Bård Erlend Solstad

• Bugten, Jesper Barth; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ivarsson, Andreas; Spencer, Matthew; Stenling, Andreas & Haugen, Tommy (2026). Youth Sport Players' Enjoyment in Team Practice Sessions: The Daily Impact of Coaches and Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (JSEP). ISSN 0895-2779. 48(5), p. 315–323. doi: 10.1123/jsep.2025-0306. Full text in Research Archive
• Fletcher, Tim; Hordvik, Mats; Carse, Nicola; Bowles, Richard; Popeska, Biljana & McMillan, Paul [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). Professional learning through the lens of boundary crossing in an international physical education and sport pedagogy project. Sport, Education and Society. ISSN 1357-3322. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2026.2687037. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of this research is to analyse the professional learning experiences of eight physical education and sport pedagogy (PESP) academics involved in an international project focused on supporting how coaches could prioritise meaningful experiences for children aged 6–12 years in youth sport contexts. Project participants partnered with coaches from youth sport clubs to create an accessible resource that volunteer coaches could use. Our focus in this paper is on how the internationalisation of project activities supported our individual and collective learning. Using practitioner inquiry, several forms of self-generated qualitative data were gathered, including focus group discussions and artefacts. Data were analysed deductively using concepts from boundary crossing. Analysis showed that individual and collective learning occurred from interacting at boundaries between: (a) physical education and sport, and (b) geographic, political, social, and cultural contexts. Our learning was facilitated by interacting with others who worked in or occupied spaces outside the boundaries of higher education (especially coaches) and by producing boundary objects (e.g. a coaching resource). Through engaging in reflective processes and analyses of the boundaries of physical education and sport, we learned about important similarities and differences in practices between physical education and sport on the one hand, and norms and values between our own and one another’s cultural contexts on the other. In some instances, these processes led us to reframe our respective priorities and knowledge, resulting in differing perspectives of how some participants identified professionally. This research is significant because it provides needed empirical evidence about the ways that internationalisation of higher education activities in PESP can support individual and collective learning. The outcomes of this research carry implications for how other PESP academics might engage in and study learning that can arise from international activities.

• Ausland, Ådne; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Knight, Camilla J.; Ivarsson, Andreas & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2026). Navigating uncharted territory: a biopsychosocial perspective on coaching female athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. ISSN 1612-197X. doi: 10.1080/1612197x.2026.2701821. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As female athlete participation continues to grow globally, there is a pressing need to develop coaching strategies that address their specific biopsychosocial needs. This study explores the uncharted territory of coaching female athletes within the Norwegian sports context, drawing on the subjective experiences of coaches, retired elite female athletes, and sports federation representatives. Using a qualitative study design, 32 semi-structured interviews were conducted across eight major sports in Norway. Participants included elite coaches (n = 8), recreational coaches (n = 8), retired elite female athletes (n = 8), and sports federation representatives (n = 8). Reflexive thematic analysis generated three primary themes: (1) communication and relationships as sexed foundations of effective coaching, (2) female-specific coaching knowledge and its psychosocial consequences, and (3) systemic conditions of coach education and delivery. Coaches reported challenges in addressing menstrual health, body image, and injury prevention, often due to limited access to practical resources and evidence-based knowledge. Findings also revealed structural barriers within current coach education programmes, including minimal biopsychosocial content and limited organisational support. This study highlights the urgent need for practical, inclusive education that integrates biopsychosocial knowledge to foster more equitable coaching environments, enhancing the long-term well-being, development, and performance of female athletes.

• Ausland, Ådne; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2026). Guided by trust and pushed past the limit: Retired elite female athletes’ narrative accounts of coaching, voices and menstrual health. International journal of sports science & coaching. ISSN 1747-9541. doi: 10.1177/17479541261440230. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Coach-athlete relationships are central to athlete development, health, and performance in elite sport. This study explored how retired elite female athletes retrospectively narrate their coaching experiences, with attention to how these relationships intersected with female-specific health concerns, training autonomy, and psychological support. A biopsychosocial perspective informed the interview design, focusing on how physical, psychological, and social factors coalesce to shape athletes’ experiences. Using a qualitative interview design and thematic narrative analysis, interviews were conducted with eight retired Norwegian elite female athletes. Participants reflected on relational dynamics across their careers, including trust, silence, vulnerability, and how topics such as menstrual health and low-energy availability were addressed or ignored, in their coaching environments. Two narrative trajectories were constructed. The first described relationships characterised by long-term trust, emotional availability, and openness to female-specific concerns, which supported athletes’ willingness to share bodily cues and collaborate on adjustments. The second trajectory depicted more distant and rigid environments, where health-related concerns were overlooked, and athletes gradually learned to withhold concerns, often normalising silence as part of the high-performance culture. Across both trajectories, the narratives highlighted how coaching relationships shape athletes’ sense of safety, autonomy, and capacity to voice physical and psychological needs. The findings suggest that a female-informed relational approach (brief state checks, explicit validation, and proportionate adjustments) may help foster more open dialogue about body-related cues. These insights may support the continued development of coach education programmes that integrate biopsychosocial awareness to create more responsive and sustainable coaching environments for elite female athletes.

• Ausland, Ådne; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ivarsson, Andreas; Melin, Anna; Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Augustsson, Sofia Ryman [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2026). Perceived importance and self-evaluations of female-specific knowledge: current insights into sports coaching of female athletes. Sports Coaching Review. ISSN 2164-0629. p. 1–17. doi: 10.1080/21640629.2026.2659981. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Female athletes encounter biological challenges, such as puberty and hormonal health, embedded within psychosocial coaching environments. Despite their relevance, these topics remain insufficiently integrated into coach education programmes. This study surveyed 779 coaches in Norway and Sweden to examine perceived knowledge versus the importance of female-specific topics through a biopsychosocial perspective. Results revealed a consistent discrepancy: coaches rated these topics as highly important but reported limited knowledge. Latent profile analysis identified three distinct profiles: “High-Performance but Resource-Limited”, “Aware but Underprepared”, and “Confident but Unaware,” with no significant differences based on coach sex or education. Across profiles, coaches reported limited resource access and a strong need for education regarding how these factors impact communication, training, and well-being. These findings indicate persistent gaps in coach preparedness, highlighting the need for context-sensitive education. Integrating biologically grounded content within a biopsychosocial perspective may strengthen coaching practice and thus enhance female athletes´ long-term development.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Hordvik, Mats; Strandbu, Åse & Bentzen, Marte (2026). Forcing, pushing, encouraging, or accepting? Parental dilemmas when teenagers seek to disengage from organised youth sport. Sport, Education and Society. ISSN 1357-3322. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2026.2631037. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Before teenagers decide to disengage from organised youth sport, parents often face multiple dilemmas as they navigate their child’s contemplation of disengagement. This study explores parents’ perceptions of ideals and dilemmas inherent in these disengagement situations. Based on focus group interviews with parents of teenagers transitioning from lower- to upper-secondary school in Norway, we employed an abductive approach, integrating theoretical knowledge to inform our interpretation. Our analysis generated three primary themes: (i) The perceived value of sport, where parents generally viewed sport participation as beneficial for fun, social engagement, and a healthy lifestyle, while also acting as a protective factor against potentially unhealthy behaviours; (ii) Dilemmas in interpreting disengagement situations, as parents struggled to discern temporary challenges from genuine, long-term disinterest in sport; and (iii) Dilemmas in parental responses, as parents balanced respecting autonomy with a sense of responsibility to encourage continued engagement, believing in long-term benefits. The data from this study suggest that the parents in this sample navigated disengagement through a distinct two-step process: First, they sought to communicate and collaborate with their children to understand their perspective. Second, they utilised strategies based on that understanding to facilitate continued engagement. These insights illustrate a specific mode of parental involvement and serve as a foundation for future research to examine how these strategies might differ or adapt across diverse socio-economic contexts and more complex disengagement scenarios.

• Augustsson, Sofia Ryman; Linner, Susanne; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ausland, Ådne; Bjärsholm, Daniel & Ivarsson, Andreas [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2026). Development of the FIDES Athlete Development Program ‘girls are not small boys’: a digital educational intervention. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. 12(1), p. 003163–003163. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2025-003163. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: To develop a sustainable and accessible educational programme on biopsychosocial female-specific topics, for young female athletes in organised sport, their parents and coaches for future testing and evaluation in a full-scale intervention study. Methods: A digital educational programme, along with its methodology, was developed in four steps: First, content validity of female-specific topics was identified through (a) literature reviews by an interdisciplinary research team and (b) an online survey of 1323 female athletes (aged 16–24 years) assessing perceived knowledge and knowledge needs regarding biopsychosocial topics. Second, film scripts based on identified topics were written, internally reviewed and evaluated by a pilot group of six 13–16-year-old female athletes. Third, online surveys assessing main and secondary outcomes were developed and tested in the pilot group. Finally, digital format and production were developed collaboratively with a film scholar and film technicians. Results: The intervention development yielded 12 videos of 5–7 min, featuring sports science researchers and female elite athletes sharing their perspectives on biopsychosocial topics specific to women. The protocol development produced a quasi-experimental, modified staircase cluster trial design, including bi-weekly assessment of main (ie, well-being and sporting experiences) and secondary outcomes (eg, perceived support) at baseline, pre-, post-intervention and post-post follow-up. Conclusion: This study outlines the development of a digital educational intervention for young female athletes, their parents and coaches, emphasising that interdisciplinary collaboration and user engagement are key to identifying intervention components and relevant outcomes.

