Beate Wold Hygen

• Stenseng, Frode; Wendelborg, Christian; Pyszkowska, Anna & Hygen, Beate Wold (2026). When the going gets tough, does gaming make it tougher? A shortitudinal study of escapism motivations and subjective well-being among adult gamers. Computers in Human Behavior Reports. 22. doi: 10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101119. Full text in Research Archive
• Wichstrøm, Lars; Hygen, Beate Wold; Kuss, Daria J.; Stavropoulos, Vasileios; Skalicka, Vera & Rodriguez-Cano, Ruben [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). Structure and stability of internet gaming disorder from childhood to late adolescence: A 5‐wave birth cohort study. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 121(2), p. 413–422. doi: 10.1111/add.70195. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Background and aims The natural course and longer‐term stability of internet gaming disorder (IGD) and its symptoms are largely unknown, yet such knowledge is essential to aid prevention, treatment and policy development. This study therefore examined four aspects of IGD symptom stability: of form, at the group level, rank‐order and of within‐person changes. Design Birth‐cohort study. Setting Trondheim, Norway. Participants A stratified sample ( n  = 812, 50.9% girls) of the 2003/2004 birth cohorts was examined biennially over five waves from age 10 to 18 ( n  = 3236 observations). Measurements IGD was assessed through a semi‐structured clinical interview. Latent growth curves were employed to assess the stability of symptoms at the group level, and random intercept cross‐lagged models were used to determine how changes in symptoms predicted subsequent changes in symptoms at the within‐person level. Findings IGD symptoms loaded on two factors, termed ‘Heavy involvement’ and ‘Negative consequences,’ consistently across ages and sex. Strong measurement invariance was partly achieved across ages. The point prevalence of IGD diagnosis varied between 1.1%–2.2%, and 5.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.0–7.3) had an IGD diagnosis at least once across ages 10–18 (boys: 10.2%, CI = 6.9–13.5; girls: 1.6%, CI = 0.5–2.7). Symptoms capturing Heavy involvement increased slightly from age 10–16 and then declined sharply at age 18, whereas symptoms representing Negative consequences remained stable. Regarding stability relative to the group, moderate two‐year stability was observed (Heavy involvement r  = 0.33 to 0.56, P  < 0.001; Negative consequences r  = 0.19, P  < 0.01 to 0.37, P  < 0.001) with increasing stability with age. The stability from age 10–16 and 10–18 was weak for Heavy involvement ( r  = 0.14 and 0.17, P  < 0.05) and absent for Negative consequences ( r  = 0.09 to 0.11, P  > 0.05). Increases in Heavy involvement predicted further increases in Heavy involvement two years later ( β  = 0.17, P  < 0.01 to 0.39, P  < 0.001) and increased Negative consequences at ages 14 and 18 ( β  = 0.29 and 0.28, P  < 0.001). Conclusions Although the point prevalence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) diagnosis in the 2003/2004 birth cohorts of Trondheim, Norway, was low, 10% of boys fulfilled the criteria for a diagnosis at least once during preadolescence and adolescence. IGD symptoms at age 10 were only weakly related to IGD symptoms in mid‐ and late adolescence. However, as Heavy involvement symptoms predicted later increases in Negative consequences symptoms from age 12 onwards, early adolescence may offer a window of opportunity for when interventions might intersect a development toward a full‐blown IGD diagnosis before symptoms become more intertwined with additional problems and resistant to change.

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Lydersen, Stian; Kuss, Daria.J.; Scholz, Tobias & Wendelborg, Christian (2025). When the Game Turns Toxic: Exploring Gendered Effects on Well-Being and Self-Esteem. Computers in Human Behavior Reports. 21. doi: 10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100914. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Toxic behavior remains a significant problem in online games, but there is scarce knowledge about the psychological effects of being subjected to such behavior, especially across genders. The present study addresses this gap by examining how toxic behavior affects players’ well-being and self-esteem. Methods The present study combined elements of an Intensive Longitudinal Study (ILS) and an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) with daily assessments of 88 gamers over a 15-day period, investigating self-esteem, well-being and verbal toxic behavior experience. Data were analysed using a logistic random effects model. Results Women received significantly more derogatory comments related to gender, sexuality, religion, or ethnicity, and sexual comments/sounds directed at them compared to men. Women also experienced a significantly stronger effect of toxic behavior on their well-being and self-esteem relative to men. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that experiencing toxicity can indeed have significant effects on those who are targeted, especially women. Results should be considered by the gaming industry and gaming community, respectively, to create and maintain safe and welcoming gaming environments.

