [−0.33 to −0.23]), AM5 (−0.28 [−0.33 to −0.23], and AM15 (−0.30 [−0.35 to −0.25]). Associations between compliance and health indicators for DM were similar/weaker, possibly reflecting fewer DM-compliant participants with health data and lower variability in exposure/outcome data. Conclusions Youth completing 60 min of MVPA every day do not experience superior health benefits to youth completing an average of 60 min of MVPA per day. Guidelines should encourage youth to achieve an average of 60 min of MVPA per day. Different guideline definitions affect inactivity prevalence estimates; this must be considered when analyzing data and comparing studies.

• Malnes, Lena Hansen; Haugen, Tommy; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Kolle, Elin & Berntsen, Sveinung (2022). Establishing the Convergent Validity of the Travel Habit Questions in the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Questionnaire by Quantifying Active Travel in Norwegian Adolescents. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 4. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.761723. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Active travel (cycling or walking to school) can be a substantial part of adolescents' daily physical activity. Research on transport activities primarily relies on self-reported indices of travel mode and travel time. However, many researchers do not report the psychometric properties of their instruments. The Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) questionnaire is a commonly used instrument, but the items in this questionnaire on travel habits have not yet been validated. The present study was conducted to investigate the convergent validity and agreement between the HBSC items and a travel diary on (1) transport mode to and from school and (2) travel time to school. Methods: The study sample consisted of 50 participants in the 9th grade (15 ± 0.3 years, 62% girls) from seven Norwegian schools. Outcome variables included transport mode and travel time derived from the HBSC items and a five-day travel diary. Convergent validity was assessed by evaluating Cohen's kappa for travel mode and the correlation coefficient (Spearman Rho) for travel time. Simple agreement calculations between the two measurement methods were also conducted. Results: The association between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for travel mode to and from school was κ = 0.63 (P < 0.001) and κ = 0.77 (P < 0.001), respectively. The total agreement between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for was 78%. However, the agreement was higher for walking (88%) and cycling (91%) than for motorized transport (67%). For travel time, the Spearman correlation coefficient was ρ = 0.60 (P < 0.001) between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary. The total agreement on travel time was 67%; however, active commuters (86%) seemed to more accurately estimated travel time than motorized commuters (55%). Conclusion: Although the overall agreement between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for mode of transport was 78%, the HBSC questionnaire may underestimate the prevalence of motorized transport compared to walking and cycling.

• Paluch, Amanda E; Bajpai, Shivangi; Bassett, David R; Carnethon, Mercedes R; Ekelund, Ulf & Evenson, Kelly R [Show all 45 contributors for this article] (2022). Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts. The Lancet Public Health. ISSN 2468-2667. 7(3), p. e219–e228. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Although 10000 steps per day is widely promoted to have health benefits, there is little evidence to support this recommendation. We aimed to determine the association between number of steps per day and stepping rate with all-cause mortality.<p> <p>Methods In this meta-analysis, we identified studies investigating the effect of daily step count on all-cause mortality in adults (aged ≥18 years), via a previously published systematic review and expert knowledge of the field. We asked participating study investigators to process their participant-level data following a standardised protocol. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality collected from death certificates and country registries. We analysed the dose– response association of steps per day and stepping rate with all-cause mortality. We did Cox proportional hazards regression analyses using study-specific quartiles of steps per day and calculated hazard ratios (HRs) with inversevariance weighted random effects models. <p>Findings We identified 15 studies, of which seven were published and eight were unpublished, with study start dates between 1999 and 2018. The total sample included 47 471 adults, among whom there were 3013 deaths (10·1 per 1000 participant-years) over a median follow-up of 7·1 years ([IQR 4·3–9·9]; total sum of follow-up across studies was 297 837 person-years). Quartile median steps per day were 3553 for quartile 1, 5801 for quartile 2, 7842 for quartile 3, and 10 901 for quartile 4. Compared with the lowest quartile, the adjusted HR for all-cause mortality was 0·60 (95% CI 0·51–0·71) for quartile 2, 0·55 (0·49–0·62) for quartile 3, and 0·47 (0·39–0·57) for quartile 4. Restricted cubic splines showed progressively decreasing risk of mortality among adults aged 60 years and older with increasing number of steps per day until 6000–8000 steps per day and among adults younger than 60 years until 8000–10000 steps per day. Adjusting for number of steps per day, comparing quartile 1 with quartile 4, the association between higher stepping rates and mortality was attenuated but remained significant for a peak of 30 min (HR 0·67 [95% CI 0·56–0·83]) and a peak of 60 min (0·67 [0·50–0·90]), but not significant for time (min per day) spent walking at 40 steps per min or faster (1·12 [0·96–1·32]) and 100 steps per min or faster (0·86 [0·58–1·28]). <p>Interpretation Taking more steps per day was associated with a progressively lower risk of all-cause mortality, up to a level that varied by age. The findings from this meta-analysis can be used to inform step guidelines for public health promotion of physical activity.

• Bjørnarå, Helga Birgit; Westergren, Thomas; Sejersted, Ellen; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Berntsen, Sveinung [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Does organized sports participation in childhood and adolescence positively influence health? A review of reviews. Preventive Medicine Reports. 23. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101425. Full text in Research Archive
• Nunavath, Vimala; Johansen, Sahand; Johannessen, Tommy Sandtorv; Jiao, Lei; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Berntsen, Sveinung [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Deep Learning for Classifying Physical Activities from Accelerometer Data. Sensors. 21(16). doi: 10.3390/s21165564. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Physical inactivity increases the risk of many adverse health conditions, including the world’s major non-communicable diseases, such as coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and breast and colon cancers, shortening life expectancy. There are minimal medical care and personal trainers’ methods to monitor a patient’s actual physical activity types. To improve activity monitoring, we propose an artificial-intelligence-based approach to classify physical movement activity patterns. In more detail, we employ two deep learning (DL) methods, namely a deep feed-forward neural network (DNN) and a deep recurrent neural network (RNN) for this purpose. We evaluate the two models on two physical movement datasets collected from several volunteers who carried tri-axial accelerometer sensors. The first dataset is from the UCI machine learning repository, which contains 14 different activities-of-daily-life (ADL) and is collected from 16 volunteers who carried a single wrist-worn tri-axial accelerometer. The second dataset includes ten other ADLs and is gathered from eight volunteers who placed the sensors on their hips. Our experiment results show that the RNN model provides accurate performance compared to the state-of-the-art methods in classifying the fundamental movement patterns with an overall accuracy of 84.89% and an overall F1-score of 82.56%. The results indicate that our method provides the medical doctors and trainers a promising way to track and understand a patient’s physical activities precisely for better treatment.

• Tarp, Jakob; Fagerland, Morten Wang; Dalene, Knut Eirik; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Jefferis, Barbara [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2021). Device-measured physical activity, adiposity and mortality: a harmonised meta-analysis of eight prospective cohort studies. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 56(13), p. 725–732. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104827. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The joint associations of total and intensity-specific physical activity with obesity in relation to all-cause mortality risk are unclear. Methods: We included 34 492 adults (72% women, median age 62.1 years, 2034 deaths during follow-up) in a harmonised meta-analysis of eight population-based prospective cohort studies with mean follow-up ranging from 6.0 to 14.5 years. Standard body mass index categories were cross-classified with sample tertiles of device-measured total, light-to-vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time. In five cohorts with waist circumference available, high and low waist circumference was combined with tertiles of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Results: There was an inverse dose–response relationship between higher levels of total and intensity-specific physical activity and mortality risk in those who were normal weight and overweight. In individuals with obesity, the inverse dose–response relationship was only observed for total physical activity. Similarly, lower levels of sedentary time were associated with lower mortality risk in normal weight and overweight individuals but there was no association between sedentary time and risk of mortality in those who were obese. Compared with the obese-low total physical activity reference, the HRs were 0.59 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.79) for normal weight-high total activity and 0.67 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.94) for obese-high total activity. In contrast, normal weight-low total physical activity was associated with a higher risk of mortality compared with the obese-low total physical activity reference (1.28; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.67). Conclusions: Higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower risk of mortality irrespective of weight status. Compared with obesity-low physical activity, there was no survival benefit of being normal weight if physical activity levels were low.

• Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Kolle, Elin; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Bratteteig, Mari & Dalhaug, Emilie Frederikke Mass [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Temporal trends in physical activity levels across more than a decade – a national physical activity surveillance system among Norwegian children and adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 18. doi: 10.1186/s12966-021-01120-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: There is a scarcity of device measured data on temporal changes in physical activity (PA) in large population-based samples. The purpose of this study is to describe gender and age-group specific temporal trends in device measured PA between 2005, 2011 and 2018 by comparing three nationally representative samples of children and adolescents. Methods: Norwegian children and adolescents (6, 9 and 15-year-olds) were invited to participate in 2005 (only 9- and 15-year-olds), 2011 and 2018 through cluster sampling (schools primary sampling units). A combined sample of 9500 individuals participated. Physical activity was assessed by hip worn accelerometers, with PA indices including overall PA (counts per minute), moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA), and PA guideline adherence (achieving on average ≥ 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous PA). Random-effects linear regressions and logistic regressions adjusted for school-level clusters were used to analyse temporal trends. Findings: In total, 8186 of the participating children and adolescents provided valid PA data. Proportions of sufficiently active 6-year-olds were almost identical in 2011 and 2018; boys 95% (95% CI: 92, 97) and 94% (95%CI: 92, 96) and girls 86% (95% CI: 83, 90) and 86% (95% CI: 82, 90). Proportions of sufficiently active 15-year-olds in 2005 and 2018 were 52% (95% CI: 46, 59) and 55% (95% CI: 48, 62) in boys, and 48% (95% CI: 42, 55) and 44% (95% CI: 37, 51) in girls, respectively, resulting from small differences in min/day of MVPA. Among 9-year-old boys and girls, proportions of sufficiently active declined between 2005 and 2018, from 90% (95% CI: 87, 93) to 84% (95% CI: 80, 87)) and 74% (95% CI: 69, 79) to 68% (95% CI: 64, 72), respectively. This resulted from 9.7 min/day less MVPA in boys (95% CI: − 14.8, − 4.7; p < 0.001) and 3.2 min/day less MVPA (95% CI: − 7.0, 0.7; p = 0.106) in girls. Conclusions: PA levels have been fairly stable between 2005, 2011 and 2018 in Norwegian youth. However, the declining PA level among 9-year-old boys and the low proportion of 15-year-olds sufficiently active is concerning. To evaluate the effect of, and plan for new, PA promoting strategies, it is important to ensure more frequent, systematic, device-based monitoring of population-levels of PA.

