Eli Hustad

• Nakayama, Makoto; Hustad, Eli; Sutcliffe, Norma & Beckfield, Merri (2024). Organic transformation of ERP documentation practices: Moving from archival records to dialogue-based, agile throwaway documents. International Journal of Information Management. ISSN 0268-4012. 74( 102717). doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102717. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Implementing enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems remains challenging and requires organizational changes. Given the scale and complexity of ERP projects, documentation plays a crucial role in coordinating operational details. However, the emergence of the agile approach raises the question of how adequate lightweight documentation is in agile ERP implementation. Unfortunately, both academia and industry often overlook the natural evolution of documentation practices. This study examines current documentation practices through interviews with 23 field experts to address this oversight. The findings indicate a shift in documentation practices from retrospective approaches to dialogue-based, agile throwaway documents, including audiovisual recordings and informal emails. Project managers who extensively engage with throwaway documents demonstrate higher situational awareness and greater effectiveness in managing ERP projects than those who do not. The findings show an organic transformation of ERP documentation practices. We redefine documentation to include unstructured, relevant information across different media, emphasizing searchability. Additionally, the study offers two vignettes for diverse organizational contexts to illustrate the best practices of agile ERP projects.

• Hustad, Eli & Skaar, Erlend Christiansen (2023). Examining Information Security Challenges through a Diversity Lens: A Literature study , Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Enterprise Systems, Logistics & Management. International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics. ISSN 978-960-9465-70-0. p. 145–155. Show summary

  This study is based on an extensive review of the literature on information systems security. The review focused on topics such as security behavior, security culture, security policies, and compliance. Using a synthesis of 20 selected research studies, we present our findings in a narrative format to provide a rich understanding of the subject. Our results suggest that the field of information systems security is still in its early stages of development. The ever-evolving technological landscape has made security attacks increasingly sophisticated, posing significant challenges for organizations. Our analysis reveals that security behavior, organizational culture, and context are diverse and complex, requiring a nuanced approach to designing security policies that can achieve compliance. This nuanced approach should consider factors such as leadership, trust-building, awareness, and security behavior. Finally, we provide suggestions for future research in this field.

• Brødsjø, Vebjørn; Sandøy, Benjamin Andreas Godskesen & Hustad, Eli (2023). Exploring Onboarding Processes for IT Professionals: The Role of Knowledge Management. In Rosa, Alvaro (Eds.), Proceedings of the 24th European Conference on Knowledge Management. Academic Conferences International (ACI). ISSN 978-1-914587-73-3. p. 148–158. doi: https:/doi.org/10.34190/eckm.24.1.1370. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A robust knowledge management (KM) strategy is essential for effective onboarding of new employees. Organizational knowledge plays a crucial role in helping new employees learn their work tasks and should be readily available for training purposes. This study examines how a public organization in Norway implements its onboarding process and facilitates knowledge sharing with new employees. We investigated various KM initiatives established in the organization and explored how knowledge is transferred to benefit new employees. Additionally, we examined how organizational culture influences knowledge sharing performance. The empirical data comprises 20 interviews conducted in the information technology department of the organization. The findings reveal that new employees should first receive training on specific work tasks related to their roles in the organization. Early productivity was considered significant during the onboarding process, while an overload of general knowledge about the organization was perceived as overwhelming. The public organization under study is known for its strong job security, which has fostered a collaborative environment among employees with low competitiveness. This openness encourages knowledge sharing and willingness to collaborate, as employees are not worried about losing their positions. This also results in a low threshold for seeking assistance from experienced colleagues during the onboarding process. The evidence suggests that much of the knowledge gained by employees during their employment period is acquired through informal settings, where experienced employees share knowledge with newcomers through direct communication. Based on the findings, this study proposes practical recommendations for improving the onboarding process. Effective practices such as mentorships, new employee gatherings, and the existing technical graduate program should be maintained. Suggestions for further enhancing the onboarding process include: (1) designing a networking initiative that integrates new employees outside the graduate program; (2) tailoring the competence plan to the role of each employee; (3) improving the content of the intranet with information about role descriptions and responsibilities, making it easier to identify "who knows what" in the organization; and (4) defining the reasons for using collaboration tools more extensively. Implications for KM in onboarding processes are outlined.

• Ajer, Anne Kristin Sortehaug; Hustad, Eli; Olsen, Dag Håkon & Vasilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2023). Institutional Work for Enterprise Architecture. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. ISSN 1529-3181. 53, p. 278–298. doi: 10.17705/1CAIS.05311. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Enterprise architecture (EA) is a systematic approach used for designing and implementing changes in technological systems and processes to improve organizational performance and align technology with business. This paper unpacks the process through which EA moves from strategic-level endorsement to diffusion across organizations. The insights provided are based on a longitudinal case study within the Norwegian hospital sector. An institutional work lens is adopted to analyze the purposeful activities carried out to introduce EA in Norwegian hospitals providing a granular view on diffusion. The paper provides a rich description of the institutional work employed by the key actors involved mapping them to different turns in EA’s trajectory. Drawing from this analysis, we contribute to Information Systems literature with a conceptual model that illustrates how institutional work can mitigate the challenges of moving from the strategic-level endorsement of novelty to its diffusion and institutionalization smoothing downturns along the way. The findings indicate ways to facilitate the introduction of EA within complex organizations, providing insights for practitioners involved in EA initiatives, and advancing extant EA research through an institutional perspective.

• Hustad, Eli & Stensholt, Johan (2023). Customizing ERP-systems: A framework to support the decision-making process. Procedia Computer Science. ISSN 1877-0509. 219C, p. 789–796. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2023.01.352. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are standardized software packages based on industry “best practice.” Despite this off-the-shelf property, most companies that implement an ERP system choose to customize the software rather than change their business processes. Customization, however, represents a double-edged sword: on the one hand, it can provide improved functionality, increased user quality and satisfied users; on the other hand, it can bring significant risks to the company due to increased implementation costs, increased complexity, and expenses for subsequent upgrades. Interviews were conducted with ERP experts, and empirical findings contain different drivers and consequences for enterprises that choose to customize ERP systems and highlights related challenges. The purpose of the study is to develop a framework with accompanying guidelines that can help companies, in cooperation with suppliers and consultants, to better handle customization decisions in ERP projects.

• Olsen, Ola Aulesjord; Haaland, Erik & Hustad, Eli (2022). MANAGING CHANGE IN ERP IMPLEMENTATION: LESSONS LEARNED FROM AN SME CONTEXT, The 14th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS 2022). Acting in the digital society: moving towards a sustainable future. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 978-88-87173-05-5. Show summary

  Organizations implementing enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems experience the need for extensive changes in structure, core processes, and roles - making change management crucial. Prior research on change management in ERP implementations focuses mostly on large enterprises and lacks empirical insight into why change management is challenging. We conducted a case study in a Norwegian Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) working in mechanical manufacturing. Interviews, observations, and documents were analyzed. This study contributes to the literature focusing on change management in ERP implementations and provides rich insight into how and why change management is challenging in an SME context by detailing eight key reasons behind 33 challenges. Lessons learned from this study may have transferable value to other SMEs implementing ERP. The study highlights the importance of considering culture, overall organizational workload, and ensuring deep engagement during an ERP project. Several of the challenges were interconnected. Customizing organizational processes was challenging because it opposed the established culture within the company, risk management was underestimated, and culture was more of an impediment than a facilitator for change management. Finally, the management style, lack of holistic project view, and lack of competence in computer usage were also identified as challenges impeding an efficient implementation