• Finserås, Turi Reiten; Skogen, Jens Christoffer; Hygen, Beate Wold; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo & Sivertsen, Børge (2025). Increased Risk of Internalizing Disorders Among Gamers: A Study of Norwegian University Students Using The Self-Report Version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. ISSN 1557-1874. p. 1–18. doi: 10.1007/s11469-025-01576-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Pathological gaming has been linked to poor mental health, but few studies differentiate between gaming categories. This study examined associations between gaming behavior and internalizing disorders among Norwegian university students ( N  = 5578). Participants completed the Gaming Addiction Scale for Adolescents (GASA) and a self-report version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Gaming was categorized as non-gaming, recreational, engaged, problematic, and pathological. Internalizing disorders (past 30 days) were assessed using the CIDI. Poisson regression models with a log-link and robust standard errors were used to compute pairwise risk ratios between gaming categories and any internalizing disorder. Regression analyses showed that compared to non-gamers, all other categories—including recreational gamers—showed increased risk of internalizing disorders. Notably, our results indicated that engaged gamers and problematic/pathological gamers did not differ significantly in their risk for internalizing disorders. The findings suggest that even non-problematic gaming may be linked to internalizing symptoms. Future research should explore whether pre-existing vulnerabilities contribute to both increased gaming and mental health challenges.

• Stokke, Silje Skaug; Stenseng, Frode; Morin, Astrid Hoås; Hygen, Beate Wold; Wichstrøm, Lars & Steinsbekk, Silje [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). Digital Gaming and Academic Achievement: Within-Person Relations from Age 10 to 16 in a Norwegian Birth Cohort. Media Psychology. ISSN 1521-3269. p. 1–24. doi: 10.1080/15213269.2025.2576017. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2025). 11. Nettets ytterkanter: Ungdommens digitale liv. In Caspersen, Joakim; Berg, Berit & Wendelborg, Christian (Ed.), Oppvekst i ytterkanten. Scandinavian University Press (SCUP). ISSN 9788215070681. p. 223–223. doi: 10.18261/9788215070674-25-11. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  En «oppvekst i ytterkanten» er ukjent for de fleste, men realiteten for mange. Men hvordan oppleves en oppvekst i ytterkanten, for eksempel i barnevernets omsorg, som enslig mindreårig asylsøker, eller med et sterkt behov for tjenester fra kommunen? I denne boka løftes det frem nye perspektiver og forståelser av utenforskap og innenforskap i oppvekst på ulike arenaer, med utgangspunkt i ny forskning tett på barn og unges hverdagsliv. Dette gir et sjeldent og mangesidig innblikk i oppvekstarenaer der søkelyset ikke alltid er like sterkt til daglig. Boka trekker tråder mellom opplevelsen av en oppvekst i ytterkanten og hvordan denne marginaliteten også skaper og inneholder mestring og mening. Forfatterne kobler dette til mekanismene og politikken som er med på å forme livene til den enkelte. Boka bygger på pågående og avsluttede forskningsprosjekter fra NTNU Samfunnsforskning AS, avdeling Mangfold og inkludering, og er i all hovedsak skrevet av forskere ved avdelingen.

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Skalicka, Vera; Coplan, Robert; Soest, Tilmann von; Fredriksen, Eivor & Bekkhus, Mona (2024). Norwegian Adolescents in the Initial Stages of COVID-19 Restrictions. Links Between Interactions, Digital Media Use, Loneliness, and Mental Health Problems. Journal of Media Psychology. ISSN 1864-1105. 36(5). doi: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000401. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In response to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in March 2020, the Norwegian government closed schools and limited leisure activities. In this cross-sectional study, we examined how different types of digital versus in-person social interactions and digital media use were associated with loneliness and mental health problems among adolescents during the initial COVID-19 lockdown. Participants (N = 703, 79.7% girls, Mage = 17.3 years) completed a questionnaire assessing loneliness, mental health problems, digital media use, and in-person interactions. Both in-person and digital social interaction (texting) with friends were negatively associated with adolescents’ mental health problems and loneliness. By contrast, time spent alone on screen and on social media was positively related to mental health problems. The findings highlight that during the first weeks of the pandemic and of social distancing, increased interactions (either in-person or digital) among adolescents and their friends coincided with lower lev