• Bugten, Jesper Barth; Haugen, Tommy; Ivarsson, Andreas; Knight, Camilla J.; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Spencer, Matthew [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). Daily measures of sport enjoyment, social interaction, and attendance among female adolescent handball players. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 79. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102852. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study investigates how sport enjoyment and the immediate impact of social interactions with peers and coaches influence short-term sport participation among early adolescent female handball players. By using a diary study approach, data from 27 players over 10 practices in 4 weeks (270 measurement points) were collected. The findings revealed that coach controlling use of rewards during practice increased the risk of non-attendance at the subsequent practices, while peer relatedness support after practice increased attendance probability. Contrarily, peer intra-team conflict, coach negative conditional regard, and sport enjoyment did not predict attendance, suggesting that peer relatedness support and coach controlling use of rewards are more influential in short-term participation decisions for this group of players. Sport enjoyment during practice, as well as peer relatedness support during and after practice, predicted sport enjoyment the following practice. These results highlight the importance of feedback timing and interaction quality in youth sports. Further exploration is proposed on these dynamics across a wider range of demographics, and longer time periods to understand the impact of short- and long-term sport participation.

• Tingelstad, Lars; Raastad, Truls; Myklebust, Grethe; Andersen, Thor Einar; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Bugten, Jesper Barth [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). Age and Sex Differences in Physical Performance Among Adolescent Team Sport Athletes. European Journal of Sport Science (EJSS). ISSN 1746-1391. 25(5). doi: 10.1002/ejsc.12284. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The study aimed to explore the differences in physical performance characteristics across various age groups (U14, U16, and U18) and sexes in adolescent team sport athletes. 473 adolescent Norwegian football and handball players were recruited for anthropometrical and physical performance testing. Performance improved with age in both boys and girls, showing significant differences between age categories. Across all tests, boys outperformed girls, and the sex difference doubled from U14 to U16, such as −5.1% to −10.3% for 30 m sprint, −5.6% to −9.8% for change of direction (CoD), 11% to 21% for countermovement jump (CMJ), and from 5% to 16% for relative strength. No further increase in differences between sexes was observed in the U18 age group. All age groups showed substantial intragroup variability in physical performance tests and anthropometric measures. The main findings from the study were increased sex differences from U14 to U16, but no further increase in sex difference from U16 to U18s as well as considerable individual variation in performance. Girls, maturing earlier than boys and showing less physical performance development, may benefit from earlier introduction to strength training to boost their physical development. Moreover, the considerable individual variation underscores the need for tailored individualized programs.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Fahrenholtz, Ida; Melin, Anna; Garthe, Ina & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Participant evaluations of the FUEL intervention designed for female endurance athletes at risk of REDs: A mixed methods approach. Sports Psychiatry. 4(2). doi: 10.1024/2674-0052/a000107. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Based on a mixed methods design, we investigated the experiences and evaluations of female endurance athletes at risk of REDs who participated in the FUEL intervention programme. Methods: Eighty-two percent of the FUEL participants filled out an evaluation questionnaire, and ten participated in a semi-structured interview. The quantitative data were analysed using a Bayesian Mann-Whitney test, while a critical realist approach was used to analyse the qualitative data. Results: The overall satisfaction rate (from 1 to 10) was 9.1 ± 1.1, with weak evidence for a higher satisfaction level among the FUELcombined (16 digital lectures and 8 individual consultations) compared to FUELlectures (16 digital lectures) participants (9.3 ± 0.9 versus 8.0 ± 1.5, BF10=1.00). Most of the participants found the duration and frequency of the consultations appropriate and did not find the digital format limiting. These results were supported by the qualitative findings showing that the participants expressed educative and motivating experiences. They also appreciated the 16-week intervention duration providing the opportunity to absorb new knowledge, implement it in their daily routines, become more body conscious, and reflect on their new positive bodily experiences. Conclusion: The participants in this multicenter study were satisfied with the FUEL intervention expressing their intentions to recommend it to other athletes and their entourage. They also highlighted the time given to acquire new knowledge, being able to reflect on their positive bodily experiences, and positively change their mindsets. Our findings may be of value for future studies developing highly needed sports nutrition interventions for the prevention of REDs at all levels.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Sersland, Andreas; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Knight, Camilla J.; Ivarsson, Andreas & Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). The Association Between Psychosocial Factors and Reported Injuries Among Youth Grassroot Soccer Players. European Journal of Sport Science (EJSS). ISSN 1746-1391. 25(6). doi: 10.1002/ejsc.12314. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Regular participation in grassroot sports may benefit adolescents by developing movement skills, fostering peer relationships, and cultivating positive attitudes and behaviors. However, increased volume and intensity of sport participation raise the risk of injuries, which may lead adolescents to quit sport. Hence, sport injuries are a public health concern, yet knowledge about injury prevalence in grassroot settings remains limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate: (a) the prevalence of injury in youth grassroot football players and (b) the relationships between prevalence of injury and potential risk factors; namely, sex, age group, social support, coach and peer autonomy support, and training load. Adolescents (n = 568; M age = 15.7 years; and SD = 1.4) playing for U14–U19 teams in Agder County in Norway provided information pertaining to their participation in grassroot football. Although no differences in the prevalence of injuries or substantial injuries were found between sex and age groups, the results indicated differences in injury anatomical areas based on sex and age. Moreover, the results revealed that a higher injury prevalence was associated with a combination of lower levels of peer autonomy support, higher weekly accumulated total football activity, and being female. For substantial injuries, the combination of higher amounts of match time or being a player who perceived lower levels of coach autonomy support in the group accumulating least match time was associated with a higher injury prevalence. Our results showed a surprisingly high prevalence of injury in youth grassroot football, highlighting the need for future intervention studies.

• Radovan, Felicia; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Kjær, Jørgen; Melin, Anna; Ausland, Ådne & Bjärsholm, Daniel [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2025). Female athletes' knowledge of biopsychosocial puberty-related topics in sports. What is missing? Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 7. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1596418. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Puberty has been identified as one of the main contributing factors for girls dropping out of sports during adolescence. Knowledge and social support can, however, help athletes navigate the biopsychosocial (BPS) puberty-related changes associated with this period. Yet, research on female athletes' knowledge about BPS puberty-related topics is lacking. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to examine female athletes' perceived knowledge and knowledge needs of BPS puberty-related topics during adolescence, explore interconnections across BPS domains, and investigate differences between athletes in team and individual sports.Method: A total of 1,323 Swedish and Norwegian female athletes (M age 18.7 ± 2.3 years, range 16–24) from ten sport disciplines [n = 657 (49.7%) team sport athletes; n = 656 (49.6%) individual sport athletes] completed an online survey in 2024 on perceived knowledge and knowledge needs regarding BPS puberty-related topics during adolescence.Results: Findings revealed low perceived knowledge and high knowledge needs among female athletes. A Mann–Whitney U test revealed higher perceived knowledge among team sport athletes regarding individual differences, social cohesion, social comparison, acceptance within the group, and recovery, compared to individual sport athletes. Additionally, team sport athletes reported higher knowledge needs regarding social comparisons, sports nutrition and recovery, while individual sport athletes reported higher knowledge needs regarding changes in sex hormones, individual differences, and changes in body composition. A network analysis identified clusters of biological, psychosocial, and behavioral topics in perceived knowledge and knowledge needs, indicating that knowledge is concentrated within domains.Discussion: The findings highlight gaps in knowledge among female athletes regarding BPS puberty-related topics across various sporting contexts. The results also underscore the urgent need for holistic and interdisciplinary educational programs addressing these knowledge gaps in the sporting context of female athletes.