• Migueles, Jairo H.; Aadland, Eivind; Andersen, Lars Bo; Brønd, Jan Christian; Chastin, Sebastien & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2021). GRANADA consensus on analytical approaches to assess associations with accelerometer-determined physical behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep) in epidemiological studies. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 56(7). doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103604. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The inter-relationship between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep (collectively defined as physical behaviours) is of interest to researchers from different fields. Each of these physical behaviours has been investigated in epidemiological studies, yet their codependency and interactions need to be further explored and accounted for in data analysis. Modern accelerometers capture continuous movement through the day, which presents the challenge of how to best use the richness of these data. In recent years, analytical approaches first applied in other scientific fields have been applied to physical behaviour epidemiology (eg, isotemporal substitution models, compositional data analysis, multivariate pattern analysis, functional data analysis and machine learning). A comprehensive description, discussion, and consensus on the strengths and limitations of these analytical approaches will help researchers decide which approach to use in different situations. In this context, a scientific workshop and meeting were held in Granada to discuss: (1) analytical approaches currently used in the scientific literature on physical behaviour, highlighting strengths and limitations, providing practical recommendations on their use and including a decision tree for assisting researchers’ decision-making; and (2) current gaps and future research directions around the analysis and use of accelerometer data. Advances in analytical approaches to accelerometer-determined physical behaviours in epidemiological studies are expected to influence the interpretation of current and future evidence, and ultimately impact on future physical behaviour guidelines.

• Ulvestad, Mariann; Durheim, Michael; Kongerud, Johny; Hansen, Bjørge Herman; Samersaw-Lund, May Brit & Edvardsen, Elisabeth (2020). Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Physical Activity following Lung Transplantation: A National Cohort Study. Respiration. ISSN 0025-7931. 99(4), p. 316–324. doi: 10.1159/000506883. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Low cardiorespiratory fitness and inactivity are common after lung transplantation (LTx). The causes of exercise intolerance are incompletely understood. Objectives: The aim of this study was to objectively assess cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity, evaluate causes of exercise intolerance, and explore clinical factors associated with cardiorespiratory fitness after bilateral LTx (BLTx). Materials and Methods: Peak oxygen uptake (V∙O2peak) and exercise-limiting factors were evaluated by a treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) 6–60 months after BLTx. Physical activity was measured with accelerometers, and results were compared with Norwegian normative data and the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommendations for physical activity. Results: In 54 included BLTx recipients (mean age 50 ± 15 years, 50% females), V∙O2peak (mL × kg–1 × min–1) was 21.8 ± 7.7 for men and 22.4 ± 6.2 for women, corresponding to 57 ± 17 and 70 ± 12% of predicted, respectively. Three patients (6%) met criteria for normal V∙O2peak. Deconditioning limited V∙O2peak in 22 patients (41%), while ventilatory limitation and abnormal gas exchange were observed in 14 (26%) and 20 (37%) patients, respectively (some had more than 1 finding). Forty-three patients (86%) did not meet the WHO physical activity recommendations. There was a moderate correlation between V∙O2peak and physical activity (r = 0.642, p < 0.01). Body mass index, physical activity, forced expiratory volume after 1 second, sex, and hemoglobin together accounted for 73% of the variability in V∙O2peak. Conclusions: Low cardiorespiratory fitness was observed in the majority of BLTx recipients. Both deconditioning and cardiopulmonary limitations were common findings. Nearly 90% were classified as being inactive according to physical activity recommendations. CPET appears to identify a deconditioned subgroup of BLTx recipients for whom exercise training may be especially beneficial.

• Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Dalene, Knut Eirik; Kolle, Elin; Northstone, Kate & Møller, Niels Christian [Show all 51 contributors for this article] (2020). Variations in accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time across Europe – harmonized analyses of 47,497 children and adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 17. doi: 10.1186/s12966-020-00930-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Levels of physical activity and variation in physical activity and sedentary time by place and person in European children and adolescents are largely unknown. The objective of the study was to assess the variations in objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in children and adolescents across Europe. Methods: Six databases were systematically searched to identify pan-European and national data sets on physical activity and sedentary time assessed by the same accelerometer in children (2 to 9.9 years) and adolescents (≥10 to 18 years). We harmonized individual-level data by reprocessing hip-worn raw accelerometer data files from 30 different studies conducted between 1997 and 2014, representing 47,497 individuals (2–18 years) from 18 different European countries. Results: Overall, a maximum of 29% (95% CI: 25, 33) of children and 29% (95% CI: 25, 32) of adolescents were categorized as sufficiently physically active. We observed substantial country- and region-specific differences in physical activity and sedentary time, with lower physical activity levels and prevalence estimates in Southern European countries. Boys were more active and less sedentary in all age-categories. The onset of age-related lowering or leveling-off of physical activity and increase in sedentary time seems to become apparent at around 6 to 7 years of age. Conclusions: Two third of European children and adolescents are not sufficiently active. Our findings suggest substantial gender-, country- and region-specific differences in physical activity. These results should encourage policymakers, governments, and local and national stakeholders to take action to facilitate an increase in the physical activity levels of young people across Europe.

• Tarp, Jakob; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Fagerland, Morten; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred & Ekelund, Ulf (2020). Accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time in a cohort of US adults followed for up to 13 years: The influence of removing early follow-up on associations with mortality. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 17. doi: 10.1186/s12966-020-00945-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Observational studies linking physical activity with mortality are susceptible to reverse causation bias from undiagnosed and prevalent diseases. Researchers often attempt to deal with reverse causation bias by excluding deaths occurring within the first 1 or 2 years from the analysis, but it is unclear if excluding deaths within this time-frame is sufficient to remove bias. Methods: We examined associations between total and intensity-specific physical activity and sedentary time with all-cause mortality in a prospective cohort of 3542 individuals from the 2003–2006 NHANES cycles. In order to yield measures of association hypothesized as minimally influenced by reverse causation bias the primary analysis excluded individuals with < 5 years of follow-up. Accelerometer-measured physical activity was linked with recently updated vital status from the National Death Index with a median follow-up of 10.8 years. Results: Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.74 (0.53, 1.04), 0.52 (0.37, 0.73), and 0.61 (0.38, 1.01) for ascending quartiles of total physical activity against the least active reference. Hazard ratios for ascending moderate-to-vigorous physical activity quartiles against the reference were 0.67 (0.47, 1.96), 0.67 (0.47, 0.95), and 0.68 (0.39, 1.18). Associations for light intensity physical activity and sedentary time were smaller in magnitude and all confidence intervals included unity. Total activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity hazard ratios from analyses only excluding deaths within the first 2 years were inflated by 13 and 26% relative to analysis restricted to ≥5 years of follow-up. Conclusions: The pattern of associations suggested total physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were associated with lower mortality after more than 10 years of follow-up and excluding the first 5 years of observation time to minimize the impact of reverse causation bias. Excluding deaths within the first 2 years appeared insufficient to minimize the impact of reserve causation bias.

• Stålesen, Jarle Hansen; Westergren, Thomas; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Berntsen, Sveinung (2020). A Mapping Review of Physical Activity Recordings Derived From Smartphone Accelerometers. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. ISSN 1543-3080. 17(11), p. 1184–1192. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0041. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Smartphones with embedded sensors, such as accelerometers, are promising tools for assessing physical activity (PA), provided they can produce valid and reliable indices. The authors aimed to summarize studies on the PA measurement properties of smartphone accelerometers compared with research-grade PA monitors or other objective methods across the intensity spectrum, and to report the effects of different smartphone placements on the accuracy of measurements. Methods: A systematic search was conducted on July 1, 2019 in PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus, followed by screening. Results: Nine studies were included, showing moderate-to-good agreements between PA indices derived from smartphone accelerometers and research-grade PA monitors and/or indirect calorimetry. Three studies investigated measurement properties across smartphone placements, with small differences. Large heterogeneity across studies hampered further comparisons. Conclusions: Despite moderate-to-good agreements between PA indices derived from smartphone accelerometers and research-grade PA monitors and/or indirect calorimetry, the validity of smartphone monitoring is currently challenged by poor intermonitor reliability between smartphone brands/versions, heterogeneity in protocols used for validation, the sparsity of studies, and the need to address the effects of smartphone placement.

• Beldo, Sigurd; Morseth, Bente; Christoffersen, Tore; Halvorsen, Peder Andreas; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Furberg, Anne-Sofie [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Prevalence of accelerometer-measured physical activity in adolescents in Fit Futures - part of the Tromsø Study. BMC Public Health. 20. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09171-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  <i>Background</i> - Previous studies show large variations in physical activity (PA) levels among adolescents. However, the number of studies is limited and even fewer studies have assessed PA in adolescents by accelerometer devices. This study aimed to describe accelerometer-measured PA levels in adolescents in a population-based cohort in Northern Norway.<p> <p><i>Methods</i> - In 611 students aged 16–17 years attending the Fit Futures Study, PA was measured by Actigraph GT3X for seven consecutive days. PA was expressed as total PA volume (counts per minute, CPM), time spent in intensity zones, steps per day, and fulfilment of WHO recommendation (i.e. accumulation of 60 min or more of at least moderate intensity PA per day). Potential correlates of PA such as sex, socioeconomic status, study program, self-perceived health, and PA variations by weekday versus weekend were also examined.<p> <p><i>Results</i> - 16% of the girls and 25% of the boys fulfilled current WHO-recommendations. Total PA volume (CPM) was higher in boys than in girls (353 (SD 130) versus 326 (SD 114) CPM, <i>p</i> < 0.05). PA levels differed with study program and increased with better self-perceived health, but were not associated with socioeconomic status. Both boys and girls were more active on weekdays than weekends (altogether; 350 (SD 124) versus 299 (SD 178) CPM, <i>p</i> < 0.05).<p> <p><i>Conclusions</i> - In this cohort of adolescents, less than 25% of 16–17-year-old boys and girls fulfilled the WHO recommendations. The levels of physical activity in 16–17-year-old adolescents are similar to previous data reported in adults.