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Wendelborg, Christian; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Stenseng, Frode; Øverland, Mari Bore & Skalicka, Vera (2024). Gaming motivation and well-being among Norwegian adult gamers: the role of gender and disability. Frontiers in Medical Technology. 6. doi: 10.3389/fmedt.2024.1330926. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Digital gaming is a popular and often social activity, also among adults. However, we need more knowledge of the social dynamics of gaming and its potential benefits for one's well-being. The current study aimed to examine gaming motivation, time spent gaming, and gaming performed together with friends, family, or romantic partner and how these aspects relate to expanded social network and well-being among men and women with and without disability. Methods: Regular players of the popular game Fortnite Battle Royale (FBR; N = 278, 48.5% women, Mage = 32.38) completed an online questionnaire assessing their motivations for playing FBR (social motivation, achievement motivation, novelty motivation), time spent gaming, whom they usually play with, their psychological well-being, and FBR's impact on their life and social network. Differentiated statistical analyses on gender and disability were performed. Results and discussion: The results showed that time spent gaming and social motivation to play were associated with larger social networks for all participants (strongest for women). More time spent gaming FBR was also associated with a positive impact on life for those with a disability. Social motivation to play was positively associated with a positive impact on life for men and those without a disability and increased well-being for women. Novelty motivation, which concerns experiencing new features in the game, was associated with a positive impact on life for women and with a decrease in well-being for those with a disability. This study demonstrated that gaming can be an essential social arena associated with positive outcomes for men, women and disabled people, who—when socially motivated—may expand their social networks through gaming.

• Stenseng, Frode; Steinsholt, Ingvild Bredvei; Hygen, Beate Wold & Kraft, Pål (2023). Running to get “lost”? Two types of escapism in recreational running and their relations to exercise dependence and subjective well-being. Frontiers in Psychology. 13. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1035196. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Escapism is a fundamental motivation in many forms of activity engagements. At its core, escapism is “a habitual diversion of the mind … as an escape from reality or routine”. Accordingly, escapism may entail many adaptive and maladaptive psychological antecedents, covariates, and outcomes. However, few studies have been conducted on escapism as a motivational mindset in running. Here, in a sample of recreational runners (N = 227), we applied a two-dimensional model of escapism, comprising self-expansion (adaptive escapism) and self-suppression (maladaptive escapism), and examined how they were related to exercise dependence and subjective well-being. First, confirmatory factor analyses showed that the escapism dimensions were highly diversifiable in the sample. Then, correlational analyses showed that self-expansion was positively correlated to subjective well-being, whereas self-suppression was negatively related to well-being. Self-suppression was more strongly related to exercise dependence compared to self-expansion. Finally, path analyses evidenced an explanatory role of self-expansion and self-suppression in the inverse relationship between exercise dependence and well-being. In conclusion, the present findings support escapism as a relevant framework for understanding the relationship between exercise dependence in running and subjective well-being.

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Mjøen, Odd Morten; Caspersen, Joakim & Nilsen, Marianne (2023). Determinants of School Satisfaction in Times of Crisis According to Parents of Children with Special Educational Needs. European Journal of Special Needs Education. ISSN 0885-6257. 39(1), p. 79–93. doi: 10.1080/08856257.2023.2191108. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In the initial phase of the pandemic caused by the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), schools were closed, forcing most students to stay home on school days. In this chaotic and stressful situation, facing a potential life-threatening disease, parents needed to handle their family life, their own work, in addition to being teachers of their children. This situation may have been especially stressful for parents of children in need of special education. In this study, we examined possible determinants of parental satisfaction with the school during the lockdown using a sample of parents (N = 476) with children in need of special education. By applying a multivariate regression model, we found that the strongest predictor of parental satisfaction with the school during the lockdown was good communication between the parents and the school (r = .38), followed by how often the teachers were in contact with the children (r = .18) and how well the teachers guided the parents regarding home-schooling (r = .17). Notably, the degree of the children’s difficulties, family climate or socioeconomic status was not related to parental satisfaction with the school during the lockdown.