• Ommundsen, Yngvar; Ivarsson, Andreas; Wold, Bente; Gjesdal, Siv & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). The relationship between young football players’ psychological health resources and the psychological quality of their football experiences: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE. 19(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305978. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Studies taking a person-centred statistical approach when examining young peoples` psychological experiences in sport is scarce. The main aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between young football players’ psychological health resources and the psychological quality of their football-specific experiences. Data for this cross-sectional study was collected as part of the [BLINDED] arm of the larger Promoting Adolescence Physical Activity (PAPA) multi-centre project [1]. The sample consisted of young [BLINDED] male (n = 814), female (n = 576), grassroots football players between the ages of 10 and 15 years (M = 12.5 years, SD = 1.1 years). We performed a latent profile analysis using Mplus 8.4 using a robust maximum likelihood estimator (MLR). Players with the most resourceful psychological health profile experienced more coach social support (mean = 4.38) than did those with a less well-off resourceful profile (mean = 3.79) and those with the least well-off profile (mean = 3.28). Players with the most resourceful profile also felt a stronger sense of unity among their teammates and they enjoyed football more than those least well off (mean = 4.43 vrs. mean = 3.12 and mean = 4.74 vrs 3.50. respectively). Parallel between-profile differences were also found for the players’ general health resources including perceived life satisfaction, general health and family affluence as covariates. Findings suggest that variations in young players’ psychological health profiles and their general health resources play a role in the quality of their football-specific psychological experiences.

• Furre, Runar; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Knight, Camilla J.; Mosewich, A.D. & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). A longitudinal interpretative phenomenological analysis study of athletes' lived experiences in elite disc golf competitions. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 34(1). doi: 10.1111/sms.14556. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Gaining the inside perspective of an elite athlete throughout the competitive season provides a unique approach to understand the lived experience during multiple competitive events. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how elite disc golf athletes perceive and interpret their experiences of performing during various training and competitive events over the course of an elite disc golf season. Two elite disc golf athletes, one man and one woman, were recruited using homogeneous purposive sampling. The participants were interviewed three times and observed during three competitive events, as well as before and after a training session. A longitudinal interpretative phenomenological analysis (LIPA) was adopted to capture temporal and dynamic changes of the participants' lived experiences. The findings illustrated the athletes' personal experiences of performing during competitive disc golf events, with both athletes' experiences of competition changing during the season. Their competitive experiences appear to relate to the meaning disc golf has for the athletes, which in this study had both an experiential and existential level of meaning over time. Such a finding illustrates the importance of honoring athletes' unique experiences in making sense of their performances during an elite disc golf season. Taking the time to understand athletes' perceptions of their personal experiences appear important in attempting to understand their sense-making of their hot cognition before, during, and after competitions.

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Wendelborg, Christian; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Stenseng, Frode; Øverland, Mari Bore & Skalicka, Vera (2024). Gaming motivation and well-being among Norwegian adult gamers: the role of gender and disability. Frontiers in Medical Technology. 6. doi: 10.3389/fmedt.2024.1330926. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Digital gaming is a popular and often social activity, also among adults. However, we need more knowledge of the social dynamics of gaming and its potential benefits for one's well-being. The current study aimed to examine gaming motivation, time spent gaming, and gaming performed together with friends, family, or romantic partner and how these aspects relate to expanded social network and well-being among men and women with and without disability. Methods: Regular players of the popular game Fortnite Battle Royale (FBR; N = 278, 48.5% women, Mage = 32.38) completed an online questionnaire assessing their motivations for playing FBR (social motivation, achievement motivation, novelty motivation), time spent gaming, whom they usually play with, their psychological well-being, and FBR's impact on their life and social network. Differentiated statistical analyses on gender and disability were performed. Results and discussion: The results showed that time spent gaming and social motivation to play were associated with larger social networks for all participants (strongest for women). More time spent gaming FBR was also associated with a positive impact on life for those with a disability. Social motivation to play was positively associated with a positive impact on life for men and those without a disability and increased well-being for women. Novelty motivation, which concerns experiencing new features in the game, was associated with a positive impact on life for women and with a decrease in well-being for those with a disability. This study demonstrated that gaming can be an essential social arena associated with positive outcomes for men, women and disabled people, who—when socially motivated—may expand their social networks through gaming.

• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Augustsson, Sofia Ryman; Ausland, Ådne; Bjärsholm, Daniel & Kjær, Jørgen Bagger [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). FIDES Athlete Development Programme: project background and study protocol of an embedded multiple case study. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. 10(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001898. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Most sports science research revolves around male subjects. As a result, most of the knowledge and practices within sports are male-centric. Failing to take the biological, psychological and social (biopsychosocial) particularities of females into account is believed to hinder optimal sports participation, development and performance, with potential negative effects on the health and well-being of females. To close the knowledge gap and alleviate these issues, we aim to develop and evaluate a 12-video educational intervention that addresses female-specific subject matter: the FIDES Athlete Development Programme. The study is designed as an embedded multiple case study where at least 1320 Swedish female athletes aged 13–16 will participate, in addition to their parents and their coaches. The girls will be recruited through their sports clubs, with half being exposed to the FIDES Athlete Development Programme and the other half serving as control cases. The primary outcomes are well-being and sporting experience. To further increase our understanding of the intervention and its implications, interviews and focus group interviews with a reference group of girls and focus group interviews with a randomly selected subsample of coaches and parents will also be performed. The project is approved by the Swedish ethics committee (number: 2023-05264-01) and will be carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results from the project will be published open access in peer-reviewed journals, at national and international conferences, in mass media, and a PhD thesis. The anonymised data will be made openly available in a data repository.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald; Hordvik, Mats Melvold & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2023). “Fake it or hide it till you make it”: A thematic analysis of hiding techniques in physical education among students in secondary school. European Physical Education Review. ISSN 1356-336X. doi: 10.1177/1356336X231198824. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Some students find engaging in physical education (PE) problematic or undesirable to the extent that it makes them adopt strategies to avoid taking part, also known as hiding techniques. There is a need to get a deeper understanding of hiding techniques as a behavioral strategy in PE, especially the underlying causes as to why students choose to engage in them. Hence, the purpose of the current study was two-fold: (a) to investigate the situations and activities in which students engage in hiding techniques in PE and (b) to elucidate students’ motives for engaging in these hiding techniques. 10 Norwegian ninth-grade students (six girls and four boys, all aged 14 years) participated in in-depth interviews using vignettes. Reflexive thematic analysis of the data revealed that hiding techniques can be characterized into active and passive hiding techniques. Active hiding techniques were divided into: “avoiding the ball,” “reducing effort,” and “social dizziness.” Passive hiding techniques were divided into: “forgetting gym clothing,” “faking soreness,” and “warming the bench.” Furthermore, the use of different hiding techniques was found to be situationally related and activity specific. The findings also revealed the following motives for using hiding techniques: low perceived competence, fear of failure, too high expectations, and exposure of perceived low athletic skills. The findings of the current study allow us to reflect on possible ways to organize PE to prevent the use of hiding techniques.

• Gredin, N. Viktor; Kryger, Katrine Okholm; McCall, Alan; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Massey, Andrew [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Psychology research in women’s soccer: a scoping review. Science and medicine in football. ISSN 2473-3938. doi: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2285962. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Previous research suggests that psychological factors play an important role in trying to explain and predict the participation, performance, and health of player and practitioners in soccer. However, most previous works have focused on specific research questions and included samples from male populations. As part of a larger Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) project aiming to steer women’s soccer research, our purpose with this scoping review was to give an overview of the current state of psychology-related research within women’s soccer. We searched five electronic databases up to April 2023, from which 280 original peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. Included records were inductively coded into 75 specific research topics and nine broader research categories. Population characteristics within each topic and category, and overall publication trends, were identified. The results revealed a growth in research attention, with notable increases in publication rates around the international competitions years, over the last two decades. While a notable number of abstracts did not report sufficient details about population age and/or playing levels, senior elite players were identified as the most common population studied. Most studies examined several topics from different research categories, with research focusing on emotions, moods and/or environmental factors, and the specific the topics of anxiety, stress, and coach behavior, receiving most research attention. Our study provides an informative mapping of all psychology-related research activity within women’s soccer, which will enhance researchers’ understanding of the current quantity of literature within this complex, heterogeneous, and growing area of research.