• Ekelund, Ulf; Tarp, Jakob; Fagerland, Morten Wang; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Jefferis, Barbara [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2020). Joint associations of accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time with all-cause mortality: a harmonised meta-analysis in more than 44 000 middle-aged and older individuals. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 54(24), p. 1499–1506. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103270. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: To examine the joint associations of accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time with all-cause mortality. Methods: We conducted a harmonised meta-analysis including nine prospective cohort studies from four countries. 44 370 men and women were followed for 4.0 to 14.5 years during which 3451 participants died (7.8% mortality rate). Associations between different combinations of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time were analysed at study level using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and summarised using random effects meta-analysis. Results: Across cohorts, the average time spent sedentary ranged from 8.5 hours/day to 10.5 hours/day and 8 min/day to 35 min/day for MVPA. Compared with the referent group (highest physical activity/lowest sedentary time), the risk of death increased with lower levels of MVPA and greater amounts of sedentary time. Among those in the highest third of MVPA, the risk of death was not statistically different from the referent for those in the middle (16%; 95% CI 0.87% to 1.54%) and highest (40%; 95% CI 0.87% to 2.26%) thirds of sedentary time. Those in the lowest third of MVPA had a greater risk of death in all combinations with sedentary time; 65% (95% CI 1.25% to 2.19%), 65% (95% CI 1.24% to 2.21%) and 263% (95% CI 1.93% to 3.57%), respectively. Conclusion: Higher sedentary time is associated with higher mortality in less active individuals when measured by accelerometry. About 30–40 min of MVPA per day attenuate the association between sedentary time and risk of death, which is lower than previous estimates from self-reported data.

• Bernhardsen, Guro Pauck; Stensrud, Trine; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Kolle, Elin & Nystad, Wenche [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2020). Birth weight, cardiometabolic risk factors and effect modification of physical activity in children and adolescents: pooled data from 12 international studies. International Journal of Obesity. ISSN 0307-0565. 44(10), p. 2052–2063. doi: 10.1038/s41366-020-0612-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: Low and high birth weight is associated with higher levels of cardiometabolic risk factors and adiposity in children and adolescents, and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and early mortality later in life. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factors and may mitigate the detrimental consequences of high or low birth weight. Thus, we examined whether MVPA modified the associations between birth weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Methods: We used pooled individual data from 12 cohort- or cross-sectional studies including 9,100 children and adolescents. Birth weight was measured at birth or maternally reported retrospectively. Device-measured physical activity (PA) and cardiometabolic risk factors were measured in childhood or adolescence. We tested for associations between birth weight, MVPA, and cardiometabolic risk factors using multilevel linear regression, including study as a random factor. We tested for interaction between birth weight and MVPA by introducing the interaction term in the models (birth weight x MVPA). Results: Most of the associations between birth weight (kg) and cardiometabolic risk factors were not modified by MVPA (min/day), except between birth weight and waist circumference (cm) in children (p = 0.005) and HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) in adolescents (p = 0.040). Sensitivity analyses suggested that some of the associations were modified by VPA, i.e., the associations between birth weight and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) in children (p = 0.009) and LDL- cholesterol (mmol/l) (p = 0.009) and triglycerides (mmol/l) in adolescents (p = 0.028). Conclusion: MVPA appears not to consistently modify the associations between low birth weight and cardiometabolic risk. In contrast, MVPA may mitigate the association between higher birth weight and higher waist circumference in children. MVPA is consistently associated with a lower cardiometabolic risk across the birth weight spectrum. Optimal prenatal growth and subsequent PA are both important in relation to cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents.

• Aadland, Eivind; Kvalheim, Olav Martin; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Kriemler, Susi; Ried-Larsen, Mathias & Wedderkopp, Niels [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2020). The multivariate physical activity signature associated with metabolic health in children and youth: An International Children's Accelerometry Database (ICAD) analysis. Preventive Medicine. ISSN 0091-7435. 141. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106266. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There is solid evidence for an association between physical activity and metabolic health outcomes in children and youth, but for methodological reasons most studies describe the intensity spectrum using only a few summary measures. We aimed to determine the multivariate physical activity intensity signature associated with metabolic health in a large and diverse sample of children and youth, by investigating the association pattern for the entire physical intensity spectrum. We used pooled data from 11 studies and 11,853 participants aged 5.8–18.4 years included in the International Children's Accelerometry Database. We derived 14 accelerometry-derived (ActiGraph) physical activity variables covering the intensity spectrum (from 0–99 to ≥8000 counts per minute). To handle the multicollinearity among these variables, we used multivariate pattern analysis to establish the associations with indices of metabolic health (abdominal fatness, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, blood pressure). A composite metabolic health score was used as the main outcome variable. Associations with the composite metabolic health score were weak for sedentary time and light physical activity, but gradually strengthened with increasing time spent in moderate and vigorous intensities (up to 4000–5000 counts per minute). Association patterns were fairly consistent across sex and age groups, but varied across different metabolic health outcomes. This novel analytic approach suggests that vigorous intensity, rather than less intense activities or sedentary behavior, are related to metabolic health in children and youth.

• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Dalene, Knut Eirik; Ekelund, Ulf; Fagerland, Morten; Kolle, Elin & Steene-Johannessen, Jostein [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Step by step: Association of device‐measured daily steps with all‐cause mortality - A prospective cohort Study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 30(9), p. 1705–1711. doi: 10.1111/sms.13726. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Walking is free, does not require special training, and can be done almost everywhere. Therefore, walking is a feasible behavior on which to tailor public health messages. This study assesses the prospective association and dose‐response relationship between daily steps and all‐cause mortality. Materials and Methods: Daily steps were measured by waist‐mounted accelerometers in 2183 individuals (53% women) for seven consecutive days at baseline (2008‐09). Participants were followed for a median period of 9.1 years and associations between steps and all‐cause mortality determined by registry linkage were assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression with adjustment for relevant covariates. Results: Mean age was 57.0 (SD 10.9) years at baseline. Median (IQR) daily steps across ascending quartiles were 4651 (3495‐5325), 6862 (6388‐7350), 8670 (8215‐9186), and 11 467 (10 556‐13 110), respectively. During follow‐up, 119 individuals died (68% men). Higher number of daily steps was associated with a lower risk of all‐cause mortality with hazard ratios of 1.00 (referent), 0.52 (0.29‐0.93), 0.50 (0.27‐0.94), and 0.43 (0.21‐0.88) across ascending quartiles of daily steps in the multivariable‐adjusted model with follow‐up commencing 2 years after baseline. Risk differences per 1000 individuals for ascending quartiles were 6.8 (2.9‐9.3), 7.1 (0.8‐11.1), and 8.0 (1.7‐12.1), respectively. Conclusions: Daily steps were associated with lower mortality risk in a non‐linear dose‐response pattern. The risk is almost halved when comparing the least active referent against the second quartile equivalent to a difference of about 2200 daily steps. Encouraging those least active to increase their daily steps may have substantial public health implications.

• Sagelv, Edvard Hamnvik; Hopstock, Laila Arnesdatter; Johansson, Jonas; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Søren, Brage & Horsch, Alexander [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Criterion validity of two physical activity and one sedentary time questionnaire against accelerometry in a large cohort of adults and older adults. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. 6(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000661. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: We compared the ability of physical activity and sitting time questionnaires (PAQ) for ranking individuals versus continuous volume calculations (physical activity level (PAL), metabolic equivalents of task (MET), sitting hours) against accelerometry measured physical activity as our criterion. Methods: Participants in a cohort from the Tromsø Study completed three questionnaires; (1) The Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale (SGPALS) (n=4040); (2) The Physical Activity Frequency, Intensity and Duration (PAFID) questionnaire (n=5902)) calculated as MET-hours·week-1 and (3) The International Physical Activity questionnaire (IPAQ) short-form sitting question (n=4896). We validated the questionnaires against the following accelerometry (Actigraph wGT3X-BT) estimates: vector magnitude counts per minute, steps∙day-1, time (minutes·day-1) in sedentary behaviour, light physical activity, moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) non-bouted and ≥10 min bouted MVPA. Results: Ranking of physical activity according to the SGPALS and quartiles (Q) of MET-hours∙week-1 from the PAFID were both positively associated with accelerometry estimates of physical activity (p<0.001) but correlations with accelerometry estimates were weak (SGPALS (PAL): r=0.11 to 0.26, p<0.001) and weak-to-moderate (PAFID: r=0.39 to 0.44, p<0.01). There was 1 hour of accelerometry measured sedentary time from Q1 to Q4 in the IPAQ sitting question (p<0.001) and also weak correlations (r=0.22, p<0.01). Conclusion: Ranking of physical activity levels measured with PAQs appears to have higher validity than energy expenditure calculations. Self-reported sedentary time poorly reflects accelerometry measured sedentary time. These two PAQs can be used for ranking individuals into different physical activity categories supporting previous studies using these instruments when assessing associations with health outcomes.

• Gjestvang, Christina; Stensrud, Trine; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Kolle, Elin & Haakstad, Lene Annette Hagen (2019). Are fitness club members likely to meet the current physical activity recommendations? Translational Sports Medicine (TSM). 3(2), p. 75–83. doi: 10.1002/tsm2.120. Full text in Research Archive
• Berntsen, Kristin Schjander; Edvardsen, Elisabeth; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Flatø, Berit; Sjaastad, Ivar & Sanner, Helga (2019). Cardiorespiratory fitness in long-term juvenile dermatomyositis: A controlled, cross-sectional study of active/inactive disease. Rheumatology. ISSN 1462-0324. 58(3), p. 492–501. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/key342. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives. To compare cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) expressed as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) between patients with long-term JDM and controls and between patients with active and inactive disease, as well as to explore exercise limiting factors and associations between CRF and disease variables. Methods. JDM patients (n=45) and age- and gender-matched controls (n=45) performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a treadmill until exhaustion. Physical activity was measured by accelerometers. Disease activity, damage and muscle strength/function were assessed by validated tools. Clinically inactive disease was defined according to PRINTO criteria. Results. The mean disease duration was 20.8 (S.D. 11.9) years and 29/45 (64%) patients had inactive disease. A low VO2max was found in 27% of patients vs 4% of controls (P = 0.006). The mean VO2max and maximal ventilation (VEmax) were lower in patients with active and inactive disease compared with controls. Patients with active disease also had lower maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) compared with controls and lower VEmax and MVV compared with those with inactive disease. Patients with inactive disease had lower physical activity levels compared with controls. VO2max correlated negatively with disease damage in patients with inactive disease and positively with muscle strength/function in patients with active disease. Conclusion. CRF was lower in JDM patients, both with active and inactive disease, compared with controls after a mean 20 years disease duration. Cardiopulmonary exercise test results suggested different limiting factors contributing to the reduced CRF according to disease activity, including deconditioning in inactive disease and reduced ventilatory capacity in active disease. Further research is needed to verify this.