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Belsky, Jay; Stenseng, Frode; Steinsbekk, Silje; Wichstrøm, Lars & Skalicka, Vera (2022). Longitudinal relations between gaming, physical activity, and athletic self-esteem. Computers in Human Behavior. ISSN 0747-5632. 132, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107252. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Youth are increasingly engaged in digital games; while physical activity rates are declining. This study examines whether the amount of time children spend on gaming is related to physical activity and athletic self-esteem. Method: At ages 8, 10, 12, and 14, a community sample of children (n = 751, 379 girls) was interviewed about how often they played digital games, completed questionnaires regarding their athletic self-esteem and wore an accelerometer to measure physical activity. Results: A random intercept cross-lagged panel model using the participants as their own controls adjusting for all time-invariant potential confounding factors, revealed that increased gaming predicted reduced athletic self-esteem (B = −0.17, 95% CI: 0.26 to −0.10). Among boys aged 10 years, increased moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) predicted decreased gaming (B = −0.64, 95% CI: 1.12 to −0.16) whereas increased gaming predicted reduced MVPA at the age of 12 (B = −0.08, 95% CI: 0.12 to −0.03). These effects remained evident two years later via stability in gaming and MVPA. Conclusions: Findings suggest a developmental window for boys in middle childhood during which changes in physical activity and gaming result in longer-term cascades that endure into adolescence: increased gaming predicts reduced MVPA, whereas reduced MVPA predicts increased gaming.

• Stenseng, Frode; Falch-Madsen, Jonas & Hygen, Beate Wold (2021). Are There Two Types of Escapism? Exploring a Dualistic Model of Escapism in Digital Gaming and Online Streaming. Psychology of Popular Media. ISSN 2689-6567. 10(3), p. 319–329. doi: 10.1037/ppm0000339. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Escapism is predominantly assumed to be a negative aspect of media consumption. However, research also indicates that escapism may spur positive psychological outcomes. Here, using a 2-dimensional model of escapism and its corresponding scale, we tested a dualistic approach to escapism in relation to both gaming and online streaming. Data were collected from 2 separate Web-based questionnaires. Study 1 comprised 126 dedicated gamers, whereas Study 2 comprised 191 university students regularly using streaming services. Results showed that the Escapism scale—with its 2 dimensions, Self-Expansion and Self-Suppression—demonstrated good factorial validity and internal consistency in both samples. In the gaming sample, self-expansion was related to positive psychological outcomes from gaming, whereas self-suppression was substantially overlapping with Internet gaming disorder (Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test [IGDT-10]) and negative psychological outcomes. In the streaming sample, self-expansion was related to general positive affect and approach coping, whereas self-suppression was related to avoidance coping and general negative affect, tested in a path model. Overall, results provide preliminary support for a 2-dimensional conceptualization of escapism in media engagement, here evidenced in gaming and streaming. Furthermore, results indicate that a dualistic operationalization of escapism, currently not incorporated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, or International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition, Revised, classifications of pathological gaming in may help distinguish healthy from unhealthy gaming and may also be relevant for distinguishing adaptive from maladaptive streaming.

• Steinsbekk, Silje; Wichstrøm, Lars; Stenseng, Frode; Nesi, Jacqueline; Hygen, Beate Wold & Skalicka, Vera (2021). The impact of social media use on appearance self-esteem from childhood to adolescence – A 3-wave community study. Computers in Human Behavior. ISSN 0747-5632. 114. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106528. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Social media users are extensively exposed to photographs displaying idealized self-presentations. This poses a potential threat to youth's appearance self-esteem, but the negative impact may depend upon types of social media engagement. Youth who actively post updates (i.e., self-oriented social media use) may position themselves to receive positive feedback and appearance confirmation and thus show enhanced self-esteem, whereas youths who mostly view and respond to other's posts (i.e. other-oriented social media use) are exposed to these idealized presentations, while not receiving positive feedback on their own appearance, which may result in reduced self-esteem. Methods Children were interviewed about their social media use at ages 10, 12 and 14 years (n = 725). Appearance self-esteem was captured by the Self Description Questionnaire I and the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents. Results Applying a Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model, we found that increased other-oriented social media use predicted decreased appearance self-esteem from ages 10 to 12 and ages 12 to 14, but only in girls. Self-oriented social media use did not impact appearance self-esteem, and no reverse influence from appearance self-esteem to social media use was revealed. Conclusions Findings suggest that other-oriented, but not self-oriented use, negatively affects appearance self-esteem from childhood to adolescence.