• Hustad, Eli; Nakayama, Makoto; Sutcliffe, Norma & Beckfield, Merri (2022). Knowledge Mobilization in Agile Information Systems Projects: A Literature Analysis. In Cerchione, Roberto & Centobelli, Piera (Ed.), Proceedings of the 23rd European Conference on Knowledge Management, Vol. 23 No. 1 (2022). Academic Conferences International (ACI). ISSN 978-1-914587-45-0. p. 533–541. doi: https:/doi.org/10.34190/eckm.23.1.561. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study focuses on how knowledge is mobilized in agile information systems (IS) projects. One crucial success factor of those projects is to mobilize knowledge through different knowledge management processes. It is vital to establish efficient knowledge management (KM) processes to generate a knowledge culture based on transparency and communication. Communication channels, digital tools, and platforms are essential for establishing a KM infrastructure supporting the knowledge work of the project organization. Thus, each IS implementation team should maintain a knowledge base and a knowledge potential at some level. However, this is not always the case. We conducted a literature review to survey the extant research on the role of KM in agile system development projects. The agile approach is often associated with the networking model and tacit knowledge. The findings indicate that the agile approach is supposed to promote KM. While tacit knowledge is rooted in the analogue process of continuous actions and informal communication, explicit knowledge is captured in digital records of documentation and databases. In KM, the personalization model (behavioural, networking) and the codification (technocratic, repository) model is central. The choice of system development method (agile versus plan-driven) influences how knowledge is mobilized in the project organization. An agile approach heavily relies on informal communication, tacit knowledge sharing, and light documentation. In contrast, the plan-driven methods such as the waterfall approach generate more explicit knowledge through documentation. Communities of practice are important structures for transforming from plan-driven to agile approaches. We present a framework showing specific challenges the literature identifies concerning the efficient mobilization of knowledge in the agile context. For large-scale agile projects, informal coordination mechanisms were important. This study identifies several measures for overcoming barriers and risks for knowledge sharing in the agile context.

• Ajer, Anne Kristin Sortehaug; Hustad, Eli; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2021). Strengthening the Use of Enterprise Architecture: an Institutional Work Perspective, Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) 2021. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 978-1-7336325-6-0. Show summary

  The organisational adoption and use of Enterprise Architecture (EA) are pursued by enterprises aiming to improve their digital services and overall performance by aligning IT with processes. Nevertheless, despite the increasing interest in EA, it is still not widely used. Prior research provides explanations of institutional elements enabling or inhibiting EA adoption and use but does not provide concrete suggestions on facilitating EA adoption. This paper suggests different types of institutional work that can strengthen the use of EA, addressing central challenges met by EA initiatives. Specifically, the paper presents evidence from a longitudinal case study on the introduction of EA in the hospital sector in Norway. We show how institutional work can mitigate the inherent challenges of EA initiatives and thereby speed-up and strengthen the use of EA in organisations.

• Nakayama, Makoto; Hustad, Eli & Sutcliffe, Norma (2021). Agility and system documentation in large-scale enterprise system projects: a knowledge management perspective. Procedia Computer Science. ISSN 1877-0509. 181, p. 386–393. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.181. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The growth of the agile approach usage comes with a deemphasis on formal documentation (explicit knowledge) and an increased reliance on personal interactions (tacit knowledge) for knowledge transfer. However, the sharing of tacit knowledge poses challenges. The agile approach is prone to knowledge hoarding, as well as knowledge loss from employee turnover and reassignment during periods of significant organizational changes. This study proposes a model that frames documentation and personal interactions as co-agents of system knowledge transfer. We report the preliminary confirmation of crucial antecedents along the dimensions of codification and personalization strategies to support our model. We present a set of findings on current practices, as well as a set of knowledge-sharing issues on system documentation based on three main categories. The first category incorporates system development approaches applied in large-scale enterprise systems projects. The second and the third categories comprise eight knowledge management themes, classified into the dimensions of personalization and codification for knowledge sharing and document practices.

• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2021). Creating a sustainable digital infrastructure: The role of service-oriented architecture. Procedia Computer Science. ISSN 1877-0509. 181, p. 597–604. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.210. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The United Nations’ goal of generating sustainable industry, innovation, and infrastructure is the point of departure for our reflective paper. The paper elaborates on the concepts of digital infrastructure, service-oriented architecture, and microservices. It emphasizes the benefits and challenges of creating a sustainable infrastructure based on a service-oriented environment, in which cloud services constitute an important part. We outline the prerequisites for obtaining a sustainable digital infrastructure based on services. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) and recently, microservice architecture, and cloud services, can provide organizations with the improved agility and flexibility essential for generating sustainability in a market focusing on digitalization. The reuse capability of SOA provides a common pool of information technology (IT) resources and qualifies as a green IT approach that impacts environmental protection. Previous research has identified IT and business alignment together with SOA governance as the most critical criteria when implementing SOA. This paper discusses these issues in-depth to explain sustainability.

• Ajer, Anne Kristin Sortehaug; Hustad, Eli & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2021). Enterprise architecture operationalization and institutional pluralism: The case of the Norwegian Hospital sector. Information Systems Journal. ISSN 1350-1917. 31(4), p. 610–645. doi: 10.1111/isj.12324. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Enterprise architecture (EA) is a systematic way of designing, planning, and implementing process and technology changes to address the complexity of information system (IS) landscapes. EA is operationalized when architecture visions move towards realization through concrete projects. We report a case study on the dynamics of operationalizing EA in the Norwegian hospital sector by exploring different EA project trajectories. Our empirical context is an institutionally pluralistic setting where multiple logics coexist. We show that the distinct logic of EA is added to the institutional context and we find that tensions among existing medical, technical, and managerial logics and EA principles and assumptions emerge. We contribute to the under‐researched topic of EA operationalization by suggesting a model that demonstrates how the meeting of multiple institutional logics can lead to varying degrees of differentiation or even disassociation from EA visions during decision‐taking in projects. Furthermore, we advance extant research on IS projects' implementation in institutionally pluralistic settings by providing an empirical account of actors' interactions and project leadership arrangements that contribute to the persistence of coexisting logics in a dynamic equilibrium.

• Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Hustad, Eli (2021). Bridging Digital Divides: a Literature Review and Research Agenda for Information Systems Research. Information Systems Frontiers. ISSN 1387-3326. doi: 10.1007/s10796-020-10096-3. Show summary

  Extant literature has increased our understanding of the multifaceted nature of the digital divide, showing that it entails more than access to information and communication resources. Research indicates that digital inequality mirrors to a significant extent offline inequality related to socioeconomic resources. Bridging digital divides is critical for sustainable digitalized societies. Ιn this paper, we present a literature review of Information Systems research on the digital divide within settings with advanced technological infrastructures and economies over the last decade (2010–2020). The review results are organized in a concept matrix mapping contributing factors and measures for crossing the divides. Building on the results, we elaborate a research agenda that proposes [1] extending established models of digital inequalities with new variables and use of theory, [2] critically examining the effects of digital divide interventions, and [3] better linking digital divide research with research on sustainability.

• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2020). Digital Infrastructure for Sustainability: Benefits and Challenges of a Service-Oriented Environment. Society for Design and Process Science. ISSN 1090-9389.
• Hustad, Eli; Sørheller, Vegard Uri; Jørgensen, Emeli Høvik & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2020). Moving enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to the cloud: the challenge of infrastructural embeddedness. International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management. ISSN 2182-7796. 8(1), p. 5–20. doi: 10.12821/ijispm080101. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cloud enterprise resource planning (ERP) solutions allow organizations to support and coordinate key business processes by leveraging virtualization. Nevertheless, moving ERPs to the cloud is not straightforward, and organizational cloud ERP initiatives raise multiple concerns. We conducted an in-depth systematic review of relevant research literature and identified six key concerns related to cloud ERP implementation: a) the introduction of new ERP work arrangements, launch b) the migration of legacy data, c) the assurance of compliance with extant rules and regulations for security, d) the continuous alignment between ERP functionality and business processes, e) the ongoing integration between ERPs and the rest of the organization’s application portfolio, and f) the establishment of adequate reliability levels. The identified concerns are associated with both transition management and operations supported by cloud ERPs. All the identified concerns are also related to the need to achieve infrastructural embeddedness. This need sets ERPs apart from other types of cloud-based applications, such as office automation solutions that do not have as many dependencies and exchanges with other systems and repositories within an organization’s information infrastructure. We argue that the challenge of embeddedness has different implications for organizations of different sizes, and we call for further empirical research.