• Sagelv, Edvard Hamnvik; Ekelund, Ulf; Pedersen, Sigurd; Brage, Søren; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Johansson, Jonas [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2019). Physical activity levels in adults and elderly from triaxial and uniaxial accelerometry. The Tromsø Study. PLOS ONE. 14:e0225670(12), p. 1–17. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225670. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  <i>Introduction</i> - Surveillance of physical activity at the population level increases the knowledge on levels and trends of physical activity, which may support public health initiatives to promote physical activity. Physical activity assessed by accelerometry is challenged by varying data processing procedures, which influences the outcome. We aimed to describe the levels and prevalence estimates of physical activity, and to examine how triaxial and uniaxial accelerometry data influences these estimates, in a large population-based cohort of Norwegian adults.<p> <p><i>Methods</i> - This cross-sectional study included 5918 women and men aged 40–84 years who participated in the seventh wave of the Tromsø Study (2015–16). The participants wore an ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer attached to the hip for 24 hours per day over seven consecutive days. Accelerometry variables were expressed as volume (counts·minute-1 and steps·day-1) and as minutes per day in sedentary, light physical activity and moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA).<p> <p><i>Results</i> - From triaxial accelerometry data, 22% (95% confidence interval (CI): 21–23%) of the participants fulfilled the current global recommendations for physical activity (≥150 minutes of MVPA per week in ≥10-minute bouts), while 70% (95% CI: 69–71%) accumulated ≥150 minutes of non-bouted MVPA per week. When analysing uniaxial data, 18% fulfilled the current recommendations (i.e. 20% difference compared with triaxial data), and 55% (95% CI: 53–56%) accumulated ≥150 minutes of non-bouted MVPA per week. We observed approximately 100 less minutes of sedentary time and 90 minutes more of light physical activity from triaxial data compared with uniaxial data (p<0.001).<p> <p><i>Conclusion</i> - The prevalence estimates of sufficiently active adults and elderly are more than three times higher (22% vs. 70%) when comparing triaxial bouted and non-bouted MVPA. Physical activity estimates are highly dependent on accelerometry data processing criteria and on different definitions of physical activity recommendations, which may influence prevalence estimates and tracking of physical activity patterns over time.

• Renninger, Marius; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Kriemler, Susi; Froberg, Karsten & Northstone, Kate [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and the metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis of more than 6000 children and adolescents. Pediatric Obesity. ISSN 2047-6302. 15, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12578. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Metabolic syndrome is increasingly prevalent in the pediatric population. To prevent an early onset, knowledge about its association with modifiable lifestyle factors is needed. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and examine its cross‐sectional associations with physical activity and sedentary time. Methods: Participants were 6009 children and adolescents from 8 studies of the International Children's Accelerometry Database. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured by accelerometer. Metabolic syndrome was defined based on International Diabetes Federation criteria. Logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age and monitor wear time were used to examine the associations between physical activity, sedentary time and the metabolic syndrome in each study and effect estimates were combined using random‐effects meta‐analysis. Results: The overall prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 2.9%. In crude models, a 10 min increase in moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity and vigorous‐intensity physical activity were inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome [OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82‐0.94, OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.70‐0.92]. One hour increase in sedentary time was positively associated with the metabolic syndrome [OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.13‐1.45]. After adjustment for sedentary time, the association between moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity and the metabolic syndrome remained significant [OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84‐0.99]. Sedentary time was not associated with the metabolic syndrome after adjustment for moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity [OR 1.14 95% CI 0.96‐1.36]. Conclusions: Physical activity of at least moderate intensity but not sedentary time is independently associated with the metabolic syndrome.

• Ekelund, Ulf; Tarp, Jakob; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Jefferis, Barbara & Fagerland, Morten [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2019). Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis. The BMJ. 366. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4570. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To examine the dose-response associations between accelerometer assessed total physical activity, different intensities of physical activity, and sedentary time and all cause mortality. Design: Systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis. Data sources: PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, Sport Discus from inception to 31 July 2018. Eligibility criteria: Prospective cohort studies assessing physical activity and sedentary time by accelerometry and associations with all cause mortality and reported effect estimates as hazard ratios, odds ratios, or relative risks with 95% confidence intervals. Data extraction and analysis: Guidelines for meta-analyses and systematic reviews for observational studies and PRISMA guidelines were followed. Two authors independently screened the titles and abstracts. One author performed a full text review and another extracted the data. Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias. Individual level participant data were harmonised and analysed at study level. Data on physical activity were categorised by quarters at study level, and study specific associations with all cause mortality were analysed using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Study specific results were summarised using random effects meta-analysis. Main outcome measure: All cause mortality. Results: 39 studies were retrieved for full text review; 10 were eligible for inclusion, three were excluded owing to harmonisation challenges (eg, wrist placement of the accelerometer), and one study did not participate. Two additional studies with unpublished mortality data were also included. Thus, individual level data from eight studies (n=36 383; mean age 62.6 years; 72.8% women), with median follow-up of 5.8 years (range 3.0-14.5 years) and 2149 (5.9%) deaths were analysed. Any physical activity, regardless of intensity, was associated with lower risk of mortality, with a non-linear dose-response. Hazards ratios for mortality were 1.00 (referent) in the first quarter (least active), 0.48 (95% confidence interval 0.43 to 0.54) in the second quarter, 0.34 (0.26 to 0.45) in the third quarter, and 0.27 (0.23 to 0.32) in the fourth quarter (most active). Corresponding hazards ratios for light physical activity were 1.00, 0.60 (0.54 to 0.68), 0.44 (0.38 to 0.51), and 0.38 (0.28 to 0.51), and for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were 1.00, 0.64 (0.55 to 0.74), 0.55 (0.40 to 0.74), and 0.52 (0.43 to 0.61). For sedentary time, hazards ratios were 1.00 (referent; least sedentary), 1.28 (1.09 to 1.51), 1.71 (1.36 to 2.15), and 2.63 (1.94 to 3.56). Conclusion: Higher levels of total physical activity, at any intensity, and less time spent sedentary, are associated with substantially reduced risk for premature mortality, with evidence of a non-linear dose-response pattern in middle aged and older adults.

• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Andersen, Lars Bo; Hildebrand, Maria; Kolle, Elin & Steene-Johannessen, Jostein [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2018). Cross-sectional associations of reallocating time between sedentary and active behaviours on cardiometabolic risk factors in young people : an International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) analysis. Sports Medicine. ISSN 0112-1642. 48(10), p. 2401–2412. doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0909-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Sedentary time and time spent in various intensity-specific physical activity are co-dependent, and increasing time spent in one behaviour requires decreased time in another. Objective The aim of the present study was to examine the theoretical associations with reallocating time between categories of intensities and cardiometabolic risk factors in a large and heterogeneous sample of children and adolescents. Methods We analysed pooled data from 13 studies comprising 18,200 children and adolescents aged 4–18 years from the International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD). Waist-mounted accelerometers measured sedentary time, light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Cardiometabolic risk factors included waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), triglycerides, insulin, and glucose. Associations of reallocating time between the various intensity categories with cardiometabolic risk factors were explored using isotemporal substitution modelling. Results Replacing 10 min of sedentary time with 10 min of MVPA showed favourable associations with WC, SBP, LDL-C, insulin, triglycerides, and glucose; the greatest magnitude was observed for insulin (reduction of 2–4%), WC (reduction of 0.5–1%), and triglycerides (1–2%). In addition, replacing 10 min of sedentary time with an equal amount of LPA showed beneficial associations with WC, although only in adolescents. Conclusions Replacing sedentary time and/or LPA with MVPA in children and adolescents is favourably associated with most markers of cardiometabolic risk. Efforts aimed at replacing sedentary time with active behaviours, particularly those of at least moderate intensity, appear to be an effective strategy to reduce cardiometabolic risk in young people.

• Mathisen, Therese Fostervold; Rosenvinge, Jan H; Friborg, Oddgeir; Pettersen, Gunn; Stensrud, Trine & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2018). Body composition and physical fitness in women with bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders. ISSN 0276-3478. 51(4), p. 331–342. doi: 10.1002/eat.22841. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective:Knowledge about physical fitness in women with bulimia nervosa (BN) or binge-eatingdisorder (BED) is sparse. Previous studies have measured physical activity largely through self-report, and physical fitness variables are mainly restricted to body mass index (BMI) and bone min-eral density. We expanded the current knowledge in these groups by including a wider range ofphysical fitness indicators and objective measures of physical activity, assessed the influence of ahistory of anorexia nervosa (AN), and evaluated predictive variables for physical fitness.Method:Physical activity, blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscle strength, bodycomposition, and bone mineral density were measured in 156 women with BN or BED, with mean(SD) age 28.4 years (5.7) and BMI 25.3 (4.8) kg m22.Results:Level of physical activity was higher than normative levels, still<50% met the officialphysical activity recommendation. Fitness in women with BN were on an average comparable withrecommendations or normative levels, while women with BED had lower CRF and higher BMI,VAT, and body fat percentage. We found 10–12% with masked obesity. A history of AN did notpredict current physical fitness, still values for current body composition were lower when compar-ing those with history of AN to those with no such history.Discussion:Overall, participants with BN or BED displayed adequate physical fitness; however, ahigh number had unfavorable CRF and body composition. This finding calls for inclusion of physicalfitness in routine clinical examinations and guided physical activity and dietary recommendationsin the treatment of BN and BED.