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Skalicka, Vera; Stenseng, Frode; Belsky, Jay; Steinsbekk, Silje & Wichstrøm, Lars (2020). The co-occurrence between symptoms of internet gaming disorder and psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence: prospective relations or common causes? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. ISSN 0021-9630. 61(8), p. 890–898. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13289. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is highlighted as a condition for further study in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM‐5). Some studies indicate that IGD appears comorbid with other psychiatric disorders. We examine concurrent and prospective links between symptoms of IGD and symptoms of common psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence to determine whether observed comorbidity is a result of (a) reciprocal relations or (b) common underlying causes. Methods A community sample (n = 702) of Norwegian children completed the Internet Gaming Disorder Interview (IGDI) to assess DSM‐5 defined IGD symptoms at ages 10, 12 and 14 years. The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) assessed symptoms of depression, anxiety, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) at the same time points. Results A Random Intercept Cross‐lagged Panel Model (RI‐CLPM), which captures pure within‐person changes and adjusts for all unmeasured time‐invariant factors (e.g., genetics, parent education) revealed no associations between IGD symptoms and psychopathology, except that increased IGD symptoms at ages 10 and 12 predicted decreased symptoms of anxiety two years later. Conclusions No support emerged for concurrent or prospective relations between IGD and psychiatric symptoms, except in one case: increased IGD symptoms forecasted reduction in anxiety symptoms. Observed co‐occurrence between IGD symptoms and mental health problems can mainly be attributed to common underlying factors.

• Stenseng, Frode; Hygen, Beate Wold & Wichstrøm, Lars (2019). Time Spent Gaming and Psychiatric Symptoms in Childhood: Cross-Sectional Associations and Longitudinal Effects. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. ISSN 1018-8827. doi: 10.1007/s00787-019-01398-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There is sparse knowledge on how the amount of gaming overlaps with—and is longitudinally related to—psychiatric symptoms of ADHD and emotional problems throughout early and middle childhood. In this prospective study of 791 Norwegian children, we investigated the amount of electronic gaming at ages 6, 8, and 10 while also measuring DSM symptoms of such disorders. Cross-lagged longitudinal analyses showed that more ADHD symptoms at age 8 predicted more gaming at age 10, whereas gaming did not predict more psychiatric symptoms, controlled for gender and socio-economic status. Cross-sectional overlaps between gaming and symptoms were marginal but nonetheless increased with each age level. Hence, time spent gaming did not forecast more psychiatric problems at these ages, but children with more ADHD symptoms were more likely to increase their amount of gaming throughout middle childhood. Results indicate that the sheer amount of gaming is not harmful to children’s mental health, but that poorly regulated children become more attracted to games throughout childhood. Findings are discussed in light of the coexistence of problematic gaming and psychiatric problems reported among adolescents and adults, as well as the potential beneficial psychological outcomes from gaming.

• Skalicka, Vera; Hygen, Beate Wold; Stenseng, Frode; Kårstad, Silja Berg & Wichstrøm, Lars (2019). Screen time and the development of emotion understanding from age 4 to age 8: A community study. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. ISSN 0261-510X. 37(3), p. 427–443. doi: 10.1111/bjdp.12283. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Recent increase in children's screen activities has raised concerns that screen time may replace face‐to‐face interaction, and hence impair children's development of emotion understanding. This longitudinal community study of 960 Norwegian 4‐year‐olds, followed up at ages 6 and 8, examined bidirectional relations between screen use and emotion understanding. Results revealed that more screen time at age 4 predicted lower levels of emotion understanding at age 6. In addition, television in children's bedroom at age 6 forecasted lower levels of emotion understanding at age 8. The effect of TV watching on emotion understanding was gender moderated, with stronger effects of TV watching observed among girls, but no significant effects detected among boys. In contrast, gaming forecasted lower level of emotion understanding in boys, not girls. Results are discussed in the light of the importance of face‐to‐face interaction to preserve the development of social‐emotional competence among young children.

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Belsky, Jay; Stenseng, Frode; Skalicka, Vera; Kvande, Marianne N. & Zahl, Tonje [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Time Spent Gaming and Social Competence in Children: Reciprocal Effects Across Childhood. Child Development. ISSN 0009-3920. p. 1–15. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13243. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