• Sølvberg, Nina; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Mountjoy, Margo; Rosenvinge, Jan Harald & Pettersen, Gunn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Risk factors for sexual harassment and abuse victimization among adolescent athletes and non-athletes: A one-year follow-up study. International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect. ISSN 0145-2134. 147. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106592. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The association between SHA and negative mental health increases the need to understand risk factors for SHA victimization, which is important for future development of prevention programs. Objective: To examine which combinations of demographic- and mental health factors were associated with subsequent SHA victimization, and the prevalence of elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students who experienced sexual revictimization. Participants and setting: Norwegian elite athletes and recreational athletes attending sport high schools, and reference students attending non-sport high schools (mean age: 17.1 years) were eligible for participation. Methods: The participants answered an online questionnaire at two measurement points one year apart, T1 and T2 (n = 1139, 51.1 % girls). After testing for measurement invariance, data were analyzed with Classification and Regression Tree analysis (CRT) using demographic- and mental health variables from T1 as independent variables, and SHA at T2 as outcome. Results: The combination of being a girl with high level of symptoms of eating disorders and other psychological symptoms was associated with subsequent reporting of SHA. Among the students with lifetime experience of SHA at T1 (n = 533, 58.3 %), 49.5 % reported revictimization at T2 (60.9 % girls, 32.2 % boys, p ≤ .001). The prevalence of SHA revictimization was lower among elite athletes (44.3 %) compared with recreational athletes (49.1 %) and reference students (59.4 %, p = .019). Conclusion: The combination of female gender and mental health symptoms are risk factors for subsequent SHA victimization. These findings, and the high prevalence of SHA revictimization is important knowledge for developing preventive programs targeting elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Nordnes, Eileen Sunde & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2023). ‘Busy as a bee’: a qualitative dual analysis of life fulfillment among Norwegian competitive recreational athlete mothers in endurance sports. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. ISSN 2159-676X. doi: 10.1080/2159676X.2023.2243969. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of the present study was to explore the experiences of meaning-making relating to psychological well-being (PWB) among Norwegian competitive recreational athlete mothers while training for and competing in different endurance sports. The participants were six Norwegian women in the age range of 35–46 (Mage = 39.17) years; all were university college graduates in full-time employment who had at least one child (under 18 years of age) and trained for an average of 10 hours per week. The data collection method was semi-structured interviews and a qualitative dual analysis combining thematic analysis (TA) and interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used. This decision was made for obtaining a complex, multi-layered description in both breadth and depth of competitive recreational athlete mothers’ sport experiences. TA resulted in creation of four themes: (a) motivation; (b) sportswoman; (c) body and health; and (d) PWB. The analysis revealed how PWB explained through life fulfillment was pre-eminent in the participants’ sport experiences. The IPA of the meaning-making relating to the life fulfillment theme displayed the importance of a) My game and no shame, b) Solution-focused and adaptable, and c) A sporting life is a fulfilling life. The dual analysis enabled us to unpack different possible meanings of the different PWB components that seem to play an important role in the lifeworld of Norwegian competitive recreational athlete mothers. Future research should continue to make use of various qualitative analytic approaches to investigate key psychosocial aspects of competitive recreational athlete mothers’ sport experiences.

• Haraldsen, Heidi Marian; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Fredriksen, Danielle C.; Gustafsson, Henrik; Nordin-Bates, Sanna M. & Knight, Camilla J. (2023). An exploration of reciprocity among teacher and students in female pre-professional ballet education: a shared reality theory perspective. Frontiers in Education. 8. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2023.1148922. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of the present study was to explore perceptions of shared reality in teacher-student partnerships in ballet, and how these perceptions were related to experiences of quality in the relationship and well-being. A longitudinal qualitative study design was adopted, with three female ballet students and their teacher participating in three semi-structured interviews each over an eight-month period. Data were analyzed using a combination of thematic and narrative analysis. Findings indicated that across the teacher-student relationships there were perceptions of a shared reality only on the professional and distanced level and not on a relational and personal level. This was achieved by a common experience of what matters in the world of ballet education as well as students finding their teacher as trustworthy. Furthermore, it appeared that the authoritarian apprenticeship culture in ballet, where the teachers give clear instructions and feedback, and where the student role is to listen and adapt to the teacher’s instructions, was a barrier to fully achieving a shared reality on a personal and deeper level. In turn, this influenced the quality of the relationship and the wellbeing of both teacher and students. The present study offers critical reflections on the cultural backdrop of teaching and learning in ballet and highlights the importance of teachers to facilitate a supportive, unconditional, and trustworthy relationship so that they can work together in a more productive manner.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Søvik, Margaret Ljosnes; Larsen, Torill Marie Bogsnes & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2022). A coach education initiative in the context of Norwegian grassroots football : implementation and lessons learned. In Leeder, Thomas M. (Eds.), Coach Education in Football : Contemporary Issues and Global Perspectives. Routledge. ISSN 9780367709792. p. 181–192. doi: 10.4324/9781003148784-20. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rates of organised grassroots football participation in Norway exceed those of other European countries with 44% of all children registered in the Norwegian Football Federation (NFF). The guidelines found in Children's Rights in Sports – The Provisions on Children's Sports (NIF, Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, 2015) help organise and implement principles for running sport clubs nationally. According to these guidelines, children's psychosocial functioning and equal opportunity to participate and compete have priority. NFF has recently placed great emphasis on the education of grassroots coaches, but the primary focus is often on football-specific technical and tactical skills. This seems troublesome given that young players are met with an increasing performance focus, resulting in low quality of motivation, psychological ill-being, and sport attrition. Hence, there is a need to re-focus education programmes for grassroots coaches. Building upon theoretical approaches to implementation research, the chapter describes and discusses empirical evidence dealing with implementation and evaluation of a coach education initiative among Norwegian grassroots coaches. The aim was to increase coaches’ ability to strengthen the quality of motivation and the psychosocial functioning among young football players. We end the chapter by describing the lessons learned from the implementation phase.

• Halvari, Anne Elisabeth M.; Ivarsson, Andreas; Halvari, Halgeir; Dahl, Kari Elisabeth; Olafsen, Anja Hagen & Solstad, Bård Erlend [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Dental hygienists’ biopsychosocial beliefs and giving autonomy support in treatment of patients: A self-determination theory perspective. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. ISSN 1601-5029. 20(2), p. 193–202. doi: 10.1111/idh.12584. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives Self-determination theory posits that managers’ autonomy-supportive behaviour and employees’ autonomy causality orientation are motivation constructs to explain internalization of values, functioning and wellness at work. Hypothesis 1 tested whether profiles comprising perceived dental clinic managers’ autonomy-supportive, as opposed to their controlling interpersonal style, and dental hygienists’ autonomy, as opposed to their control and impersonal, causality orientations at baseline, would be positively related to dental hygienists’ biopsychosocial (BPS) beliefs and giving autonomy support in treatment of patients after 18 months. Hypothesis 2 tested whether dental hygienists’ BPS beliefs in treatment of patients will be positively associated with their autonomy-supportive behaviour given to patients after 18 months. Material and methods A prospective cohort design with 299 (Mage = 42.71; SDage = 12.62) dental hygienists completed an online survey at baseline and after 18 months. Results Latent profile and correlational analyses supported the hypotheses. Effect sizes were moderate to large. Conclusions Both perceived managerial styles and dental hygienists’ causality orientations are important for dental hygienists’ BPS beliefs and autonomy-supportive behaviours when working with dental patients.

• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Bere, Elling Tufte & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2022). Towards More Sustainable Sports: Analyzing the Travel Behavior of Adolescent Soccer Players in Southern Norway. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 19(15), p. 1–7. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159373. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Mitigating climate change is a global challenge demanding effort from all sectors, and sports are no exception. While transportation is one of the key issues regarding sustainable sports, the methods by which children and adolescents get to practice have not received much attention. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to present how adolescents in Southern Norway travel to soccer practice and assess how the mode of transportation is related to sex, socioeconomic status, age, ethnicity, and distance from home to practice. Cross-sectional data were collected from 558 adolescent soccer players (398 boys and 190 girls) representing 30 different clubs from settlements of varying rurality. While most of the participants lived within cycling distance from the field of practice, the majority opted for passive modes of transportation (55% passive vs. 45% active). A logistic regression analysis found that traveling distance and age were associated with active transportation habits, while sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status were not. Further research is needed to examine the main barriers to active travel for this already active population, as active transport represents an opportunity for sports to become more sustainable.

• Gredin, N. Viktor; Back, Jenny; Johnson, Urban; Svedberg, Petra; Stenling, Andreas & Solstad, Bård Erlend [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Exploring psychosocial risk factors for dropout in adolescent female soccer. Science and medicine in football. ISSN 2473-3938. 6(5), p. 668–674. doi: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2088843. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives We examined the manner in which age, participation in other sports, socioeconomic status, perceived sport competence, achievement goal orientations, and perceived motivational climate may interact to predict the risk of dropout among adolescent female soccer players. Methods Self-reported data from 519 female soccer players between 10 and 19 years of age (M = 13.41, SD = 1.77) were analysed using a person-centred approach to uncover the interactions among risk factors and their relative predictability of dropout. Results Perceived motivational climate was identified as the main predictor, where relatively lower levels of mastery climate were associated with a higher dropout tendency (absolute risk reduction [ARR] = 12.2% ±6.1% [95% CL]). If combined with relatively lower levels of mastery climate, then relatively lower levels of perceived sport competence were related to higher dropout risks (ARR = 16.5% ±9.5%), whereas, in combination with relatively higher levels of mastery climate, then relatively lower levels of ego-orientated achievement goals were associated with higher dropout rates (ARR = 10.8% ±12.6%) Conclusions Our findings afford novel insights into the interactions between, and the relative importance of, various risk factors for dropout in adolescent female soccer. This knowledge may be useful for soccer associations, clubs, and coaches when developing guidelines and strategies that aim to foster young females’ sustained participation in organised soccer.