• Dalene, Knut Eirik; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Andersen, Lars Bo; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Ekelund, Ulf & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Cross-sectional and prospective associations between sleep, screen time, active school travel, sports/exercise participation and physical activity in children and adolescents. BMC Public Health. 18(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5610-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The aim of this study was to investigate how sleep, screen time, active school travel and sport and/or exercise participation associates with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in nationally representative samples of Norwegian 9- and 15-y-olds, and whether these four behaviors at age nine predict change in MVPA from age nine to 15 years. Method: We pooled cross-sectional accelerometer and questionnaire data from 9- (n = 2366) and 15-y-olds (n = 1554) that participated in the first (2005/06) and second (2011/12) wave of the Physical Activity among Norwegian Children Study to investigate cross-sectional associations. To investigate prospective associations, we used data from a sub-sample that participated in both waves (at age nine and 15 years, n = 517). Results: Cross-sectional analyses indicated a modest, inverse association between screen time and MVPA among 9- (− 2.2 min/d (95% CI: -3.1, − 1.3)) and 15-y-olds (− 1.7 min/d (95% CI: -2.7, − 0.8)). Compared to their peers with 0–5 min/d of active travel to school, 9- and 15-y-olds with ≥16 min/d accumulated 7.2 (95% CI: 4.0, 10.4) and 9.0 (95% CI: 3.8, 14.1) more min/d of MVPA, respectively. Nine-y-old boys and 15-y-olds reporting ≥8 h/week of sports and/or exercise participation accumulated 14.7 (95% CI: 8.2, 21.3) and 17.9 (95% CI: 14.0, 21.8) more min/d of MVPA, respectively, than those reporting ≤2 h/week. We found no cross-sectional association between sleep duration and MVPA in either age group. None of the four behaviors predicted change in MVPA from age nine to 15 years (p ≥ 0.102). Conclusion: Active travel to school and sport/exercise participation may be important targets for future interventions aimed at increasing MVPA in children and adolescents. However, future studies are needed to determine causality.

• Risum, Kristine; Edvardsen, Elisabeth; Godang, Kristin; Selvaag, Anne Marit G; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Molberg, Øyvind [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2018). Physical Fitness in Patients With Oligoarticular and Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis diagnosed in the era of biologics: A controlled cross-sectional study. Arthritis care & research. ISSN 2151-464X. 71(12), p. 1611–1620. doi: 10.1002/acr.23818. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Kolle, Elin; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Dalene, Knut Eirik; Ekelund, Ulf & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred (2018). Monitoring population levels of physical activity and sedentary time in Norway across the lifespan. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. doi: 10.1111/sms.13314. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: The pandemic of physical inactivity is recognized globally but there is a scarcity of studies employing valid and reliable assessment methods of physical activity (PA) across the lifespan. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive description of objectively measured PA, sedentary time, and prevalence of meeting PA recommendations, in a population‐based sample of Norwegian children, adolescents and adults. Methods: Children and adolescents (6, 9 and 15‐year‐olds) were surveyed in 2011, and adults and older people (20‐85‐year‐olds) were surveyed in 2014/15, including more than 8000 individuals. Anthropometric data were measured in children and adolescents and self‐reported in the adult sample. PA was assessed by ActiGraph accelerometers for seven consecutive days, and PA indices include total PA (counts per minute), intensity‐specific PA, and adherence to PA recommendations. Results: Six‐year‐olds are 21% and 70% more active than 9‐ and 15‐year‐olds, respectively (P < 0.001). Nine‐year‐olds are 40% more active compared to 15‐year‐olds (P < 0.001). Moving from adolescence (15‐year‐olds) into adulthood (20‐65 years) yields a further reduction in total PA by 18%. Among six‐, nine‐ and 15‐year olds, 90%, 77%, and 48% meet the current PA recommendations, respectively, while adherence among adults and older people are 33% and 31%, respectively. Overweight and obese individuals had lower odds of meeting PA recommendations. Conclusions: The results from the Norwegian surveillance system indicate a strong association between age and indices of physical activity. The vast majority of Norwegian adults do not meet the PA recommendations and public health action are needed to increase PA in Norway.

• Andersen, Eivind; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Egeland, Jens; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen & Bang-Kittilsen, Gry [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Physical activity pattern and cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with schizophrenia compared with a population-based sample. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 201. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.038. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: Thorough description of objectively assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary time in people with schizophrenia is lacking, and previous studies comparing PA and cardiorespiratory fitness levels with healthy controls are limited by their small sample size and/or poor methodology. Method: PA, sedentary behavior, and cardiorespiratory fitness level were assessed in 67 adults diagnosed with schizophrenia (EPHAPS study) and compared with a population-based sample of 2809 adults (NPASS study). Results: Fifty-five percent of the participants with schizophrenia had the unhealthy combination of not meeting the PA recommendations and sitting >7.5 h per day compared to 32% in the population-based sample. The PA level was especially low on weekday afternoons and evenings and throughout most of the day on weekends. The peak oxygen uptake for EPHAPS women was on average 23% lower than that for NPASS women, while EPHAPS men achieved on average 34% lower oxygen uptake on the exercise test compared with NPASS men. Conclusion: People with schizophrenia are significantly less physically active, more sedentary, and have a poorer cardiorespiratory fitness level compared with the general population. Tailor-made PA interventions for people with schizophrenia should target their PA and sedentary behavior on afternoons and weekends especially.

• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein & Kolle, Elin (2018). Status fysisk aktivitet og fysisk form i befolkningen. In Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Berntsen, Sveinung & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred (Ed.), Fysisk aktivitet og helse: Fra begrepsforståelse til implementering av kunnskap. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202568313. p. 92–113. Full text in Research Archive
• Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Grydeland, May & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2018). Måling av fysisk aktivitet og fysisk form. In Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Berntsen, Sveinung & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred (Ed.), Fysisk aktivitet og helse: Fra begrepsforståelse til implementering av kunnskap. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202568313. p. 62–91. Full text in Research Archive
• Risum, Kristine; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Selvaag, Anne Marit G; Molberg, Øyvind; Dagfinrud, Hanne & Sanner, Helga (2018). Physical activity in patients with oligo- and polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis diagnosed in the era of biologics: A controlled cross-sectional study. Pediatric Rheumatology. 16(64). doi: 10.1186/s12969-018-0281-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Knowledge about objectively measured levels of physical activity (PA) and PA participation (included facilitators and barriers for PA) in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) diagnosed in the era of biologics is limited. We aimed to compare objectively measured PA in patients with oligo- and polyarticular JIA diagnosed in the biologic era with controls and to examine associations between PA and disease variables; furthermore, to explore participation in PA, physical education (PE) and facilitators and barriers for PA participation in patients and controls. Methods: The study cohort included 60 patients (30 persistent oligo JIA/30 poly-articular disease) and 60 age- and sex-matched controls. Age range was 10–16 years and 83% were female. PA was measured with accelerometry for seven consecutive days. Disease activity, current treatment, disease duration, functional ability, pain and fatigue were assessed. Structured interviews were applied to explore participation in PA and PE, and PA facilitators and barriers. Results: Patients spent less time in daily vigorous PA than controls, (mean(SE) 21(2) min vs. 26(2) min, p = 0.02), while counts per minute (cpm), steps daily, sedentary time and light and moderate PA did not differ. No differences were found between JIA subgroups. The use of biologic medication was associated with higher cpm and lower sedentary time. Most patients and controls participated in organized or unorganized PA and PE, and enjoyment was the most reported facilitator for PA participation. More patients than controls reported pain as a PA barrier. Conclusion: The PA levels and participation in patients with oligo- and polyarticular JIA are mostly comparable to controls, but patients still need to be encouraged to increase vigorous PA. Enjoyment is the most important facilitator for PA participation in patients with JIA.

• Dalene, Knut Eirik; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Andersen, Lars Bo; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Ekelund, Ulf & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Secular and longitudinal physical activity changes in population-based samples of children and adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 28(1), p. 161–171. doi: 10.1111/sms.12876. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aims of this study were to investigate whether physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) in 9-and 15-year- olds differed between 2005-2006 and 2011-2012 (secular change), and to investigate changes in PA and ST from age 9 to 15 (longitudinal change). In 2005-2006, we invited nationally representative samples of Norwegian 9-( n=1470) and 15-year- olds (n=1348) to participate. In 2011-2012, we invited a new nationally representative sample of 9-year- olds (n=1945), whereas 15-year- olds (n=1759) were invited to participate either based on previous participation in 2005-2006 or from a random sample of schools. We assessed PA and ST objectively using accelerometers. In 2011-2012, both 9-and 15-year- olds spent more time sedentary (≥35.7 min/d, P<.001) and less time in light PA (≥35.2 min/d, P<.001) compared to their peers in 2005-2006. Nine-year- old girls also spent less time in moderate-to- vigorous PA (MVPA) (4.2 min/d, P=.041). In both age groups, the proportion accumulating an average of 60 min/d of MVPA did not differ between the two cohorts. From age 9 to 15, girls and boys decreased their time spent in LPA (≥106.7 min/d, P<.001) and in MVPA (≥20.8 min/d, P<.001). During the same period, ST increased by a mean of >2 h/d (P<.011). We observed an adverse secular change in PA from 2005-2006 to 2011-2012 among 9-and 15-year- olds, and a large decline in PA in the participants followed longitudinally from age 9 to 15 years.

• Dalene, Knut Eirik; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Andersen, Lars Bo; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Ekelund, Ulf & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Cross-sectional and prospective associations between physical activity, body mass index and waist circumference in children and adolescents. Obesity Science & Practice. 3(3), p. 249–257. doi: 10.1002/osp4.114. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To study the cross-sectional and prospective associations between physical activity (PA) of different intensities, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in children and adolescents using isotemporal substitution modelling. Methods: Physical activity (accelerometry), BMI and WC were assessed in 6- (n = 970), 9- (n = 2,423) and 15-year-olds (n = 1,544) in 2005/2006 and 2011/2012. Participants aged 9 years in 2005/2006 were followed prospectively to 2011/12 (age 15). Associations between PA of different intensities (light, moderate and vigorous), BMI and WC were examined using isotemporal substitution models. Results: Substituting 10 min per day of sedentary time with light PA was associated with higher WC (0.17 to 0.29 cm, p ≤ 0.003)) in all age groups. Substituting 10 min per day of sedentary time with moderate PA was associated with lower WC in 6- and 9-year-olds (−0.32 to −0.47 cm, p ≤ 0.013)). Substituting 10 min per day of sedentary time with vigorous PA was associated with lower WC in 9- and 15-year-olds (−1.08 to −1.79 cm, p ≤ 0.015)). Associations were similar with BMI as the outcome. In prospective analyses, substituting sedentary time with light, moderate or vigorous PA at age 9 was not associated with BMI or WC at age 15. Conclusion: Substituting sedentary time with moderate PA appears favourably associated with adiposity in children, whereas vigorous PA may be required in adolescents. Cross-sectional associations were not replicated in prospective analyses.