• Hygen, Beate Wold (2025). Å finne tilhørighet er viktig for alle mennesker. [Internet]. Hålogaland teater. Full text in Research Archive
• Klassekampen, Journalist & Hygen, Beate Wold (2025). Flere dropper skolen etter mobbing på sosiale medier. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• NRK, Nyhetsmorgen & Hygen, Beate Wold (2025). Toxic atferd i gaming. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Kårstad, Silja Berg & Hygen, Beate Wold (2024). Barn og mobil: Hvorfor er det så vanskelig? [Internet]. Debatt og podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2024). Toxic atferd i gaming- et problem for alle, men verst for jentene! Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2024). Fortnite- belønningsmekanismer. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2023). Foreldre-barn samspill og gaming. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2023). Gaming: Mye bra, men ett stort faresignal. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2022). Ny forskning hevder at barn som spiller utvikler bedre hukommelse og impulskontroll. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2022). BITFIX-helsetilbud. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2022). Få vet at Stine (35) «gamer». [Journal]. Adressa avisa. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2022). Kjent gamer om jentehets: – Tør nesten ikke snakke om jeg spiller dårlig. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2022). HVordan beholde jenter på gamingarenaen? [Radio]. Medietilsynet Podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2022). Radiogjest ang gaming. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold; Wichstrøm, Lars & Skalicka, Vera (2022). Hvordan påvirker gaming barns fysiske aktivitet? Vi undersøkte 751 barn. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold; Wichstrøm, Lars & Skalicka, Vera (2022). Gutters spillvaner kan si noe om hvor aktive de blir. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2021). Spillforsker og psykolog: Barns spilletid har lite å si. Men dette må du passe på. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2021). #65 Gaming: Myter og fordommer med Stian Blipp og spillforsker Beate Hyge‪n‬ Teknologi og mennesker. [Radio]. Podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2021). Vær nysgjerrig på barnas spilling. [Journal]. Adressa. Full text in Research Archive
• Ask, Kristine; Hygen, Beate Wold; Festøy, Elin & Godager, Gaute (2020). Ungdom, gaming & psykisk helse - Åpent møte med paneldiskusjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Gaming og aldersgrenser. [Radio]. NRK Alltid Nyheter. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Eirik (14) får betalt for husarbeid i virtuelle penger. [Internet]. TV2. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Buf-etat foredragsrekke. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Barn og Gaming- Hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Ungdom og Gaming. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Foreldre må koble seg på- vi gir deg tips til hvordan. [Radio]. Medietilsynest Podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Among us, spillet alle spiller. [Radio]. Dagens, et prigram på NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Ny undersøking – Halvparten av barn og unge spelar dataspel med 18-årsgrense. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Buf-etat foredragsrekke. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Gaming og kjøpepress. [TV]. Dagsrevyen. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Gaming og bruk av penger. [TV]. TV2 Nyhetene. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). NTNU-forskning: Spillavhengige ikke mer utsatt for psykiske vansker. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Derfor må vi bekjempe mytene om gaming. [Journal]. Adressa (Kronikk). Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Barn og gaming. [Radio]. Radio Ålesund. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). At barn spiller ekstremt mye, fører ikke til psykiske problemer. [Internet]. Forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Dataspill gir ikke barn psykiske problemer. [Internet]. Computerworld. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Dataspill står i sterk kontrast til «ut på tur, aldri sur». [Internet]. Medietilsynet. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Forsker på barn og dataspill til Molde: – Gaming er en positiv hobby for mange. [Journal]. RB nett. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Stressede foreldre lar småbarn bruke skjerm oftere. [Internet]. Forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). De som spilte mye dataspill, fikk mindre angst. [Internet]. Ung.forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2020). Barn og gaming er en gjentagende kilde til dårlig samvittighet hos mange foreldre, også hos fosterforeldre. [Journal]. Fjord til Fjord. Full text in Research Archive
• Stenseng, Frode; Falch-Madsen, Jonas & Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Gaming to Escape, or Gaming to Explore? Support for the Two-Dimensional Model of Escapism in a Sample of Dedicated Gamers. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Gaming and social competence. [Radio]. South Africa radio. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Gener og miljø. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Gener og miljø. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Ungdom og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Skalicka, Vera; Hygen, Beate Wold; Stenseng, Frode; Kårstad, Silja Berg & Wichstrøm, Lars (2019). Screen time and the development of emotion understanding. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Barn og gaming- hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Er voldelige dataspill skadelige for barn? [Internet]. Barnevakten.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Forskerpodden: Hva er Fortnite for noen skumle greier? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Unik studie avliver myte om barn og gaming. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Odin satte gaming på Cven og fikk jobb. [Journal]. Dagens Næringsliv. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Dette lærer barn av å spille dataspill. [Internet]. online.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Innsikt: Blir barn mer aggressive av å spille Fortnite? [Internet]. Faktisk.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Forskning: Gaming gjør ikke ungdommer aggressive. [Internet]. Computerworld. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Forskning: Gaming gjør ikke ungdommer aggressive Selv om de spiller voldelige spill. [Internet]. TEK.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Jenter hemmes sosialt av gaming, gutter gjør det ikke. [Internet]. Familieklubben. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Barn og gaming-hvor farlig er det? Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Forskning: Gaming gjør ikke ungdommer aggressive. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold; Skalicka, Vera; Stenseng, Frode; Steinsbekk, Silje & Wichstrøm, Lars (2018). Computer Gaming and Athletic Self-concept - A prospective community study. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold (2018). Radiointervju vedrørende genetiske forutsetninger for kriminalitet. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold; Wendelborg, Christian & Lydersen, Stian (2026). Toxic atferd i gaming – Et problem for alle, men verst for jentene! NTNU Samfunnsforskning. ISSN 9788275708074. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten undersøker ulike typer toxic atferd i gaming og hvordan slik atferd påvirker menn og kvinners selvfølelse og følelser. Undersøkelsen, finansiert av Medietilsynet, belyser følgende hovedproblemstillinger: 1. Hva opplever menn og kvinner av Toxic atferd i gaming, og er det forskjell på hva de opplever? 2. Er det en sammenheng mellom toxic atferd i gaming og følelser? 3. Er det en sammenheng mellom toxic atferd i gaming og selvfølelse? 4. Påvirker toxic atferd i gaming menn og kvinner ulikt? Fremgangsmåte: En intensiv longitudinell undersøkelse ble gjennomført over en periode på 15 dager. Deltagerne besvarte tre ulike spørreskjemaer: et bakgrunnsskjema ved oppstart, et morgenskjema hver morgen i 14 dager, og et kveldsskjema hver kveld i 14 dager. Spørreskjemaene fokuserte på ulike former for toxic atferd, følelser og selvfølelse. Resultater: Både menn og kvinner opplever toxic atferd når de gamer, men kvinner rapporterer en høyere frekvens av de mest alvorlige formene for slik atferd. Undersøkelsen viser også en sammenheng mellom toxic atferd, selvfølelse og følelser. Resultatene indikerer at begge kjønn blir negativt påvirket følelsesmessig etter å ha blitt utsatt for toxic atferd, men effekten er sterkere for kvinner og vedvarer lengre. Til forskjell fra menn, ble kvinners selvfølelse også negativt påvirket av toxic atferd.