• Back, Jenny; Stenling, Andreas; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Svedberg, Petra; Johnson, Urban & Ntoumanis, Nikos [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Psychosocial Predictors of Drop-Out from Organised Sport: A Prospective Study in Adolescent Soccer. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 19(24), p. 1–11. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416585. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In recent years an increased drop-out rate in adolescents’ soccer participation has been observed. Given the potentially adverse consequences of drop-out from soccer, more information about risk factors for drop-out is warranted. In the current study, Classification and Regression Tree (CRT) analysis was used to investigate demographic and motivational factors associated with an increased risk of drop-out from adolescent soccer. The results of this study indicate that older age, experiencing less autonomy support from the coach, less intrinsic motivation, being female, and lower socioeconomic status are factors associated with an increased risk of drop-out. An interpretation of the results of this study is that coaches play a central part in creating a sports context that facilitates motivation and continued soccer participation. Based on the findings of the current study we propose that soccer clubs implement theoretically informed coach education programs to help coaches adopt autonomy-supportive coaching strategies.

• Haraldsen, Heidi Marian; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Halvari, Halgeir (2021). Narrative Tensions in Strained Junior Elite Performers' Experiences of Becoming Elite Performers. Frontiers in Psychology. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645098. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Contextualized within narrative theory and the field of talent identification and development systems (TIDS), this interview study examined strained junior elite performers’ experiences of becoming elite performers while participating in prestigious national TIDS. The study explored how junior elite performers perceive and negotiate their personal narratives of becoming within a cultural master narrative of being. The focus is on how the quality of person-environment interaction, characterized by narrative alignment or tensions, relates to perceptions of identity, agency, physical, and mental health. We purposefully recruited eight participants (Mage = 17.31, SD = 0.90) from a previously published study, who reported experiencing sub-optimal psychological functioning compared with their peers, to explore narrative tensions in their storylines. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and examined using narrative analysis. We identified “the performance narrative” as the dominating cultural narrative within the TIDS and three distinct personal narratives of negotiation with unique characteristics: obsessive and externally driven alignment—‘Striving to stay at the top of the game’; tensions—‘Just hanging in there’; and disruption from alignment—‘When the going gets tough’. The results indicated that tensions and lack of alignment between the dominating cultural narrative and the individual narrative seem to increase the risk of experiencing identity challenges, sub-optimal functioning, and aspects of ill-being. The study offers critical reflections on the dominating performance narrative within TIDS, and additionally suggests an alternative athlete-centered and more holistic approach that combines both personal and performance development.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Granerud, Morten; Haraldsen, Heidi Marian; Gustafsson, Henrik & Knight, Camilla J. (2021). An exploration of reciprocity between female athletes and their coach in elite junior swimming: a shared reality theory perspective. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. ISSN 2159-676X. doi: 10.1080/2159676X.2021.1941211. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Based on the proposition that the relationship between a coach and athlete is at its best when both parties contribute to enhancing its quality, the present study sought to investigate if Shared Reality Theory could provide new insights on the topic. Specifically, the purpose of the present study was to explore: (a) how a shared reality is established, or fails to be established, over the course of the sporting partnership between athletes and their coach; and (b) how the presence of a shared reality (or not) in the coach-athlete relationship is related to the experienced quality of the relationship between athletes and their coach, as recorded over time. Narrative inquiry, embedded within a longitudinal qualitative approach, was adopted. Six female elite junior swimmers and their head coach completing three interviews each over a 9-month period. Data were analysed using narrative thematic analysis, leading to the development of two narratives: A prevention-oriented narrative and a promotion-oriented narrative. Overall, the findings suggests that athletes who experience a shared reality with their coach are more motivated and report a higher sense of psychological well-being. To establish the experience of a shared reality, reciprocal and honest communication motivated by trust in the other is needed. Due to power imbalance, it is deemed important for coaches to be supportive and trustworthy to encourage athletes to communicate with them, so the coach and his/her athletes can work together in a synergistic manner.

• Halvari, Anne E.M.; Ivarsson, Andreas; Halvari, Hallgeir; Olafsen, Anja H.; Solstad, Bård & Niemiec, Christopher P. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). A prospective study of knowledge sharing at work based on self-determination theory. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 6(1), p. 1–14. doi: 10.16993/sjwop.140. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Knowledge sharing involves the provision or receipt of information, know-how, best practices, lessons learned, and/or feedback about a task, product, and/or procedure in order to develop new skills and competencies at work which can improve individual, group, and/or organizational performances. Based on self-determination theory, the study partners hypothesized that people with more self-determined latent profiles will report more knowledge sharing at work over 18 months than people with less self-determined latent profiles. Participants were 299 dental hygienists who completed a national online survey at baseline and at 18 months. Results of a Latent Profile Analysis revealed that dental hygienists with the most self-determined profile (Profile 2) reported a higher level of knowledge sharing at work at 18 months than dental hygienists in: Profile 1, “the controlled profile,” characterized by perceptions of managerial control and relatively high levels of the control orientation—moderate effect size; Profile 3, “the helpless profile,” characterized by the impersonal orientation and an absence of the autonomy orientation—large effect size; and Profile 4, “the mixed profile,” characterized by both the highest levels of fear of failure and control orientation but also by high levels of autonomy orientation and perceived managerial autonomy support—moderate effect size. Applied implications, particularly around ways to maximize managerial autonomy support and minimize managerial control to promote well-being and performance and reduce ill-being and non-effective functioning, are discussed.

• Bentzen, Marte; Hordvik, Mats; Stenersen, Magne Hem & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). A longitudinal transitional perspective on why adolescents choose to quit organized sport in Norway. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 56, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present study used a prospective cohort design to explore the reasons why young athletes decided to quit playing handball. The theoretical underpinnings were drawn from the fields of career transition, motivation, and meaningful experiences in organized youth sport. Thirty-four athletes were included in a larger research project exploring the complex interplay of psychosocial factors during the transition period from lower-to upper-secondary school in Norway. In this study, the data collection involved three sources: individual interviews with the 10 athletes who decided to leave their teams during the study period (five girls and five boys), and individual open-ended questionnaires for these 10 participants collected five times over two seasons, aligned with their participation in focus group interviews. The data analysis involved a three-step process of inductive content analysis of the total corpus of the data. A core finding indicates that all adolescents had gone through a decision-making process over time to determine whether they should continue or quit. It was a process of accumulating reasons that resulted in the final decision. However, the results reveal a broad variation within individual perception and interpretation of what each adolescent experienced as meaningful. Of equal importance, the adolescents not only took their experiences in sport into account when considering quitting organized youth sport, but these were considered in light of their evaluation of meaningfulness in other areas of life. Overall, findings indicate that “dropping out of organized youth sport” should not be regarded as unambiguously negative.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Stenling, Andreas; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Wold, Bente; Heuzé, Jean-Philippe & Sarrazin, Philippe [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2020). Initial psychometric testing of the coach-adapted version of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire: A Bayesian approach. Journal of Sports Sciences. ISSN 0264-0414. 38(6), p. 626–643. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1722575. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present study examined the psychometric properties of the coach-adapted version of the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ) using Bayesian structural equation modelling (BSEM). The sample included 780 (Mage = 36.4; SD = 10.8; males n = 698; females n = 54; 28 participants did not report sex) youth sport coaches representing five European countries (i.e., England, France, Greece, Norway, and Spain). The results did not support a 34-item five-factor, hierarchical, a two-factor BSEM, or a bifactor BSEM model across the participating countries. However, the results supported a reduced 19-item first-order, two-factor BSEM model that largely showed approximate metric invariance, but not approximate scalar invariance across the five countries. The pool of items constituting empowering and disempowering motivational climates should be refined to further enhance the empirical operationalisation of the coach-adapted version of the EDMCQ. Advancing the quality of translation-back-translation procedures across cultures and conducting multi-national pilot testing seems warranted as well. These recommendations may help to identify the distinctive aspects of each underlying sub-dimension of the EDMCQ, where coaches are the respondents, and pave the way for further examination of the proposed hierarchical multidimensional factor structure and the cross-cultural equivalence of the EDMCQ for this population.