• Ekelund, Ulf; Kolle, Elin; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Dalene, Knut Eirik; Nilsen, Ada Kristine Ofrim & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity and associations with body weight gain: does body weight determine a decline in moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity? International Journal of Obesity. ISSN 0307-0565. 41(12), p. 1769–1774. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2017.186. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  OBJECTIVES: High levels of physical activity (PA) may prevent the development of obesity. However, the magnitude and direction of the association between PA of various intensities, sedentary time and weight status remain unclear. Thus, we examined whether objectively measured sedentary time and PA independently predict gain in body weight, change in body weight and to examine the possibility of reverse causation. METHODS: We examined the prospective associations between sedentary time, PA and body weight (BW). Baseline measurements were conducted in 2008/2009 and follow-up measurements in 2014/2015 in a random sample of the adult Norwegian population (N = 1710, 45.1% men). Moderate and vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) and sedentary time were measured by accelerometry and BW and height self-reported. We first modelled the associations between baseline sedentary time and PA with BW at follow-up. We then modelled the reverse associations (BW as the exposure) and sedentary time and PA (as outcomes) in separate models. All models were adjusted for age, sex, baseline value of the outcome, socio-economic status, alcohol consumption, smoking, monitor wear time and follow-up time. RESULTS: Body mass index (BMI) increased by 0.2 units (P = 0.003) between baseline and follow-up, and 46.5% of participants were either overweight (36.4%) or obese (10.1%) at baseline increasing to 49.6% (11.7% obese) at follow-up. Baseline sedentary time, MVPA and vigorous PA were not associated with BW at follow-up after adjustment for covariates. In contrast, baseline BW was inversely associated with MVPA (β = − 0.11; 95% confidence interval (CI); − 0.21, − 0.009) and VPA (β = − 0.035; 95% CI; − 0.059, − 0.011) in adjusted models. These associations were unchanged when BW was substituted by BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline BW seems to determine a decrease in MVPA in healthy adult Norwegian men and women, more so than the reverse.

• Aadland, Eivind; Solbraa, Ane; Resaland, Geir Kåre; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Edvardsen, Elisabeth & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Reference values for and cross-validation of time to exhaustion on a modified Balke protocol in Norwegian men and women. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 27(11), p. 1248–1257. doi: 10.1111/sms.12750. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aims of the present study were to provide reference values for time to exhaustion (TTE) on a modified Balke treadmill protocol, and to perform a cross‐validation of TTE as a measure of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), in Norwegian men and women 20–85 years of age. Reference values for TTE were derived from a national sample of 765 subjects. An additional sample of 119 subjects was included in the cross‐validation (total n = 884), where prediction equations for VO2max was established. A decline in TTE was seen with increased age. Prediction of VO2max in an independent dataset (n = 319) resulted in a R2 = 0.78 and standard error of the estimate = 4.55 mL/kg/min. The observed–predicted bias was small (mean difference <1.24 mL/kg/min), whereas random error was considerable (95% limits of agreement ± 7.11–9.70 mL/kg/min) across age in both men and women. Despite limitations concerning the prediction of VO2max on an individual level, TTE from the Balke protocol is a good measure of aerobic fitness in adults across a range of settings, and could be evaluated according to the suggested reference values.

• Solbraa, Ane; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Holme, Ingar Morten K; Kolle, Elin; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Ashe, Maureen C (2017). The built environment correlates of objectively measured physical activity in Norwegian adults: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Sport and Health Science. ISSN 2095-2546. 7(1), p. 19–26. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.11.002. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Built environments that are designed to provide accessible, attractive, and convenient locales promote regular physical activity (PA). Norway has great variability in its geographic, natural, and built environment features. Urban areas have well-developed built environment features, whereas the rural areas are less walkable and this may influence the mode of transport. In general, active transport is more common in urban centers. Further, public transportation is more developed in urban areas, whereas motorized transport may be more widespread in the rural areas. Despite this, in Sogn & Fjordane, a rural county in western Norway, high PA levels are frequently observed. Thus, the aims of this study were to (1) explore perceived built environment features and characterize their associations with objectively measured PA levels in Norwegian adults and (2) explore the differences in these correlates between Sogn & Fjordane and the rest of Norway. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants used questionnaires to rate perceptions of their built environments, and their PA was objectively measured for 7 consecutive days using the ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer. There were 972 Norwegian adults who were included in the study. The average age was 46.9 ± 6.5 years and 43.8% of participants were men. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Results: Total PA and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were both associated with perceived walkability, the community perception score, and active transport for commuting (all p ≤ 0.004). We also observed geographic-area-specific associations: the community perception score was negatively associated with total PA and MVPA in the rest of Norway (p ≤ 0.012) but not in Sogn & Fjordane. Public transport for commuting was positively associated with MVPA in Sogn & Fjordane (p = 0.03) but not in the rest of Norway. Conclusion: Total PA level and MVPA were associated with built environment factors, such as perceptions of community, perceived walkability, and engaging in active transport for commuting. Geographic differences in the PA correlates were observed, and thus, locally customized environmental population approaches aimed at increasing PA levels may be essential complements to individual behavior and lifestyle strategies. Further, objective measures of Norwegian built environments, such as geographic information system data, and validated walk- and bike-scores would advance the field.

• Bergh, Irmelin; Kvalem, Ingela Lundin; Mala, Tom; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Sniehotta, Falko F. (2017). Predictors of physical activity after gastric bypass : a prospective study. Obesity Surgery. ISSN 0960-8923. 27(8), p. 2050–2057. doi: 10.1007/s11695-017-2593-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Most patients do not meet the recommended level of physical activity after bariatric surgery, and psychological factors underlying postoperative physical activity remain poorly understood. This study aimed at identifying self-regulatory predictors of physical activity after bariatric surgery. Methods: Questionnaire data including self-regulation variables and the short-version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire were obtained in a prospective cohort of 230 patients 1 year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The study sample consisted of participants consenting to wear an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer for seven consecutive days, 18–24 months after surgery (n = 120). Results: A total of 112 participants with complete self-report data provided valid accelerometer data. Mean age was 46.8 years (SD = 9.3), and 81.3% was women. Preoperative and postoperative BMI was 44.8 ± 5.5 and 30.6 ± 5.0 kg/m2, respectively. Total weight loss was 28.9% (SD = 7.5). By objective measures, 17.9% of the participants met the recommended level of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity of physical activity of ≥150 min/week, whereas 80.2% met the recommended level according to self-reported measures. Being single, higher education level, and greater self-regulation predicted objective physical activity in multivariate regression analysis. Greater self-regulation also predicted self-reported physical activity. Weight loss 1 year after surgery was not associated with self-reported or objectively measured physical activity. Conclusions: Despite large differences between accelerometer-based and subjective estimates of physical activity, the associations of self-regulatory factors and weight loss with postoperative physical activity did not vary depending on mode of measurement. Self-regulation predicted both objective and self-reported physical activity. Targeting patients’ self-regulatory ability may enhance physical activity after gastric bypass.

• Atkin, Andrew J; Biddle, Stuart JH; Broyles, Stephanie T; Chinapaw, Mai; Ekelund, Ulf & Esliger, Dale W. [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2017). Harmonising data on the correlates of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in young people: Methods and lessons learnt from the international Children's Accelerometry database (ICAD). International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 14(1). doi: 10.1186/s12966-017-0631-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Large, heterogeneous datasets are required to enhance understanding of the multi-level influences on children’s physical activity and sedentary behaviour. One route to achieving this is through the pooling and co-analysis of data from multiple studies. Where this approach is used, transparency of the methodology for data collation and harmonisation is essential to enable appropriate analysis and interpretation of the derived data. In this paper, we describe the acquisition, management and harmonisation of non-accelerometer data in a project to expand the International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD). Method Following a consultation process, ICAD partners were requested to share accelerometer data and information on selected behavioural, social, environmental and health-related constructs. All data were collated into a single repository for cataloguing and harmonisation. Harmonised variables were derived iteratively, with input from the ICAD investigators and a panel of invited experts. Extensive documentation, describing the source data and harmonisation procedure, was prepared and made available through the ICAD website. Results Work to expand ICAD has increased the number of studies with longitudinal accelerometer data, and expanded the breadth of behavioural, social and environmental characteristics that can be used as exposure variables. A set of core harmonised variables, including parent education, ethnicity, school travel mode/duration and car ownership, were derived for use by the research community. Guidance documents and facilities to enable the creation of new harmonised variables were also devised and made available to ICAD users. An expanded ICAD database was made available in May 2017. Conclusion The project to expand ICAD further demonstrates the feasibility of pooling data on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and potential determinants from multiple studies. Key to this process is the rigorous conduct and reporting of retrospective data harmonisation, which is essential to the appropriate analysis and interpretation of derived data. These documents, made available through the ICAD website, may also serve as a guide to others undertaking similar projects.

• Medin, Anine Christine; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Astrup, Helene; Ekelund, Ulf & Andersen, Lene Frost (2017). Validation of energy intake from a web-based food recall for children and adolescents. PLOS ONE. 12(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178921. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of this study was to validate estimated energy intake from a web-based food recall, designed for children and adolescents. We directly compared energy intake to estimates of total energy expenditure, calculated from accelerometer outputs, combined with data on weight and sex or resting energy expenditure prediction equations. Children (8–9 years) and adolescents (12–14 years) were recruited through schools in Norway in 2013 (N = 253). Results showed that more than one third (36–37%) were identified as under-reporters of energy. In contrast, only 2–4% were defined as over-reporters of energy. The mean energy intake was under-reported with -1.83 MJ/day for the entire study sample. Increased underestimation was observed for overweight and obese participants, the oldest age group (12–14 years), boys, those with parents/legal guardians with low educational level and those living in non-traditional families. In conclusion, energy intake from the web-based food recall is significantly underestimated compared with total energy expenditure, and should be used with caution in young people.

• Kuzik, Nicholas; Carson, Valerie; Andersen, Lars Bo; Sardinha, Luís B.; Grøntved, Anders & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Physical Activity and Sedentary Time Associations with Metabolic Health Across Weight Statuses in Children and Adolescents. Obesity. ISSN 1930-7381. 25(10), p. 1762–1769. doi: 10.1002/oby.21952. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of metabolic health across weight statuses and the associations of physical activity and sedentary time within and across metabolic health-weight status groups. Methods: Six studies (n = 4,581) from the International Children's Accelerometry Database were used. Sedentary time, light physical activity, and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were accelerometer derived. Individuals were classified with normal weight (NW), overweight, or obesity. Strict and lenient composite definitions of metabolic health were created. Binomial and multinomial logistic regressions controlling for age, sex, study, and accelerometer wear time were conducted. Results: The metabolically unhealthy (MU) prevalence was 26.4% and 45.6% based on two definitions. Across definitions, more sedentary time was associated with higher odds of MU classification compared with metabolically healthy (MH) classification for the NW group. More MVPA was associated with lower odds of MU classification than MH classification for NW and overweight groups. For multinomial logistic regressions, more MVPA was associated with lower odds of MH-obesity classification, as well as MU-NW, -overweight, and -obesity classifications, compared with the MH-NW group. Furthermore, more sedentary time was associated with higher odds of MU-NW classification compared with the MH-NW group. Conclusions: More MVPA was beneficial for metabolic health and weight status, whereas lower sedentary time was beneficial for metabolic health alone, although associations were weak.