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Mordal, Siri & Drågen, Ask Kristian Bergseth (2025). Gaming som verktøy i arbeid med sårbare barn og unge En litteraturgjennomgang og eksempler fra Norge. NTNU Samfunnsforskning. ISSN 9788275707954. Full text in Research Archive
• Wendelborg, Christian; Hygen, Beate Wold; Mordal, Siri; Tangen, Sonia & Buland, Trond Hallgeir (2025). En skolehverdag under press: Jakten på trygghet og tilhørighet. NTNU Samfunnsforskning. ISSN 9788275707763. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten undersøker videregående elevers opplevelse av skolemiljøet, med fokus på trivsel, tilhørighet og skolens målstruktur, samt hvordan skolene jobber for å sikre et trygt og inkluderende miljø. For å belyse disse temaene er det gjennomført en omfattende datainnsamling med både kvalitative og kvantitative metoder, som gir innsikt i elevenes erfaringer og skolens tilnærminger.

• Wendelborg, Christian & Hygen, Beate Wold (2023). Elevundersøkelsen 2022-Analyse av Elevundersøkelsen skoleåret 2022/23. NTNU Samfunnsforskning. ISSN 9788275707305. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten er den årlige hovedrapporten av resultatene fra Elevundersøkelsen. I tillegg til denne hovedrapporten er det tidligere i år levert en rapport som omhandler Mobbing og arbeidsro i skolen. Oppdragsgiver er Utdanningsdirektoratet.

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Hybertsen, Ingunn Dahler; Røe, Melina; Dahl, Thomas; Buland, Trond Hallgeir & Hermstad, Ingrid Holmedahl [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Inkludering og ekskludering i elevers digitale verden : Dypdykk i elevers aktivitet i sosiale medier og gaming og betydning for motivasjon og trivsel på skolen. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet. ISSN 9788275707381. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten presenterer det årlige dypdykket tilknyttet Elevundersøkelsen, og tematikken springer ut fra analysene i hovedrapporten. Tema er inkludering og ekskludering i elevers digitale verden, og vi belyser sammenhengen mellom elevers aktivitet på sosiale medier og i gaming og deres opplevelse av motivasjon og trivsel på skolen. Hensikten er å løfte fram elevstemmen for å øke forståelsen av inkludering og ekskludering i elevenes digitale verden, og hvilken betydning stadig økt aktivitet i sosiale medier og gaming har for skolehverdagen. Vi gjør et dypdykk med både kvalitative og kvantitative data, hvor analyse av intervjuer blir sett i sammenheng med kvantitative analyser av en spørreskjemaundersøkelse som er utviklet for dette formålet. Reanalyser av Ungdata-undersøkelsen fungerer som et bakteppe for vår egen datainnsamling til dypdykket. Oppdragsgiver er Utdanningsdirektoratet