• Haraldsen, Heidi M.; Ivarsson, Andreas; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik & Halvari, Hallgeir (2020). Composites of perfectionism and inauthenticity in relation to controlled motivation, performance anxiety and exhaustion among elite junior performers. European Journal of Sport Science (EJSS). ISSN 1746-1391. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1763478. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present study identified profiles of perfectionism and inauthenticity at baseline and tested whether they differed in the maladaptive outcomes of controlled motivation, performance anxiety, and exhaustion after a nine-month period. We purposefully selected elite junior performers (NT1 = 219; NT2 = 156), 16–19 years of age, from Norwegian talent development schools in sports and performing arts. The participants completed questionnaires to report their perceptions of the study variables. The results of the latent profile analysis indicated a multidimensionality of perfectionism, thereby identifying four profiles. Although our identified profiles are in line with the 2×2 model of perfectionism; however, the results of the mean differences between the identified profiles did not align with the 2×2 model’s hypotheses. The elite junior performers who displayed non-perfectionism demonstrated to be the most adaptive profile. They reported the lowest level of inauthenticity and the maladaptive outcomes of controlled motivation, performance anxiety, and exhaustion. The mixed perfectionism profile, displaying high levels of perfectionistic concerns (PC) and perfectionistic strivings (PS), demonstrated to be the least adaptive profile. This profile reported higher levels of inauthenticity and was even more maladaptive than the PC dominated profile contrary to the proposed hypotheses. Findings showed that a heightened vulnerability of perfectionism seems evident in PC, independent of the reported PS levels. Because only one out of five elite junior performers were distributed in the non-perfectionism profile, the vulnerability of perfectionism might be an important risk factor to note in talent development settings.

• Haraldsen, Heidi Marian; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ivarsson, Andreas; Halvari, Halgeir & Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik (2020). Change in basic need frustration in relation to perfectionism, anxiety, and performance in elite junior performers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. doi: 10.1111/sms.13614. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present study examined if there were different growth profiles in basic needs frustration in elite junior performers over a nine months period. Subsequently, we examined if the identified growth profiles differed in their levels of perfectionistic strivings and evaluative concerns measured at baseline, and additionally, whether they were associated with higher or lower levels of anxiety and perceived performance level in the end of the period. A sample of 259 (Mage = 17.31; SDage= .97) elite junior performers from sports and performing arts completed an online questionnaire to report their self‐ratings of the study variables. The analyses were conducted using growth mixture modelling in Mplus 8.0. Two main contrasting growth profiles were identified in each of the basic needs frustration. Perfectionistic strivings were overall higher than evaluative concerns, but did not differ between the growth profiles. Conversely, evaluative concerns differed significantly between the identified growth profiles. Higher levels of evaluative concerns were associated with the most maladaptive growth profiles. Indeed, elite junior performers who experienced moderate and increasing levels of competence and autonomy frustration, reported higher levels of anxiety and lower levels of perceived performance level than those who reported low and decreasing levels of competence and autonomy frustration. Based on these findings, evaluative concerns and basic needs frustration appear to play key roles in the development of maladaptive motivational processes over time.

• Haraldsen, Heidi Marian; Halvari, Halgeir; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik & Nordin-Bates, Sanna M. (2019). The Role of Perfectionism and Controlling Conditions in Norwegian Elite Junior Performers’ Motivational Processes. Frontiers in Psychology. 10(June). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01366. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Conceptualized within the framework of self-determination theory, the aim of the current study was to investigate the relation between perfectionistic concerns and (a) controlled (non-self-determined) motivation and (b) performance anxiety through basic psychological need frustration (frustration of competence, autonomy, and realtedness), and if these relations would be moderated by controlling teaching/coaching conditions. We used a cross-sectional moderated mediation design and purposefully selected Norwegian elite junior performers (N = 171; mean age = 17.3; SD age = 0.94) from talent development schools, who completed an online questionnaire to report their perceptions of the study variables. Associations were examined using structural equation modeling. The results showed that perfectionistic concerns were positively associated with controlling conditions, basic needs frustration, controlled motivation, and performance anxiety. Reported controlling teaching/coaching conditions moderated the positive indirect relationship between perfectionistic concerns and (a) controlled motivation and (b) performance anxiety through competence need frustration. Specifically, these indirect associations were evident for performers reporting moderate or high levels of controlling teaching/coaching conditions. In contrast, there were no indirect associations via competence need frustration for those performers who reported low levels of controlling conditions. In conclusion, the results indicate that perfectionistic concerns appear to be a vulnerability factor that exposes elite junior performers to higher risks of entering a debilitative motivational process. This seems especially likely when exposed to controlling teaching/coaching conditions. Coaches and teachers working with elite junior performers should avoid using controlling mechanisms and instead foster autonomous functioning.

• Kristiansen, Elsa; Ivarsson, Andreas; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Roberts, Glyn (2019). Motivational processes affecting the perception of organizational and media stressors among professional football players: A longitudinal mixed methods research study. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 43, p. 172–182. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.02.009. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine professional football players’ perceptions of organizational and media stressors over a season using Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) as the overarching motivational framework. We elaborated upon the experience of the extant motivational climate and how players perceived and coped with a number of organizational and media stressors during the season. Design: A mixed-methods approach was used in this longitudinal investigation with the quantitative testing of hypotheses (strand 1) complemented with interviews (strand II) exploring the perceptions of players of the target variables within their role in the team (captains, starters, and marginal players). Method: 27 players from one men’s team in a Scandinavian Premier Division completed a series of questionnaires at ten occasions during the season. We used the Bayesian dynamic p-technique analysis to investigate the relationships between AGT constructs and stressors. At the end of the season, 11 players were interviewed. The qualitative data were coded and narratives were used when presenting the findings. Results: The quantitative results showed that a perceived mastery climate created by the coach was associated with low perceived magnitude of organizational stressors. The qualitative results revealed the main categories of organizational stressors were the selected line-up for games, injuries, and losing games. The results for media stressors revealed that task orientation was associated with low perceived magnitude of media stressors the following month, while ego orientation had the opposite relationship. The qualitative findings revealed that injured and marginal players were more sensitive to media questioning in a season where the team was acknowledged for their team performance. Conclusions: There are benefits of being task-involved through task orientation and perception of a mastery climate to combat the quantity, frequency, and/or intensity of the perception of organizational and media stressors in professional football.

• Pedersen, Cathrine; Halvari, Halgeir; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Bentzen, Marte (2019). Longitudinal trajectories of physical activity among employees participating in a worksite health promotion intervention: A latent class growth approach. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 43, p. 311–320. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.03.007. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: This study investigated different patterns of physical activity (PA; frequency, intensity, and duration) among employees during and after participating in a worksite health-promotion intervention over a period of one year. The study aimed to assess whether different patterns of PA were associated with perceived competence and motivational regulations for PA. Design: A cluster randomized controlled trial with a delayed-intervention control group. The design of the group-based intervention was based on the tenets of Self-determination theory (SDT). Method: The study consisted of employees (N = 202, M age = 42.5) working with manual labor in an (Anonymized) transport and logistics company. A person-centered approach was applied in order to explore if there were different latent trajectories within the sample related to PA. The data was analyzed with latent class growth analysis (LCGA) and the modified BCH method. Results: The LCGA identified three PA trajectories: (1) employees high at baseline who declined significantly (n = 16), (2) employees who remained stable at a moderate level (n = 55), and (3) the majority of employees who reported low levels at baseline and increased significantly (n = 128). High levels of PA were associated with higher levels of perceived competence and autonomous forms of motivation for, which is in line with the tenets of SDT. Contrary to study hypothesis, controlled forms of motivation increased in all three trajectories after the intervention. Conclusions: Different trajectories of PA were found, and the intervention was able to attract employees with low levels of PA.

• Bean, Corliss; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ivarsson, Andreas & Forneris, Tanya (2018). Longitudinal associations between perceived programme quality, basic needs support and basic needs satisfaction within youth sport: A person-centred approach. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. ISSN 1612-197X. p. 1–17. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2018.1462234. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Acknowledging the importance of longitudinal data to test process-based psychological theories of motivation is critical. The purpose of this study was to use a person-centred approach to identify unique subgroups (i.e. profiles) of youth athletes based on their level of self-reported programme quality (PQ) and basic needs support mid-way through their sport season and investigate potential differences between the subgroups on their self-reported basic needs satisfaction at the end of the sport season. The current study involved 541 Canadian youth athletes (males n = 289; females n = 250; gender-fluid n = 2) within 52 sport programmes over the course of 18 months. Youth athletes ranged in age from 8 through 19 (M = 13.76, SD = 2.61). A latent profile analysis (LPA) in Mplus 8.0 was used to carry out the analyses. The LPA revealed three distinct profiles based on youth athletes’ levels of self-reported PQ and basic needs support. Specifically, athletes who perceived their sport experience to be of higher quality and supported their basic psychological needs midway through the sport season also reported higher levels of basic needs satisfaction at season end. Results from this study contribute to the field of sport psychology through understanding how basic needs theory contributes to the dimensions of programme quality and by informing recommendations for future coach education on how to satisfy youth athletes’ basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness through programme delivery.