• Dyrstad, Sindre Mikal; Edvardsen, Elisabeth; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred (2017). Waist circumference thresholds and cardiorespiratory fitness. Journal of Sport and Health Science. ISSN 2095-2546. 8(1), p. 17–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.03.011. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose This study's purpose was to examine whether established risk categories of waist circumference (WC)—normal, high risk, and very high health risk—reflected significant differences in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA) level. Methods CRF was directly measured as maximal oxygen uptake during a progressive graded treadmill test to exhaustion in 722 individuals (349 women) aged 20–85 years. WC was measured between the lower rib and the iliac crest. Objectively measured PA was assessed using an accelerometer. Results Men in the normal risk group (WC < 94 cm) had a 31% higher CRF and 43% higher level of moderate-to-vigorous PA than men in the very high risk group (with a WC > 102 cm). Corresponding numbers for women within normal (WC < 80 cm) and very high risk group (WC > 88 cm) were 25% and 18% (p <0.05). There was a high negative correlation between CRF and WC in men (r = −0.68), and a moderate correlation for women (r = −0.49; p <0.001). For each cm increase in WC, CRF was reduced by 0.48 and 0.27 mL/kg/min in men and women, respectively (p <0.001). Conclusion The recommended WC thresholds for abdominal obesity reflected significant differences in CRF for both men and women, and could serve as a useful instrument for estimating health-related differences in CRF.

• Hildebrand, Maria; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Hees, Vincent T. van & Ekelund, Ulf (2017). Evaluation of raw acceleration sedentary thresholds in children and adults. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 27(12), p. 1814–1823. doi: 10.1111/sms.12795. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim was to develop sedentary (sitting/lying) thresholdsfrom hip and wrist worn raw tri-axial acceleration datafrom the ActiGraph and GENEActiv, and to examine theagreement between free-living time spent below thesethresholds with sedentary time estimated by the activPAL.Sixty children and adults wore an ActiGraph andGENEActiv on the hip and wrist while performing sixstructured activities, before wearing the monitors, inaddition to an activPAL, for 24 h. Receiver operatingcharacteristic (ROC) curves were used to determinesedentary thresholds based on activities in the laboratory.Agreement between developed sedentary thresholds duringfree-living and activPAL were assessed by Bland-Altmanplots and by calculating sensitivity and specificity. Usinglaboratory data and ROC-curves showed similarclassification accuracy for wrist and hip thresholds(Area under the curve = 0.84–0.92). Greatest sensitivity(97–98%) and specificity (74–78%) were observed forthe wrist thresholds, with no large differences betweenbrands. During free-living, Bland-Altman plots showedlarge mean individual biases and 95% limits of agreementcompared with activPAL, with smallest difference for theActiGraph wrist threshold in children (+30 min, P = 0.3).Sensitivity and specificity for the developedthresholds during free-living were low for both age groupsand for wrist (Sensitivity, 68–88%, Specificity, 46–59%)and hip placements (Sensitivity, 89–97%, Specificity,26–34%). Laboratory derived sedentary thresholdsgenerally overestimate free-living sedentary timecompared with activPAL. Wrist thresholds appear toperform better than hip thresholds for estimating free-living sedentary time in children and adults relative toactivPAL, however, specificity for all the developedthresholds are low.

• Seiler, Hilde Lohne; Kolle, Elin; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2016). Musculoskeletal fitness and balance in older individuals (65-85 years) and its association with steps per day: A cross sectional study Physical functioning, physical health and activity. BMC Geriatrics. 16. doi: 10.1186/s12877-016-0188-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: There is limited normative, objective data combining musculoskeletal fitness (MSF), balance and physical activity (PA) among older adults. The aims were therefore to; 1) describe MSF and balance in older Norwegian adults focusing on age- and sex-related differences; 2) investigate the associations among MSF, balance and objectively-assessed PA levels. Methods: This was part of a national multicenter study. Participants (65 – 85 years) were randomly selected from the national population registry. We used ActiGraph GT1M accelerometers to measure PA. Balance and MSF were assessed using: one leg standing (OLS), handgrip strength (HG), static back extension (SBE), sit and reach (SR), back scratch right, left arm over (BSR, BSL). Univariate analyses of variance were used to assess sex differences within the different MSF and balance tests and for comparisons among multiple age groups. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate how PA (expressed in 1000 steps increments) was associated with MSF and balance. Results: 85 women and 76 men were included. Mean age (standard deviation (SD)) was 73.2 (5.4) years for women and 72.3 (4.8) years for men. The youngest participants (65 – 69 years) had significantly better mean OLS- and SBE results compared with older participants. Women (65 – 85 years) had significantly better mean SR, BSR, BSL and SBE results compared with men (65 – 85 years). Men had significantly better mean HG results compared with women. No sex differences in mean OLS results were observed. A daily increment of 1000 steps was associated with better mean test scores for OLS- and SBE tests (b = 1.88, 95 % CI: 0.85 to 2.90 (p ≤ 0.001) and b = 4.63, 95 % CI: 1.98 to 7.29 ( p = 0.001), respectively). Conclusion: The youngest (65 – 69 years) had better static balance and muscular endurance in trunk extensors compared with older participants. Older women (65 – 85 years) had better joint flexibility than older men (65 – 85 years), whereas older men had better handgrip strength than older women. A higher PA level was associated with better static balance and muscular endurance in trunk extensors in older individuals. This study provides important normative data, and further investigation of trunk endurance and static balance as key foci for PA interventions in elderly is warranted.

• Dalene, Knut Eirik; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Ekelund, Ulf; Thoren, Anne-Karine Halvorsen; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Kolle, Elin (2016). Permanent play facility provision is associated with children's time spent sedentary and in light physical activity during school hours: A cross-sectional study. Preventive Medicine Reports. 4, p. 429–434. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.08.011. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To study the associations between: 1) number of permanent outdoor play facilities per pupil and 2) the size of the outdoor play area per pupil with sedentary time and physical activity (PA) during school hours in six-, nine-, and 15-year olds. We conducted a cross-sectional study of nationally representative samples of Norwegian six- (n = 1071), nine- (n = 1421) and 15-year-olds (n = 1106) in 2011 (the Physical Activity Among Norwegian Children Study). The participation rates were 56.4%, 73.1% and 57.8% for six-, nine- and 15-year olds, respectively. We assessed PA objectively for seven consecutive days using accelerometers, the size of a school's outdoor play area (SOPA) using an online map service and the permanent play facility (PPF) provision using a standardized form during school site visits. We successfully measured SOPA and PPF in 99 schools, from which 3040 participants provided valid accelerometer data. We used generalized least-squares random-effects models with robust variance estimation to assess associations. Our results indicate that better provision of permanent play facilities may reduce sedentary time and increase time spent in light PA among six-year-olds. Permanent play facility provision was not associated with sedentary time or PA among nine- and 15-year-olds. Associations found between outdoor play area size, physical activity and sedentary time were negligible. Future research should investigate what types of permanent play facilities may be associated with physical activity in both children and adolescents.

• Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Kolle, Elin; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred (2016). Normative values for musculoskeletal- and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy Norwegian adults and the association with obesity: a cross-sectional study. BMC sports science, medicine and rehabilitation. 8. doi: 10.1186/s13102-016-0059-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Up-to-date research on musculoskeletal- and neuromotor fitness (MSMF) is lacking. The aims of the present paper were to a) establish normative values of MSMF by gender and age, and b) to assess how much of the variance in MSMF can be explained by obesity in adults. Methods: A random selection of 726 Norwegians (20–65 years) participated in a national cross-sectional study. Muscular endurance, muscular strength, explosive power, flexibility and balance were assessed in addition to waist circumference (WC). Results: Females displayed significantly higher scores compared to males on muscular endurance of the back extensors and on the flexibility tests (p < 0.001). Males displayed significantly higher scores than females (p < 0.001) on handgrip strength, modified push-ups, and explosive power. An inverse association was found between age and all MSMF scores for females (Beta:−0.06–(−0.92), p ≤ 0.044) and males (Beta:−0.15–(0.91), p ≤ 0.006), where younger participants displayed higher test scores on all MSMF tests, compared to older participants. Furthermore, participants showing higher scores on WC displayed lower scores on the following MSMF tests for both females and males: muscular endurance of the back extensors, balance, flexibility of the shoulder, and explosive power (p < 0.001). Additionally, male participants with higher WC scores showed lower scores on muscular endurance of the upper body and flexibility of the hamstrings compared to males with lower WC scores (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The data provide normative values of MSMF for adults based on age and gender, and support an inverse relationship of MSMF to age and WC.