• Hustad, Eli; Bekkevik, Frode Mathias; Holm, Ole Reidar & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2020). Employee Information Security Practices: A Framework and Research Agenda. International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications. ISSN 1941-627X. 12(2). doi: 10.4018/IJESMA.2020040101. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Employee information security practices are pivotal to prevent, detect, and respond to security incidents. This paper synthesizes insights from research on challenges related to employee information security practices and measures to address them. The challenges identified are associated to idiosyncratic aspects of communities and individuals within organizations (culture and personal characteristics) and to systemic aspects of organizations (procedural and structural arrangements). The measures identified aim to enhance systemic capabilities and to adapt security mechanisms to the idiosyncratic characteristics and are categorized as: (a) measures of training and awareness, (b) measures of organizational support, (c) measures of rewards and penalties. Further research is needed to explore the dynamics related to how challenges emerge, develop, and get addressed over time and also, to explore the interplay between systemic and idiosyncratic aspects. Additionally, research is needed on the role of security managers and how it can be reconfigured to suit flatter organizations

• Hustad, Eli; Hansen, June Lithell; Skaiaa, Andreas & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2019). Digital Inequalities: A Review of Contributing Factors and Measures for Crossing the Divide. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 11701 LNCS, p. 505–519. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-29374-1_41.
• Hustad, Eli; Olsen, Dag Håkon; Jørgensen, Emeli Høvik & Sørheller, Vegard Uri (2019). Creating Business Value from Cloud-Based ERP Systems in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 11701 LNCS, p. 691–703. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-29374-1_56.
• Ajer, Anne Kristin Sortehaug; Hustad, Eli & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2019). Enterprise Architecture in Hospitals: Resolving Incongruence Issues. In Ohno-Machado, Lucila & Séroussi, Brigitte (Ed.), Health and Wellbeing e-Networks for All - Proceedings of the 17th World Congress on Medical and Health Informatics . IOS Press. ISSN 978-1-64368-003-3. p. 659–663. doi: 10.3233/SHTI190305. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Enterprise Architecture allows addressing technologies and processes in a holistic way and mirrors choices related to process standardization and data integration. It has the potential to address long-standing problems in health information systems related to fragmented IT portfolios, immature IT infrastructures, and silo-structured organizing.Nevertheless, uptake of Enterprise Architecture in hospitals has been slow. To understand the issues related to this slow uptake we have undertaken an interview study with architects and managers. The issues identified reveal a level of incongruence between healthcare as a domain and the practice of EA. Specifically, by analyzing the experiences of architects and managers we identified four different areas of such incongruence that create the need to reconcile a) Bottom-up vs. Top-down Planning b) Clinical vs. Systems´ knowledge, c) Local vs. Global Arrangements and d) Patient Safety vs. Patient Privacy. Building on prior related research we propose ways for resolving the incongruence issues identified.

• Llave, Marilex Rea; Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2018). Creating value from business intelligence and analytics in SMEs: Insights from experts. In Ukjent, Person (Eds.), AMCIS 2018 Proceedings. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 978-0-9966831-6-6. Show summary

  This paper reports from an exploratory study that examines utilization of Business Intelligence and Analytics (BI&A) in Small-and-Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). In total, 24 semi-structured interviews of BI&A experts were conducted. The experts highlighted several critical issues that SMEs should consider: (1) to “start Small, think Big” was emphasized as an appropriate BI&A investment strategy for SMEs to obtain value in terms of both “quick wins” and long-term assets and impacts, (2) to consider BI&A investment without implementing a traditional data warehouse, and (3) to consider the automated data warehouse approach. In addition, the experts underscored to pay more attention to data governance. A recognized value framework from the literature was applied as an analytical lens to interpret the findings. We suggest modification of this framework to make it less “waterfall” oriented and more iterative and agile to create value from BI&A in SMEs. Future research should assess SMEs’ readiness and capabilities for BI&A. In addition, we need to understand the exclusive needs for decision-making in SMEs across industries

• Bekkevik, Frode Mathias; Holm, Ole Reidar; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Hustad, Eli (2018). Information Security Practices in Organizations: A Literature Review on Challenges and Related Measures. In Kourouthanassis, Panos; Markopoulos, Panos; Pateli, Adamantia; Pouloudi, Nancy; Pucihar, Andreja & Vieira da Cunha, João (Ed.), Digital and social transformation for a better society - Proceedings of the Twelfth Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS 2018) . Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 978-960-7260-61-1. doi: 10.20944/preprints201906.0286.v1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper reports a systematic literature review that explores challenges related to information security practices in organizations and the ways these challenges are managed to avoid security breaches. We focused on empirical evidence from extant research studies and identified four general challenges re-lated to: (1) security rules and procedures, (2) individual and personal risks, (3) culture and security awareness, and (4) organizational and power relations. To manage these risks, nine measures were prominent in the selected studies. Training and organizational collaboration across the hierarchical levels were widely used to enhance the security culture. In addition, awareness campaigns for the work-force, as well as continuously measuring and improving security initiatives were highly recommended. Our literature review points to the socio-technical aspects of information security. Although many or-ganizations have both administrative and technical infrastructures in place, they must also think about employee attitudes, knowledge, and behavior. Information systems research towards this direction needs to be further developed. More qualitative studies are needed for exploring how to develop a culture of security awareness and for gaining insights on how security rules and training courses can become more appealing and accessible.

• Nygård, Henriette; Broen, Monika Lundh; Hustad, Eli & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2018). Early Warning Systems in a Digitalisation Era: Key Characteristics and Directions for Future Research . In Kourouthanassis, Panos; Markopoulos, Panos; Pateli, Adamantia; Pouloudi, Nancy; Pucihar, Andreja & Vieira da Cunha, João (Ed.), Digital and social transformation for a better society - Proceedings of the Twelfth Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS 2018) . Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 978-960-7260-61-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Ajer, Anne Kristin Sortehaug; Hustad, Eli & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2018). Enterprise Architects’ Logics across Organizational Levels: A Case Study in the Norwegian Hospital Sector. In Kourouthanassis, Panos; Markopoulos, Panos; Pateli, Adamantia; Pouloudi, Nancy; Pucihar, Andreja & Vieira da Cunha, João (Ed.), Digital and social transformation for a better society - Proceedings of the Twelfth Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS 2018) . Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 978-960-7260-61-1. Show summary

  In this paper, we report about a multilevel case study on the introduction of enterprise architecture (EA) in the Norwegian hospital sector. We utilize institutional logics as a theoretical lens, focusing on the enterprise architects’ logics that are underexplored in information systems research. We have collected empirical evidence at national (macro), regional (meso), and local (micro) levels. The findings are classified into nine categories with illustrative statements from the informants, demonstrating their reasoning about the contributions of EA. Furthermore, we identify tensions between enterprise architects and managers and between enterprise architects and medical actors, which indicate the co-existence of multiple competing institutional logics. The most prominent tension is the paradox of EA—demands for local flexibility and autonomy at the micro level versus the predefined rules and standardization that EA imposes across all levels — which makes the institutionalizing process challenging. The enterprise architect logics demonstrate similarities and differences across the various levels, indicating heterogeneity. We conclude this paper with a suggested persona of the enterprise architect, which illustrates the empirical findings.