• Jordalen, Gro; Lemyre, Nicolas; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ivarsson, Andreas (2018). The Role of Self-Control and Motivation on Exhaustion in Youth Athletes: A Longitudinal Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology. 9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02449. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The depletion of self-control competencies has been explained by an external shift in motivation, and recent research has emphasized that controlled types of motivation and self-control competencies are positively associated with exhaustion in youth athletes. Using the self-determination theory and self-control theories, this study examined associations between athletes’ motivation, self-control competencies, and exhaustion experiences throughout a competitive season. A total of 321 winter sport youth athletes (173 males, 98 females, and 50 unknown gender; aged 16 to 20 years, M = 17.98, SD = 0.89) participated in this 10-week longitudinal study, including three time points. Using Bayesian structural equation modeling, associations between athletes’ reported level of motivation regulations, self-control, and exhaustion throughout their competitive season were examined in two mediation models. Constructs were associated in a conceptual and consistent manner. Simple mediation models showed credible indirect and direct effects of motivation on exhaustion via self-control within amotivation, and intrinsic, integrated, identified, and external regulation analyses. These credible effects were not replicated in the focused mediation model, when controlling for self-control and exhaustion autoregressive effects. However, direction of effects in both models was consistent and congruent. Findings consistently supported the interplay between motivation and exhaustion via self-control in youth athletes over an important competition period of the year. Autonomous and controlled motivation interacted with self-control and respectively predicted perceived exhaustion negatively and positively. Thus, autonomous self-control motives are important in preventing negative sport participation development over time. However, simple and focused mediation models showed different results, suggesting a necessity for accurate considerations of analytical methods chosen to investigate longitudinal mediation. Specifically, future studies need to carefully consider the time interval between measurement time points when investigating changes in dynamic psychological constructs, and include autoregressive longitudinal effects in order to predict change in levels of the outcome over time.

• Ommundsen, Yngvar; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Høigaard, Rune & Wold, Bente (2018). Mestrer jeg trenerrollen? : Validitet og reliabilitet i en skala til måling av mestringstro i et utvalg norske breddefotballtrenere. In Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (Ed.), Trender i idrettspsykologisk forskning i Skandinavia. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202596903. p. 47–72. doi: 10.23865/noasp.39.ch3. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ivarsson, Andreas; Haug, Ellen & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2018). Youth Sport Coaches’ Well-Being Across the Season: The Psychological Costs and Benefits of Giving Empowering and Disempowering Sports Coaching to Athletes. International Sport Coaching Journal. ISSN 2328-918X. doi: 10.1123/iscj.2017-0026. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between giving empowering and disempowering sports coaching to young athletes and coaches’ well-being across the season. The sample comprised 169 Norwegian youth football (i.e., European soccer) coaches with a mean age of 41.99 (SD = 6.32). Moreover, we were interested in examining heterogeneous groups of coaches showing variability in their self-reporting of empowering and disempowering behaviors towards their athletes. Thus, a person-centered approach was used. The latent profile analysis revealed three distinct profiles and the association between these profiles and coaches’ well-being was in line with the outlined hypotheses. Specifically, coaches who gave higher levels of empowering and lower levels of disempowering sports coaching to their athletes at the beginning of the season also reported higher levels of well-being at the end of the season. The results indicate that there exists an intrinsic value as to why coaches should give empowering sports coaching, as opposed to disempowering sports coaching, to their athletes; namely, these actions may be advantageous in terms of improving their own well-being. In practical terms, future coach education may take advantage of these findings by providing coaches another reason for coaching in an empowering manner.

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• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Gustafsson, Henrik; Sandbakk, Øyvind Bucher; Buskerud, Jan-Erik & Herrebrøden, Henrik (2025). Norsk Forening for Idrettspsykologi - konferansen 2025. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  NOFIPs konferanse 2025

• Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Likestilling i fotball. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Mot likeverd i organisert idrett. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Beckmann, Hege Bjørnestøl; Haugen, Gunn-Hilde Erstad & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Kraften i likeverd - Sammen for en rettferdig prestasjonsutvikling - Universitetet i Agder. doi: https:/www.uia.no/arrangementer/kurs-konferanse-seminar/kraften-i-likeverd.html. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hvordan kan vi bygge en prestasjonskultur der alle har like muligheter til å lykkes? Vi samler ledere, forskere og utøvere for å belyse utfordringene og løsningene som kan sikre likeverdig karriereutvikling i musikk og idrett. Gjennom inspirerende foredrag, panelsamtaler og dyptgående diskusjoner utforsker vi temaer som fysisk og psykisk helse, utøverperspektivet, støtteordninger og inkludering – og hva som skal til for å skape reelle endringer.

• Mestad, Kristin; Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Trening er ikke luksus – det er likestilling - fvn.no. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/sport/i/yEa5EJ/trening-er-ikke-luksus-det-er-likestilling. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Likestilling handler ikke bare om lønn og lederstillinger. Det handler også om søvn, helse og tid til å puste. Når kvinner får rom til trening og restitusjon, vinner ikke bare hun, men hele samfunnet.

• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Female inclusion and development in sport. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). FIDES - rammene rundt deltakelse, utvikling og prestasjon blant jenter og kvinner innen idretten. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Idrettslig deltakelse, utvikling og prestasjon blant jenter og kvinner. doi: https:/www.idrettsforbundet.no/idrettskrets/innlandet/kalender/idrettskonferansen-2025/. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). FIDES: Veien mot bedre idrettslig deltagelse, utvikling og prestasjon for jenter/kvinner? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Likeverd for jenters deltagelse, utvikling og prestasjon i idrett? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Doble og triple karrierer for kvinnelige utøvere. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Kraften i likeverd: Idrettslig deltakelse, utvikling og prestasjon blant jenter og kvinner – hva sier forskningen? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2025). Idrettslig deltagelse, utvikling og prestasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Radovan, Felicia; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Kjær, Jørgen; Melin, Anna; Ausland, Ådne & Bjærsholm, Daniel [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2025). Female athletes' knowledge of biopsychosocial puberty-related topics in sports during adolescence: What is missing? Full text in Research Archive
• Ausland, Ådne; Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Ivarsson, Andreas; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Melin, Anne [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2025). Coaching Female Athletes: Where Do Coaches Turn for Knowledge? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As awareness of female athletes' unique challenges grows, understanding how coaches engage with learning opportunities to support them is important. This study explores how coaches prefer to learn, and through which formats they acquire knowledge of coaching female athletes. A web-based survey of 779 coaches (306 females, mean age = 44, SD = 11.5) in Norway and Sweden. Data were analysed using Decision Tree Analyses in SPSS. Findings indicate a strong preference for mixed learning methods (69.3%), particularly among female coaches (75.2%). Digital learning was preferred by 61.6%, with individual sport coaches showing the highest preference (87.5%). Education preferences varied; males (21.4%) and less experienced coaches (24.9%) favoured passive methods, while younger (14.9%) and female coaches (11.8%) leaned towards active (13.1%) or mixed (73.8%). Digital learning was dominant among individual sport coaches (87.5%), whereas mixed approaches were more common in team sports (76.8%). Regarding educators, most coaches (85.2%) preferred a mix of sport scientists and practitioners, though female coaches in team sports favoured practitioners (36.8%) over sport scientists (30.8%). Sources of knowledge specific to coaching female athletes were primarily based on experience, with 86.1% relying on personal or peer experience. Notably, 9.8% of coaches reported no use of knowledge sources related to female athletes. Our study highlights the need for flexible, multimodal coach education that integrates scientific and practical knowledge while considering differences in experience, sport, and learning preferences. Expanding access to structured learning, including digital resources, can help bridge the knowledge gap and enhance coaching practices for female athletes.