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• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Lohne-Seiler, Hilde (2025). Biannual Seminar on Physical Activity and Health (KAGO) 2025. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Lohne-Seiler, Hilde (2024). Fremgang i alle aldersgrupper. Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790. Full text in Research Archive
• Andreasen, Johan Kristian & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2023). Mobilforbud i skolen gjør unge mer aktive. Full text in Research Archive
• Lohne-Seiler, Hilde & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2023). Styrketrening – start nå! Full text in Research Archive
• Stavnsbo, Mette & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2023). Slik kan vi forbedre folkehelsa. Full text in Research Archive
• Spencer, Matthew; Aasland, Erik; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Berntsen, Sveinung (2023). Hva vil du lese om i Vitensporten? Full text in Research Archive
• Andreasen, Johan Kristian & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2023). Mobilforbud i skolen. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Andreasen, Johan Kristian (2023). Kjære politikere: Gå inn for mobilfri skole! Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2022). Bare litt mer aktivitet gjorde mye for helsa. [Journal]. aftenbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2022). Halvparten av norske 15-åringer beveger seg for lite. [Journal]. Nrk. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2022). FYSISK AKTIVITET BLANT UNGDOM – HVORDAN ØKE AKTIVITETSNIVÅET? Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2022). Treningsmetoden er så enkelt at «alle» kan få det til – 20 minutter om dagen er nok: – Det nærmeste vi har en vidundermedisin. [Journal]. hamar arbeiderblad. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2022). Treningsmetoden er så enkelt at «alle» kan få det til – 20 minutter om dagen er nok: – Det nærmeste vi har en vidundermedisin. [Journal]. nettavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Haugen, Tommy (2022). Tren din syvende sans. Full text in Research Archive
• Sagelv, Edvard Hamnvik; Hopstock, Laila Arnesdatter; Morseth, Bente; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Physical activity and mortality: Effect modification by sedentary time. An individual participant data analysis of four cohorts with accelerometry measured physical activity. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2021). Steg for steg. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2021). Steg for steg. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2021). Steg for steg. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2021). Steg for steg. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2021). Er du fysisk inaktiv, kan bare litt trening gi stor effekt. Heidi Rosander (51) begynte å gå tur to ganger i uken. [Journal]. Sunnmørsposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2021). Bare litt mer aktivitet gjorde mye for helsa. [Journal]. Forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2021). Heidi (51) gikk fra å være fysisk inaktiv til å gå tur to ganger i uka. Dette er den store helsegevinsten av økt aktivitet. [Journal]. aftenposten.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2020). A six- month tailored telephone- and email-based exercise intervention increased physical activity levels among inactive adults: A randomized controlled trial. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2020). statistikk og metode med Bjørge Herman Hansen: Effektstørrelser. [Radio]. Fysioformidlingen. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2020). statistikk og metode med Bjørge Herman Hansen: Konfidensintervaller. [Radio]. Fysioformidlingen. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2020). statistikk og metode med Bjørge Herman Hansen: Studiedesign. [Radio]. Fysioformidlingen. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann (2020). statistikk og metode med Bjørge Herman Hansen: P-verdier. [Radio]. Fysioformidlingen. Full text in Research Archive
• Tarp, Jakob; Dalene, Knut Eirik; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein & Ekelund, Ulf (2020). Double counting individuals in meta‐analysis artificially inflates precision. Comment on “Device‐measured light‐intensity physical activity and mortality: A meta‐analysis”. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 30(6), p. 1083–1084. doi: 10.1111/sms.13693. Full text in Research Archive
• Fosstveit, Sindre H.; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Lindberg, Kolbjørn; Sibayan, Erlend; Fjeller, Joachim & Løvold, Sindre [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUALIZED POWER-TRAINING BASED ON FORCE-VELOCITY PROFILING IN ELDERLY MEN. Full text in Research Archive
• Mathisen, Therese Fostervold; Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid; Rosenvinge, Jan H; Pettersen, Gunn; Stensrud, Trine & Hansen, Bjørge Hermann [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). Fysisk helse og risikoprofil for ikke-smittsomme sykdommer hos kvinner med bulimia nervosa eller overspisingslidelse. Full text in Research Archive
• Risum, Kristine; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Selvaag, Anne Marit G; Molberg, Øyvind; Dagfinrud, Hanne & Sanner, Helga (2018). Fysisk aktivitet hos pasienter med juvenil idiopatisk artritt- en kontrollert tverrsnittsstudie. Full text in Research Archive
• Risum, Kristine; Godang, Kristin; Selvaag, Anne Marit; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Molberg, Øyvind & Bollerslev, Jens [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Suboptimal muscle strength and bone health in patients with oligo- and polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis diagnosed in the era of biologics. Full text in Research Archive
• Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Teinung, Elisabeth; Kolle, Elin; Riiser, Amund & Mølmen, Knut Sindre [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2024). Fysisk form blant voksne og eldre i Norge 2022-2023 (Kan3). Folkehelseinstituttet. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  <b>Sammendrag av hovedfunn</b> - Kartleggingen av fysisk form blant voksne og eldre i Norge 2022-23 (Kan3 fase 2) er utført ved Norges idrettshøgskole i samarbeid med Folkehelseinstituttet. Kan3 fase 2 inngår som en del av det nasjonale kartleggingssystemet for fysisk aktivitet og fysisk form der formålet er å følge opp tidligere undersøkelser av voksne og eldre for å øke kunnskapen om status, trender og utviklingen av fysisk form i den norske befolkingen. Datainnsamlingen i Kan3 fase 2 er gjennomført i samarbeid med Universitetet i Stavanger, Universitetet i Agder, UiT Norges arktiske universitet, Høgskulen på Vestlandet og Høgskolen i Innlandet i perioden august 2022 til april 2023.<p> <p>Et tilfeldig utvalg av deltakere som deltok i Kan3 fase 1 (hovedutvalg) ble invitert til fysisk oppmøte for gjennomføring av tester for å måle fysisk form i Kan3 fase 2. Som beskrevet i Kan 3 fase 1 rapport ble det også rekruttert deltakere som var 67+ år gjennom egne rekrutteringsstrategier mot seniorsenter i de store byene. Disse deltakerne gjennomførte tester av gripestyrke, balanse og bevegelighet, men de gjennomførte ikke test av maksimalt oksygenopptak.<p> <p>Av totalt 2001 personer som ble invitert, samtykket 1503 personer til deltakelse i Kan3 fase 2. Som vist i Kan 3 fase 1 er utvalget noe selektert da det er forholdsvis flere med høy sosioøkonomisk status i utvalget sammenlignet med den øvrige befolkningen. Den samme selekteringen er følgelig med videre inn i fase 2, og det betyr at beregninger for fysisk form trolig vil være noe overestimert.<p> <p><b>Maksimalt oksygenopptak (VO2max)</b> - Menn hadde høyere maksimalt oksygenopptak enn kvinner i alle aldergrupper. Oksygenopptaket falt med henholdsvis 2.8 ml∙kg-1∙min-1 og 3.9 ml∙kg-1∙min-1 blant kvinner og menn per 10 års økning i alder. Blant både menn og kvinner, hadde den femtedelen av deltakerne med høyest oksygenopptak et oksygenopptak som var omtrent dobbelt så høyt som den femtedelen av deltakerne med lavest oksygenopptak. Deltakere som tilfredsstilte Helsedirektoratets anbefaling for fysisk aktivitet, hadde høyere oksygenopptak sammenlignet med de som ikke tilfredsstilte anbefalingen. Oksygenopptaket økte med høyere utdanningsnivå blant menn, men ikke blant kvinner.<p> <p><b>Gripestyrke, balanse og bevegelighet</b> - Yngre hadde høyere gripestyrke enn eldre, og menn hadde høyere gripestyrke enn kvinner. Balansen reduseres med økende alder og en stor reduksjon sees etter fylte 60 år. Generelt var bevegeligheten i hofte og skulderledd bedre blant kvinner enn menn. For begge kjønn reduseres bevegeligheten med økende alder. Det var ingen sammenheng mellom gripestyrke, balanse og utdanning, men bevegelighet i hofteledd økte med høyere utdanning blant kvinner.<p> <p><b>Trender</b> - Både menn og kvinner i Kan3 fase 2 hadde et høyere maksimalt oksygenopptak enn menn og kvinner som deltok i Kan1 fase 2 i 2008-09. Menn hadde et oksygenopptak som var 2.3 ml∙kg-1∙min-1 (95% KI: 1.1 – 3.4) høyere i Kan3 sammenliknet med i Kan1, og tilsvarende forskjell for kvinner var 2.6 ml∙kg-1∙min-1 (95% KI: 1.6 – 3.5). Dette tilsvarer en prosentuell forskjell mellom Kan1 og Kan3 på 6-7%. Data må dog tolkes med forsiktighet fordi utvalget i Kan 1 er noe ulikt utvalget i Kan 3. Det var ingen forskjeller i gripestyrke når vi sammenlignet deltakere i Kan3 med deltakere i Kan1.<p> <p><b>Praktiske implikasjoner</b> - I gjennomsnitt har deltakere i Kan3 et oksygenopptak som er godt over eller på nivå med foreslåtte internasjonale og nasjonale grenseverdier for anbefalt VO2max. Spredningen i materialet er imidlertid betydelig og for den femtedelen av deltakerne med lavest oksygenopptak ligger verdiene betydelig lavere enn anbefalte verdier, noe som kan gi økt risiko for sykdom og tidlig død. I denne gruppen vil selv dagligdagse aktiviteter, som det å gå i trapper eller å sykle kreve en så stor andel av det maksimale oksygenopptaket at det vil være vanskelig å delta i slike aktiviteter i mer enn noen få minutter. Oksygenopptaket er imidlertid trenbart uansett alder og utgangspunkt. En økning i det maksimale oksygenopptaket hos denne gruppen vil kunne ha stor betydning for å sikre en god fysisk funksjon, det vil si gi økt mestring av dagliglivets aktiviteter.<p> <p>Lav gripestyrke er også assosiert med økt risiko for sykelighet og tidlig død. Selv om muskelmassen og maksimal styrke faller naturlig med økende alder, vil regelmessig styrketrening kunne forebygge mye av dette fallet. Styrketrening er spesielt viktig fra 50–60-årsalderen, og selv personer over 70 år vil kunne øke både muskelmassen og styrken betraktelig ved å starte med regelmessig styrketrening.

• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Kolle, Elin; Udahl, Karine; Kaupang, Oda Bjørge & Andersen, Inge Dehli [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Kartlegging av fysisk aktivitet blant voksne og eldre 2020-22 (Kan3). Folkehelseinstituttet. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Kartlegging av fysisk aktivitet og stillesittende tid blant voksne og eldre (Kan3) er utført ved Norges idrettshøgskole i samarbeid med Folkehelseinstituttet. Formålet med Kan3 er å følge opp tidligere undersøkelser av voksne og eldre for å øke kunnskapen om status, trender og utviklingen av fysisk aktivitet i den norske befolkingen. Kan3 inngår som en del av det nasjonale kartleggingssystemet av fysisk aktivitet og fysisk form. De norske ungKan- og Kan-undersøkelsene er unike ved at fysisk aktivitet er målt objektivt ved hjelp av akselerometre i populasjonsbaserte utvalg ved flere tidspunkt. Dette gir mer nøyaktige estimater av befolkingens fysiske aktivitetsnivå enn ved spørreskjemabaserte undersøkelser. Slik kunnskap er nødvendig for å kunne iverksette tiltak for å redusere stillesitting og øke det fysiske aktivitetsnivået.

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