• Osnes, Karoline Bergstøl; Olsen, Julie Roaldsøy; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni & Hustad, Eli (2018). ERP Systems in Multinational Enterprises: A literature Review of Post-implementation Challenges. Procedia Computer Science. ISSN 1877-0509. 138, p. 541–548. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.074. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørheller, Vegard Uri; Jørgensen, Emeli Høvik; Hustad, Eli & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2018). Implementing cloud ERP solutions: a review of sociotechnical concerns. Procedia Computer Science. ISSN 1877-0509. 138, p. 470–477. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.065. Full text in Research Archive
• Hustad, Eli & Stensholt, Johan (2017). Skreddersøm av ERP-systemer: Et rammeverk for beslutninger. NOKOBIT: Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi. ISSN 1892-0748. 25(1).
• Hustad, Eli (2017). Knowledge management in distributed work: Implications for boundary spanning and its design. Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science. ISSN 1092-0617. 21(1), p. 25–41. doi: 10.3233/jid-2017-0011.
• Nakayama, Makoto; Hustad, Eli; Sutcliffe, Norma & Pareek, Gajendra (2017). Managing ERP Customization Expectations With Organizational Change Management. In Torre, Terry; Pouloudi, Nancy & Kokkinaki, Angelika (Ed.), The 11th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS). Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 979-12-200-2287-3.
• El-Gazzar, Rania ; Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2017). An institutional lens on cloud computing adoption: A study of institutional factors and adoption strategies. In Ramos, Isabel; Tuunainen, Virpi & Krcmar, Helmut (Ed.), Proceedings of the 25th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2017). Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 978-3-00-050284-2. p. 2477–2492.
• Hustad, Eli; Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni; Cirikovic, Mirza & Koekebakker, Endre (2017). Knowledge Management towards a digitalization era: systematic review of past research and future directions. In Marimon, Frederic; Mas-Machuca, Marta; Berbegal-Mirabent, Jasmina & Bastida, Ramon (Ed.), 18th European Conference on Knowledge Management ECKM 2017. ACI Academic Conferences International. ISSN 978-1-911218-48-7. p. 466–476. Full text in Research Archive
• Hustad, Eli; Alstad, Marie & Hartmark, Jens (2017). Developing a knowledge management roadmap to assist the user support function in organizations. In Marimon, Frederic; Mas-Machuca, Marta; Berbegal-Mirabent, Jasmina & Bastida, Ramon (Ed.), 18th European Conference on Knowledge Management ECKM 2017. ACI Academic Conferences International. ISSN 978-1-911218-48-7. p. 456–465.
• Hustad, Eli (2017). Knowledge Management 2.0 in Distributed Work: A Study of Boundary Management Issues. In Arnold, Vicky; Stefanou, Constantinos J. & Sutton, Steve G. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics (14th ICESAL 2017). International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics. ISSN 978-960-287-155-3. p. 148–167.
• Hustad, Eli; Olsen, Dag Håkon & Løken, Sindre Dahl (2017). Implementing Service-oriented Architecture: A study of IT & business alignment and SOA governance. In Arnold, Vicky; Stefanou, Constantinos J. & Sutton, Steve G. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics (14th ICESAL 2017). International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics. ISSN 978-960-287-155-3. p. 11–27.
• Hustad, Eli (2016). Knowledge Networking in Distributed Work: A Boundary Management Approach. In Moffett, Sandra & Galbraith, Brendan (Ed.), Proceedings of The 17th European Conference on Knowledge Management. ACI Academic Conferences International. ISSN 978-1-911218-03-6. p. 387–396. Show summary

  A distributed work setting represents a challenging context for knowledge management (KM). Many multinational companies expand their business activities and increase their number of geographically dispersed locations, knowledge workers, and business functions. The challenge of working in virtual project teams and the processes of sharing and creating knowledge in a distributed context are demanding because of differences in language, culture, and business traditions. The context of dispersion indeed creates certain boundaries that need to be crossed. To sustain competitiveness, companies should increase their competencies in managing different kinds of boundaries. This research proposes that establishing boundary management procedures is important for success in a geographically distributed work environment. Distributed work settings are highly dependent on the implementation of efficient KM initiatives that focus on boundary management. Particularly, initiatives utilizing information and communication technology that supports boundary-crossing work are essential for enhancing innovation and knowledge creation through remote collaboration. Boundary practices involve different activities in terms of knowledge brokering, boundary spanning, and utilization of boundary objects. This study provides a brief overview of previous research that focused on distributed work and boundary management practices. Moreover, this article presents the KM initiatives in three multinational firms that accentuate boundary management to ensure remote sharing and creation of knowledge.

• Hustad, Eli; Haddara, Moutaz & Kalvenes, Baldvin Larsson (2016). ERP and Organizational Misfits: An ERP Customization Journey. Procedia Computer Science. ISSN 1877-0509. 100, p. 429–439. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.179.
• Elgazzar, Rania Fahim H.I.; Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2016). Understanding cloud computing adoption issues: A Delphi study approach. Journal of Systems and Software. ISSN 0164-1212. 118, p. 64–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.04.061. Show summary

  This research paper reports on a Delphi study focusing on the most important issues enterprises are confronted with when making cloud computing (CC) adoption decisions. We had 34 experts from different domain backgrounds participated in a Delphi panel. The panelists were IT and CC specialists representing a heterogeneous group of clients, providers and academics, divided into three subpanels. The Delphi procedure comprised three stages: brainstorming, narrowing down and ranking. The panelists identified 55 issues of concerns in the first stage, which were analyzed and grouped into 10 categories: security, strategy, legal and ethical, IT governance, migration, culture, business, awareness, availability and impact. The top 18 issues for each subpanel were ranked, and a moderate intrapanel consensus was obtained. Additionally, 16 follow-up interviews were conducted with the experts to get a deeper understanding of the issues and why certain issues were more significant than others. The findings indicate that security, strategy and legal and ethical issues are the most important. The discussion resulted in highlighting certain inhibitors and drivers for CC adoption into a framework. The paper is concluded with key recommendations with focus on change management, competence and maturity to inform decision-makers in CC adoption decisions.

• Ajer, Anne Kristin Sortehaug & Hustad, Eli (2015). Enterprise system implementation in a franchise context: an action case study. Procedia Technology - Elsevier. ISSN 2212-0173. 64, p. 948–956. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2015.08.612. Show summary

  This research paper reports on a study focusing on a franchise relationship that utilizes an enterprise system (ES) to optimize its supply chain. The ES is in its post-implementation phase; however, the franchisee has challenges with inventory management due to poor data quality, which causes problems with vendor analysis and revenue control. An action case study was carried out to identify and diagnose the source of the problem, and interventions were implemented and evaluated. The findings demonstrate that several of the challenges related to poor data quality in the supply chain were influenced by problems of a socio-technical character. These included a lack of understanding of the system, a shortage of training, workarounds, opportunistic behaviors and a lack of effective control mechanisms for the franchisor. Implications for the franchisor include the need for greater emphasis on good communication routines with franchisees, so problems in the system can be identified early and resolved. Franchisees must try to establish a good relationship with the franchisor and to be aware that knowledge and training can be the keys to realizing the benefits of the ES.