• Ausland, Ådne; Kjær, Jørgen B; Ivarsson, Andreas; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Melin, Anna [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2025). Off the Beaten Track: How Coaches and Athletes Navigate Female-Specific Topics. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Communication between coaches and female athletes is essential when addressing six key topics: puberty, menstruation, injuries, body composition, coach-athlete relationships, and within-group communication. However, some coaches may experience challenges in communicating these topics due to limited knowledge or confidence. Effective communication on these issues can strengthen coach-athlete relationships, foster trust, and contribute to athlete well-being. This study examines (1) how female athletes and coaches perceive the importance of feeling safe communicating on these topics, (2) how coaches evaluate their own comfort and ability to address these topics, and (3) how coaches perceive their athletes’ comfort in communicating personal thoughts. Methods Two digital surveys were conducted: one with 779 coaches of female athletes (306 female coaches, mean age = 44 years, SD = 11.5 years) and one with 1,323 female athletes aged 16 to 24 years (mean age = 19 years, SD = 2 years) in Norway and Sweden. Coaches rated the importance of feeling safe communicating about these six topics (rated from 1 = unimportant to 7 = very important). Athletes answered three questions: (1) how important they think these conversations are, (2) how comfortable they feel engaging in the conversations, and (3) how comfortable they believe their athletes feel when communicating with them on the six topics. Latent profile analyses were conducted using Mplus. Results Athletes rated communication on all six topics as highly important (M = 5.87-6.27, SD = .82-1.23). Coaches recognized this (M = 5.86-6.21, SD = 0.86-1.13) but reported lower comfort levels in communicating these topics (M = 4.76-5.96, SD = 1.10-1.75). Individual sport coaches felt generally more comfortable than team sport coaches. The largest gaps were found in menstruation and body composition, where coaches felt significantly less comfortable. Coaches also rated their athletes’ comfort in sharing as lower than their own, with female coaches perceiving their athletes as less comfortable than male coaches. Discussion Findings reveal a gap between the perceived importance of communication and coaches’ comfort in addressing these topics. While athletes highly value these conversations, coaches—especially in team sports—often feel unprepared. Coaches also perceive their athletes as less comfortable sharing than they are in engaging, suggesting a misalignment in communication expectations. This highlights the need for fostering environments where athletes feel safer expressing personal concerns and where coaches are better prepared to respond effectively.

• Bugten, Jesper Barth; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Haugen, Tommy (2025). Hva får unge håndballjenter til å møte opp på trening? Fedrelandsvennen. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/sport/i/1MKpJB/hva-faar-unge-haandballjenter-til-aa-moete-opp-paa-trening. Full text in Research Archive
• Linner, Susanne; Augustsson, Sofia; Radovan, Felicia; Ausland, Ådne; Bjærsholm, Daniel & Kjær, Jørgen B [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2025). Development of the FIDES ADP "Girls are Not Small Boys" digital educational intervention. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Beckmann, Hege Bjørnestøl; Haugen, Gunn-Hilde Erstad; Abdallah, Rasha & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Kunnskapshull som koster mer enn blod, svette og tårer. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/mening/kronikk/i/qPwVre/kunnskapshull-som-koster-mer-enn-blod-svette-og-taarer. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2025). Mange skader blant unge fotballspillere i Agder. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/sport/i/PpK0l7/mange-skader-blant-unge-fotballspillere-i-agder. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ausland, Ådne (2025). Må være greit å snakke om syklus. [Journal]. Fædrelandsvennen. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/sport/i/4B67kR/maa-vaere-greit-aa-snakke-om-syklus. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Fahrenholtz, Ida; Melin, Anna K.; Garthe, Ina & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2025). Quality of Life in Female Endurance Athletes at risk of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: The FUEL study. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). Barne- og ungdomsidrett: En tilnærming passer ikke for alle. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). Idrettslig deltakelse, utvikling og prestasjon blant jenter og kvinner – hva sier forskningen? Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ausland, Ådne; Knight, Camilla J.; Ivarsson, Andreas & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). A comparative qualitative study of the distinctive needs of coaches who are coaching female athletes. Full text in Research Archive
• Ausland, Ådne; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Ivarsson, Andreas; Knight, Camilla J. & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). A qualitative study of retired female athletes' lived experiences pertaining to coaching practices and their recommendations for female-specific coach education programs. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). Har kvinner likeverdige muligheter til fysisk aktivitet? Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). Det gode treningstilbudet og den gode trenerrollen for ulike aldersgrupper og på ulike nivåer. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). Mot likeverd i organisert idrett. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). Understanding the lived experience during multiple competitive events in elite sports. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Ausland, Ådne; Augustsson, Sofia Ryman; Ivarsson, Andreas; Kjær, Jørgen & Laxdal, Aron Gauti [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). Perceived Importance and Self-Evaluations of Female-Specific Knowledge: Current Insights into Coaching of Female Athletes. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ausland, Ådne; Knight, Camilla J.; Ivarsson, Andreas & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). A comparative qualitative study of the distinctive needs of coaches who are coaching female athletes. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Ausland, Ådne; Augustsson, Sofia Ryman; Ivarsson, Andreas; Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald & Laxdal, Aron Gauti [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). Perceived Importance and Self-Evaluations of Female-Specific Knowledge: Current Insights into Coaching of Female Athletes. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ausland, Ådne & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2024). Female Inclusion & DEvelopment in Sport (FIDES): Et steg mot bedre idrettslig deltakelse, utvikling og prestasjon? Full text in Research Archive
• Ausland, Ådne; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Ivarsson, Andreas; Knight, Camilla J. & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). A qualitative study of retired female athletes' lived experiences pertaining to coaching practices and their recommendations for female-specific coach education programs. Full text in Research Archive
• Ausland, Ådne; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Augustsson, Sofia Ryman; Ivarsson, Andreas; Kjær, Jørgen & Laxdal, Aron Gauti [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). Perceived Importance and Self-Evaluations of Female-Specific Knowledge: Current Insights into Coaching of Female Athletes. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2023). Female Inclusion & DEvelopment in Sport: Et tiltak I riktig retning? Full text in Research Archive
• Halvari, Anne Elisabeth M.; Ivarsson, Andreas; Halvari, Halgeir; Olafsen, Anja Hagen; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Williams, Geoffrey Colin (2023). A prospective study of knowledge sharing at work based on self-determination theory. Full text in Research Archive
• Knight, Camilla J. & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2023). Ti råd til idrettsforeldre: Slik støtter du barna best. Full text in Research Archive
• Hygen, Beate Wold & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2023). Gaming: Mye bra, men ett stort faresignal. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Fahrenholtz, Ida; Melin, Anna K.; Garthe, Ina; Waaland, Marlene & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). THE EFFECT OF A DIGITAL INTERVENTION ON EATING AND WEIGHT CONCERNS AMONG FEMALE ENDURANCE ATHLETES WITH HIGH VERSUS LOW RISK OF EATING DISORDERS. Full text in Research Archive
• Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2022). Voksne hemmer barns utviklingsmuligheter. lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2022). Idrettskonkurranser kan gi verdifulle fortrinn. lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Idretten er ikke syk, men den trenger en ny retning. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Tid for å bevege en hel nasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ivarsson, Andreas (2021). Hvordan få flere utøvere til å kombinere toppidrettssatsing og høyere utdanning? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Tid for å bevege en hel nasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ivarsson, Andreas (2021). Hvordan få flere utøvere til å kombinere toppidrettssatsing og høyere utdanning? Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ivarsson, Andreas (2021). Hvordan få flere utøvere til å kombinere toppidrettssatsing og høyere utdanning? Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ivarsson, Andreas (2021). Hvordan få flere utøvere til å kombinere toppidrettssatsing og høyere utdanning? Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Tid for å bevege en hel nasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Tid for å bevege en hel nasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ivarsson, Andreas (2021). Hvordan få flere utøvere til å kombinere toppidrettssatsing og høyere utdanning? Full text in Research Archive
• Pedersen, Cathrine; Halvari, Hallgeir; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Bentzen, Marte (2019). Changes in physical activity during a worksite intervention: Latent trajectories and their relationship to competence and motivational regulation. Full text in Research Archive
• Haraldsen, Heidi; Halvari, Hallgeir; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Nordin-Bates, Sanna M. & Ivarsson, Andreas (2019). Hva motiverer unge utøvere til å satse? Full text in Research Archive
• Fredriksen, Danielle; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Knight, Camilla & Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas (2019). Reciprocal Relationships between Teacher and Students in Female Elite Junior Ballet: A Shared Reality Theory Perspective. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjåen, Daniel; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Knight, Camilla & Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas (2019). Reciprocal Relationships between Coach and Players in Female Elite Junior Soccer: A Shared Reality Theory Perspective. Full text in Research Archive
• Granerud, Morten; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Knight, Camilla & Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas (2019). Reciprocal Relationships between Coach and Athletes in Female Elite Junior Swimming: A Shared Reality Theory Perspective. Full text in Research Archive
• Haraldsen, Heidi; Halvari, Halgeir; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2018). Linking Perfectionism and Controlling Conditions with Introjected Motivation, Exhaustion, and Anxiety via Competence Frustration: A moderated Mediation Model among Elite Junior Performers. Full text in Research Archive
• Haraldsen, Heidi; Halvari, Halgeir; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik (2018). Successful failures? A test of the role of controlled learning conditions in the motivational processes of perfectionist elite performers from ballet, music, and sport in a moderated mediation model. Full text in Research Archive

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