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Øverland, Mari Bore & Wendelborg, Christian (2023). Ulike faktorer assosiert med avhengighetsproblematikk og pengebruk i Fortnite Battle Royale. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet. ISSN 9788275707282. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten presenterer funn fra en undersøkelse om belønningsmekanismer, problematisk spilling og pengebruk i gaming. Undersøkelsen er finansiert av Medietilsynet, og omhandler Fortnite Battle Royale (FBR).

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Wendelborg, Christian & Dahl, Thomas (2022). Foreldreundersøkelsen 2021/22 : Analyse av Foreldreundersøkelsen i skolen høst 21 og vår 22. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet. ISSN 9788275707046. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rapporteringen fra Utdanningsdirektoratets brukerundersøkelser er fordelt på ulike rapporter, som publiseres gjennom året. Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra Foreldreundersøkelsen fra og med 1. trinn til og med 10. trinn.

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Dahl, Thomas & Wendelborg, Christian (2022). Voksenopplæringsundersøkelsen i skolen : Analyse av Voksenopplæringsundersøkelsen i skolen for skoleårene 2017/18 til 2021/22. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet. ISSN 9788275707077. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra Voksenopplæringsundersøkelsen. Den viser resultatene fra de siste årenes undersøkelser, fra og med høsten 2017 til og med våren 2022. Voksenopplæringsundersøkelsen er bygd opp etter samme modell som Elevundersøkelsen og gir informasjon om elever i voksenopplæringens oppfatning av læringsmiljøet ved det skolen. Den har delvis overlappende spørsmål med Elevundersøkelsen. Den er totalt sett mindre omfattende, men har noen flere spørsmål knyttet til valg av videre studier og yrke. Det er frivillig for skolene å gjennomføre undersøkelsen. Utdanningsdirektoratet er oppdragsgiver.

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Wendelborg, Christian & Dahl, Thomas (2022). Lærerundersøkelsen 2021/22 : Analyse av Lærerundersøkelsen i skolen høst 21 og vår 22. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet. ISSN 9788275707053. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rapporteringen fra Utdanningsdirektoratets brukerundersøkelser er fordelt på ulike rapporter, som publiseres gjennom året. Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra Lærerundersøkelsen 2021-2022, basert på dataene samlet inn skoleåret 2021-2022.

• Hygen, Beate Wold & Ulset, Gro (2021). Det er mye trygghet i den telefonen : Bruk av elektronisk kommunikasjon i barneverninstitusjon. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet. ISSN 9788275706612. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten oppsummerer funnene fra prosjektet Bruk av elektronisk kommunikasjon i barneverninstitusjon, som NTNU Samfunnsforskning har gjennomført på oppdrag fra Redd Barna i perioden 2020-2021. Innledningsvis gis en kort beskrivelse av bakgrunnen for undersøkelsen, av ungdommer som bor i institusjon, elektronisk kommunikasjon og rettigheter knyttet til dette, samt mål og problemstillinger. Videre redegjør vi for den metodiske tilnærmingen hvor vi valgte å gjennomføre kvalitative intervjuer med ungdommer og ansatte ved barnevernsinstitusjoner, samt dokumentstudie av utvalgte tilsynsrapporter for å belyse de aktuelle problemstillingene som fremgår i undersøkelsen.

• Wendelborg, Christian; Røe, Melina; Buland, Trond Hallgeir & Hygen, Beate Wold (2019). Elevundersøkelsen 2018 : Analyse av Elevundersøkelsen og Foreldreundersøkelsen. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet. ISSN 9788275705974. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Gjennom Elevundersøkelsen oppfordres elever i Norge til å si sin mening om forhold ved sin skoledag som er viktig for trivsel og læring. Alle elever i grunnskoler og videregående opplæring har i følge kapittel 9 A-2 i opplæringslova «rett til eit trygt og godt skolemiljø som fremjar helse, trivsel og læring». Skoleeiere og skoleledere har gjennom loven omfattende plikter når det gjelder rutiner og tiltak som skal sikre elevene gode og helsefremmende arbeidsforhold. Dette innebærer blant annet at skolene skal dokumentere hvordan de jobber forebyggende og hvordan de evaluerer sitt arbeid med læringsmiljøet.

View all works in NVA