• Hustad, Eli & Vikstøl, Thomas (2014). Implementing Intranet 2.0: A Study of Knowledge Requirements for External Consultants in Enterprise Systems. Procedia Technology - Elsevier. ISSN 2212-0173. 16, p. 694–703. doi: 10.1016/j.protcy.2014.10.018. Show summary

  This paper reports on a case study focusing on intranet implementation projects seen from a consultancy lens. SharePoint is an Intranet 2.0 platform which is a user-centric system based on functionalities adapted from Web 2.0 technologies. Intranet implementation projects are accompanied by a complex socio-technical organizational environment, and require changes in organizational structure and culture. While former studies mainly have focused on challenges seen from the implementing organization's perspective, this study focuses on the experiences from external consultants working with implementation projects and the challenges they need to confront. Our study identifies required knowledge and roles to be undertaken by external consultants working in enterprise systems’ (ES) implementation projects with a special attention towards intranet projects. We present a framework comprising required knowledge and roles to be undertaken by the consultants to succeed in their efforts of implementing intranet systems. Findings demonstrate that the consultants had to possess a wide range of knowledge in addition to master several roles during an intranet project. Technical knowledge, organizational knowledge and knowledge about the end-users were required, and roles such as project manager, system developer, advisor and knowledge broker were essential and had to be mastered. Our study contributes to understand the different roles enterprise systems professionals need to have a command of, and the diversity of knowledge they need to possess during enterprise-wide implementation projects.

• Hustad, Eli & de Lange, Christer (2014). Service-oriented Architecture Projects in Practice: A Study of a Shared Document Service Implementation. Procedia Technology - Elsevier. ISSN 2212-0173. 16, p. 684–693. doi: 10.1016/j.protcy.2014.10.017. Show summary

  This paper reports on a case study focusing on service-oriented architecture (SOA) projects in practice. The aim of these projects has been to develop a shared document service supporting different business divisions in a large Norwegian governmental institution. The research question guiding this research is: How are SOA projects carried out in practice? What are the challenges of developing shared services in service-oriented architecture? SOA projects are accompanied by a complex socio-technical system development environment. In the present study we followed parallel system development processes and identified several issues associated with competence requirements, distributed coordination principles and control, lack of communication, tuning of parallel projects, and selection of appropriate project management approaches and system development methods. Clearly, there was a difference between undertaking a system development project within one organizational unit (silo) compared to the development of shared services to provide support across a large organization. Findings demonstrate that the complexity of SOA projects was underestimated by the project managers, and ad hoc governance was practiced in terms of control, coordination, and communication. To capture the entire system development context of an SOA project, a holistic approach and mind-set comprising time management and fine tuning of all parallel SD activities is necessary. Organizational maturity to carry out SOA projects is also of significance. The study has implications for SOA adopters in general and for system developers and project managers working in an SOA context in particular.

• Hustad, Eli; Kydland, Fredrik & Aakre, Marit (2014). Knowledge Management in an Academic Context: A Framework for successful Intranet 2.0 Implementation. In Vivas, Carla & Sequeira, Pedro (Ed.), The Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Knowledge Management ECKM 2014. ACI Academic Conferences International. ISSN 978‐1‐910309‐35‐3. p. 444–454. Show summary

  Intranet 2.0 is a user-centric and dynamic intranet system based on self-organizing principles and functionalities adapted from Web 2.0 technologies. This kind of intranet system may support knowledge management (KM) and social networking within organizations. Furthermore, an intranet is highly dependent on its users for generating value. However, both the implementation and maintenance of a user-centric intranet can be complex. The adoption of such a platform requires changes in organizational culture and structure. This research focuses on the intranet implementation of a SharePoint platform at a Norwegian university. The study aims to reveal critical issues in the intranet’s implementation process and provide implications for how an organization can meet these challenges across different stages of the intranet’s lifecycle. We report on findings from a qualitative case study conducted with various stakeholders. An intranet stage model and a concept matrix of critical success factors for implementing a KM system were applied to analyze the data. Several adoption challenges were identified in the study which slowed down the active use of the system. The system caused resistance especially among the faculty staff because of increased formalization, information redundancy, increased workload, top-down approach, irrelevant content, and lack of ambassadors promoting the system. We revealed critical issues that need to be addressed before, during, and after the intranet’s implementation to get the intranet fully institutionalized. The findings demonstrate that intranet implementation can be time-consuming and difficult to integrate as an asset in the organization. We categorize the themes identified in our data and explain how they can be combined with existing literature into a framework for understanding successful Intranet 2.0 implementation. The framework contains a checklist and may support other organizations to overcome difficult adoption processes. Intranets do, to some extent, reinforce existing structures and practices, and it is therefore advisable for managers to focus on KM strategies and how to develop a knowledge sharing culture on an early stage of the implementation.

• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2014). Interaction of Critical Success Factors in ERP Implementation: A case study of a Norwegian SME. In Arnold, Vicky; Stefanou, Constantinos J. & Sutton, Steve G. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics (11th ICESAL 2014). International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics. ISSN 978-960-287-146-1. p. 153–169.
• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2014). Educating reflective Enterprise Systems practitioners: a design research study of the iterative building of a teaching framework. Information Systems Journal. ISSN 1350-1917. 24(5), p. 445–473. doi: 10.1111/isj.12032. Show summary

  This research paper reports on the iterative design of a teaching framework developed for teaching Enterprise Systems (ES) classes for Information Systems (IS) graduates. These systems embed technical complexity and create organizational challenges when implemented in organizations. Therefore, teaching good ES classes is pedagogically challenging for faculty, and ES curricula are difficult for students. We have gradually designed and rebuilt curricula and teaching frameworks over 8 years. This has also resulted in a set of eight design principles. We report from our design and evaluation process and present our final artefact, the teaching framework. The aim is to educate reflective practitioners with multiple ES skills, enabling them to tackle the complexities of ES implementation contexts. The framework has implications for IS educational research and practice and has some generic values that are transferable to other academic institutions and adaptable to other IS learning environments. Further, the study contributes to IS design research by extending its application area. The ES teaching framework is a specific contribution to IS teaching frameworks as a class of problems.

• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2014). ERP Implementation in SME: A Failure Case. In Devos, Jan; van Landeghem, Hendrik & Deschoolmeester, Dirk (Ed.), Information Systems for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, State of the Art of IS Research in SMEs. Springer. ISSN 9783642382437. p. 213–228. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-38244-4_11. Show summary

  This study examines a failed enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementation in a small-and-medium-sized enterprise (SME). The improper handling of critical success factors (CSFs), particularly those relating to support from top management, project management, and the use of consultants, led to severe problems. This placed stress on the organization, caused employees to leave the company, workarounds, and led to serious errors in the systems and a significant cost overrun. This case study contributes to the literature on ERP implementation in SMEs. In particular, it contributes to our understanding of the socio-technical dynamics of ERP implementation projects. Failed ERP cases are little documented in the Information Systems (IS) research literature and can yield insight into the complexity of ERP implementation projects and further our understanding of what may take place if CSFs are not handled properly.

• Hustad, Eli; Arntzen Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie & Worasinchai, Lugkana (2013). Gendered perspectives on leadership and management: Do women matter? In Ribière, Vincent & Worasinchai, Lugkana (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance. Bangkok University 7.-8. February 2013. Academic Conferences International (ACI). ISSN 978-1-909507-00-5. p. 63–64. Show summary

  Short version: This knowledge café focuses on sharing knowledge related to important gender issues which should be taken into consideration while developing and facilitating management strategy and leadership styles. Women that prioritize higher education are increasing, and they are getting more and more attractive in the competitive work marked. Still there is a need for more women to take on higher positions and leadership. Research has shown that women are strong leaders; however, their leadership styles are quite different from traditional leadership performed by men. Studies show also that top management is encouraging women to apply for leadership positions. There is growing recognition that female leaders better emphasize communication and collaboration and are able to create a less stressful working environment. To follow this trend in work-life, companies need to think differently about business strategies and leadership in order to better promote efficient communication structures and investigate further the female features as an added value for their competitiveness. This interactive workshop will facilitate a knowledge network of female researchers building and will promote a larger participation of women in research focusing on the gendered perspectives in today organization. Furthermore, the role of social networking technologies in facilitating the knowledge network of female researchers will be debated. After a keynote speech exposing these issues, a knowledge café based on Gurteen’s model will be organized. The knowledge café is part of a project on gender issues financed by Agder Regional Research Funding in Norway.

• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2013). ERP Post-Implementation: A Study of a Small-and-Medium-Sized Enterprise. In Cruz-Cunha, Maria Manuela; Varajão, Joao & Trigo, Antonio (Ed.), Sociotechnical Enterprise Information Systems Design and Integration. IGI Global. ISSN 9781466636644. p. 72–85. doi: 10.4018/978-1-4666-3664-4.ch005. Show summary

  This exploratory study focuses on ERP post-implementation issues in Small-and-Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). The authors conducted a case study in a small Norwegian retail company, which experienced a performance dip that lasted longer than expected. The case demonstrates how overwhelming the ERP competence requirements can be for an SME. Errors in the configuration of the ERP system and improper training led to frequent workarounds. The workarounds, in turn, led to significant problems and many errors in the database. This led to a general level of frustration with the system and a high stress level in the company. This study has implications for SMEs planning to implement ERP systems.

• Hustad, Eli & Staverløkk, Lene (2013). Implementing a Service-Oriented Architecture: A Technochange Approach. In Pooley, Rob; Coady, Jennifer; Linger, Henry; Barry, Chris; Lang, Michael & Schneider, Christoph (Ed.), Information Systems Development: Reflections, Challenges, and New Directions. Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. ISSN 978-1-4614-4951-5. p. 527–538. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4951-5_42. Show summary

  This research reports on a longitudinal field study focusing on the implementation process of a service-oriented architecture (SOA) in a public institution of Norway. Findings illustrate how the organization gradually breaks down technical and organizational silos by creating a cross-silo mindset among the employees in the organization and the system developers in particular. We describe how the organization under study achieves integration by transforming organizational structure and system development practices and by introducing governance principles. We argue that a SOA program as such is a complex, risky, and enterprise-wide initiative, which requires a technochange management approach.

• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2013). Critical Issues across the ERP Life Cycle in Small-and-Medium-Sized Enterprises: Experiences from a Multiple Case Study. In Cruz-Cunha, Maria Manuela; Varajão, Joao; Krcmar, Helmut & Martinho, Ricardo (Ed.), CENTERIS 2013 - Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems / ProjMAN 2013 - International Conference on Project MANagement/ HCIST 2013 - International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies. Elsevier. ISSN 978-989-97433-2-8. p. 179–188. doi: 10.1016/j.protcy.2013.12.020. Show summary

  The paper reports on a multiple case study conducted in five Small-and-Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). These companies have implemented ERP systems and the focus is on the critical issues, activities and key actors across different stages of the ERP life cycle in these enterprises. SMEs have less resources and competencies about complex ERP systems compared to larger companies. Thus ERP projects have proved to be risky and costly for SMEs. SMEs can easily be an easy prey for experienced vendors and consultants and end up with a system far from what they expected.

• Hustad, Eli (2013). Implementation of Intranet 2.0: Lessons Learned and Implications for Management. In Ribière, Vincent & Worasinchai, Lugkana (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance. Bangkok University 7.-8. February 2013. Academic Conferences International (ACI). ISSN 978-1-909507-00-5. p. 165–173. Show summary

  Intranet 2.0 is a user-centric and dynamic Intranet system based on Web 2.0 technologies. Intranet 2.0 is based on self-organizing principles and functionalities adapted from Web 2.0 technologies and the Internet. The Intranet system is characterized as dynamic, in which the content is not pre-defined but is generated, changed, and further developed over time by different users. This kind of Intranet system may play an important role in the IT strategy of an organization supporting managers in obtaining successful knowledge management (KM) and social networking within organizations. In this study, we focus on how a Scandinavian university implements an Intranet system to enhance knowledge sharing and collaboration across departments and different campus locations. We report on findings from the implementation process and the challenges identified. Different perceptions on the usefulness of the new system were determined. The administration was most pleased with the system and thought it supported their daily work practices and information requirements. By contrast, the faculty was less positive and thought that the system implied extra work and minimal support for information sharing and collaboration. A stage model was applied to explain the implementation and adoption processes of the Intranet. According to this model, we identified five issues that were particularly critical when implementing the Intranet, including: (1) allocation of resources; (2)creating ambassadors among faculty members; (3)creating a critical mass of users and content faculty; (4) navigation problems and the ‘information jungle’; and (5) administration and faculty having different mindsets regarding the value of the system. Based upon these issues, four propositions could be developed to identify challenges in each phase of implementation. The findings demonstrate that Intranet implementation can be a long process and difficult to institutionalize. At present there is still uncertainty as to whether the Intranet will sustain across the entire organization. Intranets do, to some extent, reinforce existing structures and practices, and it is therefore advisable for managers to focus on a KM strategy and initiatives that allow communities of practice to emerge. In this particular case, an Intranet 2.0 with embedded social software was implemented, as it has the potential for becoming both the main information channel and collaboration platform for the entire organization. In the paper further implications for research, practice and management are correspondingly discussed.

• Hustad, Eli & Arntzen Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie (2013). Facilitating Teaching and Learning Capabilities in Social Learning Management Systems: Challenges, Issues, and Implications for Design. Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science. ISSN 1092-0617. 17(1), p. 17–35. doi: 10.3233/jid-2013-0003.
• Arntzen Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie & Hustad, Eli (2012). Social media networking tools (SMNT): Concepts, challenges and corollaries of organisational work practices. In Gurteen, David (Eds.), Leading Issues in Social Knowledge Management. Academic Publishing International. ISSN 978-1-908272-38-6. p. 157–173.
• Hustad, Eli & Arntzen Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie (2012). Exploring the Role of Boundary Spanning in Distributed Networks of Knowledge. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management (EJKM). ISSN 1479-4411. 10(2), p. 121–130.
• Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie & Hustad, Eli (2012). Learning through the social technologies lenses: opportunities and Challenges. The International Journal of the Computer, the Internet and Management. ISSN 0858-7027. 20(1). Show summary

  Over the past decade, universities had new opportunities to increase their knowledge and learning outcomes by being part of an open and dynamic knowledge-based environment. This is primarily due to the widespread adoption of computers and intranets on campuses. However, the extensive usage of social technologies as a means to increase learning capability is not prevalent in higher education. This paper discusses the implication of Web 2.0 in education.

• Hustad, Eli & Arntzen Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie (2012). The Impact of Network Capabilities on Organizational Learning: A Study of Distributed Networks of Practice. The International Journal of the Computer, the Internet and Management. ISSN 0858-7027. 20.
• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2012). Adoption of Cloud Computing: A Study of Enablers and Inhibitors in a Norwegian Context. In Arnold, Vicky; Stefanou, Constantinos J. & Sutton, Steve G. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics (ICESAL 2012). International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics. ISSN 978-960-287-138-6. p. 203–217. Show summary

  The purpose of this research is to investigate enablers and inhibitors for adopting Cloud computing services in Norway. Through an exploratory small N-study we collected data from sixteen organizations. The interviewees belonged to three different groups; experts from consultancy and vendors, user organizations, and public sector comprising municipalities and governmental institutions. Experts highlight cost saving, scalability, and elasticity as important benefits which makes Cloud computing attractive. However, findings demonstrated a general skepticism to move business critical system such as ERP systems or other enterprise systems into the Cloud. In addition, security and legal issues, quality of services and providers, and technical challenges such as creation of single-signon and integration across the Cloud, were pointed to as the main inhibitors for adoption. User organizations have little competency on Cloud computing, and the adoption rate will probably increase when the companies gain more experiences and knowledge about the technology. In addition, cost issues were less important than security and quality offered by the Cloud providers. Security issues, legal factors and integration opportunities need to be clarified more before the Norwegian companies will adopt Cloud computing services on a large scale. The adoption of Cloud computing in public sector is still slow; however, a forum of the ten largest municipalities is working with ICT strategies that likely will speed up the creation of a private public Cloud in Norway. The study will serve as input for subsequent extensive study of Cloud computing adoption, and the results provide propositions to be addressed in the extensive study.

• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2012). The Dynamics of Critical Success Factors in ERP implementation: An SME Failure Case. In Arnold, Vicky; Stefanou, Constantinos J. & Sutton, Steve G. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics (ICESAL 2012). International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics. ISSN 978-960-287-138-6. p. 188–202. Show summary

  This study examines the dynamics of critical success factors in an ERP implementation in a Small-and-Medium-Sized enterprise (SME). We discuss how the improper handling of key success factors led to a chain of negative events. We learned that the inappropriate handling of key Critical Success Factors (CSF), in particular top management support, project management and use of consultants, had severe repercussions in the implementation project. This again led to stress on the organization in terms of employees leaving the company, workarounds, and serious errors in the systems, and significant cost overrun. This case study contributes to the literature on ERP implementation in SMEs. In particular it contributes to our understanding of the socio-technical dynamics of ERP implementation projects. Failure cases are little documented in the IS research literature. Such cases can yield important insight into the complexity of ERP implementation projects and further our understanding of what may take place if Critical Success Factors (CSF) are not handled properly.

• Hustad, Eli & Arntzen Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie (2012). Gender-Related Issues in Knowledge Management: How to Promote Female Features and Qualities in KM Initiatives, ECKM 2012 - 13th European Conference on Knowledge Management. Academic Publishing International. ISSN 978-1-908272-64-5. p. 227–228. Show summary

  The design of knowledge management (KM) strategies and initiatives should focus on efficient communication structures to enhance team-work, social networking, and emergence of communities of practice. In addition, a collaborative leadership style should be promoted in order to successfully implementing any KM initiative. Gender issues have been little investigated. We believe that knowledge management strategy and design of knowledge management systems should to greater extent consider female interests and features.

• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2012). ERP systems in knowledge-intensive companies: An illustrative case study of a publisher, ECKM 2012 - 13th European Conference on Knowledge Management. Academic Publishing International. ISSN 978-1-908272-64-5. p. 476–484. Show summary

  The implementation of ERP may create new routines and roles for employees, including extensive training and preparation for changes. In many ways, ERP systems structure and discipline the organization, providing increased control for management and fewer dynamics for employees. Thus, it can be challenging and risky to implement an ERP system in a knowledge-intensive organization, where innovation and creativity are essential. Knowledge workers are autonomous workers and require flexibility in their work routines. This study focuses on how ERP implementation in a knowledge-intensive business is accomplished and identifies critical elements in this process. A case study was conducted in a publishing house, where editors are among the knowledge workers. The findings demonstrated changes in the organization, which became more static after the implementation because of cemented processes and the fact that there was less flexibility. This caused conflicts when the business rules and knowledge inherent in the system were transferred to the practices of the organization. Thus, practices that allowed dynamics and flexibility in procedures were abolished and replaced by new routines, which were dictated by the system. Thus, the implementation under study showed a heavy adoption process because the system was not functioning optimally for the entire organization. The editors avoided the system, and if possible, they worked around it and used manual or old systems. The new system was perceived as being rigid, resulting in rework, and information in the system was not continuously updated. Specific functional requirements for the calculation of royalties for the authors were complicated to deliver for the consulting firm, and the old system could not be phased out, because necessary functionality was missing from the new ERP system. This study highlights the challenges of implementing an ERP system in a knowledge-intensive business and has implications for practice.

• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2011). ERP Post-implementation Issues in Small-and-Medium-Sized Enterprises. In Cruz-Cunha, Maria Manuela; Martinho, Rui; Powell, J & Varajão, Joao (Ed.), ENTERprise Information Systems, Communications in Computer and Information Science, part I. Springer. ISSN 978-3-642-24357-8. p. 290–299. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-24358-5_29. Show summary

  This paper focuses on ERP post-implementation issues in Small-and- Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs).We conducted a case study in a small Norwegian retail company. We studied the enterprise in the period after going live with their new ERP system. Certain challenges were observed such as security risks because of inaccurate configuration of the system, difficulties with operational issues such as sending invoices and getting sales reports, inaccurate inventory, insufficient training arrangement, workarounds, conflicting incentives among customer, reseller and consultant. There were human consequences for end users since the implementation of the system caused stress among some of the employees. This study has implications for other SMEs planning to implement ERP systems.

• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2011). Teaching Enterprise Systems in Higher Education: The Learning Context Triangle. In Arnold, Vicky; Stefanou, Constantinos J. & Sutton, Steve G. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics (ICESAL 2011). International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics. ISSN 978-960-287-107-2. p. 106–125. Show summary

  We have iteratively developed curricula in two enterprise systems courses in higher education for information systems (IS) students. Enterprise systems embed technical complexity and imply organizational challenges when implemented in organizations. Therefore, teaching good ES classes are pedagogically challenging for faculty, and ES curricula are difficult for students. To cope with these challenges we gradually designed, implemented and rebuilt curricula and teaching framework from 2003 to 2010. We extended the use of various pedagogical principles and pedagogical means to stimulate deep-level learning processes. We propose a generic three-dimensional teaching framework comprising learning contexts of traditional classroom, laboratory, and organizational settings. We argue that an integrated teaching approach that includes practice-based learning loops facilitate and enrich a collaborative learning environment.

• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2011). EXPLORING THE ERP PRE-IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS IN A SMALL-AND-MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISE: A CASE STUDY OF A NORWEGIAN RETAIL COMPANY. In Tuunainen, Virpi; Rossi, Matti; Nandhakumar, Joe & Soliman, Wael (Ed.), Proceedings of the 19th European Conference on Information Systems. Association for Information Systems (AIS). ISSN 978-952-60-3574-1. Show summary

  This study examines the ERP pre-implementation process in a Small-and-Medium-Sized Enterprise (SME), and identifies critical issues in this process. The ERP pre-implementation phase comprises issues of selecting ERP software, vendors, and consultant. It is a critical process especially for SMEs which normally have limited resources and IT competencies. Interesting findings from this study demonstrate that ERP pre-implementation in a SME is a demanding process which required a high level of knowledge and competencies about the system, and tough negotiation processes between project leader, vendor, resellers and consultants. By using the CEO’s business network to check the resellers’ track records, and invite prospective resellers for auditions, the project team was able to find a proficient reseller and consultant. In addition, the company organized business case scenarios to test the competencies of consultants. Building a long term partnership and trust between the company, the reseller and the consultant was considered critical. Thus, to choose the most sufficient actors for implementing and supporting the system, seemed to be just as critical as selecting the system itself.

• Hustad, Eli; Olsen, Dag Håkon & Hoff, Christian (2011). ERP-implementering i en kunnskapsintensiv bedrift: en casestudie av et forlag. In Fallmyr, Terje (Eds.), Proceeding from Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av informasjonsteknologi, 2011. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 978-82-519-2845-8. p. 195–208. Show summary

  Denne studien fokuserer på hvordan ERP-implementering i en kunnskapsintensiv bedrift blir gjennomført, og identifiserer kritiske elementer i denne prosessen. En casestudie ble utført i et forlag. Funn fra studien viser en tung adopsjonsprosess da systemet ikke fungerte optimalt for hele organisasjonen. Redaktørene i forlaget unngikk å bruke systemet fordi det ble oppfattet som rigid og medførte merarbeid, og informasjon i systemet ble ikke kontinuerlig oppdatert. Framfor å endre prosesser i bedriften, ble systemet skreddersydd for å tilpasses etablerte rutiner. Dette resulterte i problemer og forsinkelser i prosjektet. Spesielle krav til funksjonalitet for beregning av royalty til forfattere, ble komplisert for konsulentbedriften å levere, og det gamle systemet kunne ikke utfases da nødvendig funksjonalitet manglet i ERP-systemet. Studien belyser utfordringer ved implementering av et ERP-system i en kunnskapsintensiv bedrift og har implikasjoner for praksis.

• Hustad, Eli & Arntzen Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie (2011). A study of the ERP project life cycles in Small-and-Medium–Sized Enterprises: Critical Issues and Lessons Learned. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering. ISSN 2010-376X. p. 110–116. Show summary

  The purpose of this research is to increase our knowledge as regards how Small-and-Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) tackle ERP implementation projects to achieve successful adoption and use of these systems within the organization. SMEs have scare resources to handle these kinds of projects which have proved to be risky and costly. There are several studies focusing on ERP implementation in larger companies, however, few studies report on challenges experienced by SMEs. Our research seeks to bridge this gap. Through a multiple case study of four companies, we identified challenges and critical elements within the different phases (pre-implementation, implementation and post-implementation) of the ERP life cycle. To interpret our findings, we utilize a well-know ERP life cycle model and critical success factors developed for larger companies which are reported in former research literature. We discuss if these models are relevant for SMEs and suggest additional critical elements identified in this study to make a framework more adapted to the SME context..

• Hustad, Eli & Arntzen Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie (2011). Facilitating Distributed Networks of Knowledge: A Boundary Management Perspective. In Ribière, Vincent & Worasinchai, Lugkana (Ed.), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Knowledge Management, Intellectual Capital and Organisational Learning. Academic Conferences International (ACI). ISSN 978-1-908272-20-1. p. 234–242. Show summary

  Today, there is a large recognition amongst academics and practitioners that Innovation capability and organizational performance can be stimulated by fostering knowledge sharing and creation. Several organizational initiatives have focused on building communities of practice within an organization in order to create a platform where employees can share experiences and insights. The focus in this paper is on one type of network structure termed Distributed Networks of Knowledge (DNoK). This network structure constitutes an inter-community formation consisting of multiple co-located communities where participants belong to a co-located community as well as the distributed network, and knowledge sharing occurs between dispersed participants crossing different practices and geographical locations. The last decade has seen a debate whether the increased formalization can negatively or positively affect the creativity of communities of practice. Communities of practice were originally conceptualized as emerging, self-organizing, and socially constructed systems. In the management literature, scholars have concentrated on how to enable a climate for these groups by exploiting them more effectively. By cultivating their activities, they assume that communities of practice may stimulate innovation and organizational performance. Some previous research studies, however, demonstrate that increased formalization can negatively affect the creativity of communities of practice. Moreover, the role of the leadership has been extensively discussed in communities of practice setting. However, this paper intends to shed a new light by exploring the Boundary Management perspective in order to enable the knowledge sharing and creation within this specific context of Distributed Network of Knowledge. To this end, we have conducted an investigation of the role of leadership styles in four different distributed networks of knowledge in a multinational firm. The leadership style as a boundary spanner included motivation of geographically dispersed members to be active participants, ensuring an autonomous environment for knowledge creation, acknowledging contributions, building trust and identity and bringing necessary resources into the networks to provide available time to participate and the required collaboration infrastructure.

• Arntzen Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie & Hustad, Eli (2011). The Role of Social Networking Tools on Purchasing Decision Making Process. In Ribière, Vincent & Worasinchai, Lugkana (Ed.), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Knowledge Management, Intellectual Capital and Organisational Learning. Academic Conferences International (ACI). ISSN 978-1-908272-20-1. p. 82–89. Show summary

  Today there is a growing recognition that the company’s competitiveness is linked to elaborating relevant strategies in keeping their customers or acquiring new ones. The recent years have seen a new trend where consumers are increasingly searching and sharing product/service information over Internet. It is recognized that the quality and the nature of the acquired knowledge could influence the decision making process to purchase or not the products or services. Therefore, exploiting the concept of collective intelligence, several companies are integrating Web2.0 technologies with others means of communication in order to provide a social networking environment where the consumers can share their experiences and insights about products/services. This paper discusses the influence of using social network in the decision making process while considering purchasing a product or a service. ,

• Arntzen Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie & Hustad, Eli (2011). Social Media Networking Tools (SMNT): Concepts, Challenges and Corollaries of Organisational Work Practices. In Despres, Charles (Eds.), ECMLG 2011 - 7th European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance. Academic Conferences International (ACI). ISSN 978-1-908272-16-4. p. 18–26. Show summary

  During the last decade, enterprise strategists started to recognize that business success and performance improvement was more and more related to the degree to which new technological trends were used in the organisations. Indeed, the role of the information communication technologies has increased in improving the social and business life of people. Internet and Web 2.0 has brought a revolution in the way people are interacting with each others. Although that several benefits have been reported in using social network for business processes improvement; there is still a stringent need to investigate more closely the implication of using social technologies in organisational work practices. This conceptual paper based on a literature review intends to shed a light on the concepts, opportunities and challenges of social networking tools in business practices. The paper outlines a framework encompassing factors that could facilitate or hamper the adoption of the Web 2.0 technologies by organisations.

• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2011). ERP Post-implementation Issues in Small-and-Medium-Sized Enterprises. Communications in Computer and Information Science (CCIS). ISSN 1865-0929. 219, p. 290–299.
• Hustad, Eli (2010). Exploring knowledge management initiatives in a multinational company: Creating a corporate memory through networking, Proceedings of ECKM 2010: Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Knowledge Management. ACI Academic Conferences International. ISSN 9781906638719. p. 476–485.
• Hustad, Eli (2010). Exploring Knowledge Work Practices and Evolution in Distributed Networks of Practice. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management (EJKM). ISSN 1479-4411. 8(1), p. 69–78. Show summary

  This paper derives from a longitudinal study conducted in a multinational company. Through an interpretive case study approach, we have explored the phenomenon of knowledge networking in distributed work. More specifically, we have focused on the evolution patterns in a particular knowledge networking structure denoted as distributed networks of practice. The paper conceptualizes this kind of network of practice as an information and communication technology (ICT) facilitated dynamic relationship of participants that are geographically and temporally dispersed from one another, and who are sharing and creating knowledge related to their daily work practices and business problems. Three different categories of networks were identified 1) problem solving networks, 2) business improvement networks, and 3) innovation networks. Findings demonstrate that the networks evolved differently over time, and the study identified four distinct evolution patterns comprising 1) devolution in terms of short life cycle and dissolution, 2) recursive patterns where new ad?hoc networks emerged from the mother network, 3) integration of knowledge practices through cross?network proposals, and 4) innovation and expansion in scope and size. While previous studies have suggested fixed models for how a life cycle of a community takes place, this study however identified four dissimilar evolution patterns. Thus, these findings challenge life cycles models suggested in traditional community of practice research. The paper utilizes an information infrastructure perspective to provide an improved understanding of the evolution patterns within these networks by viewing them as ecological social structures facilitated by a technological infrastructure. Through social lines of practice and effective knowledge sharing, the participants created an infrastructure of knowing within the organization and managed to alter organizational practices through evolution. The paper illustrates how a knowledge networking structure as such may facilitate distributed work practices and knowledge activities across temporal and spatial boundaries.

• Hægeland, Anders Olav; Hustad, Eli & Munkvold, Bjørn Erik (2010). KUNNSKAPSDELING GJENNOM HISTORIEFORTELLING I EN SMIDIG PROSJEKTORGANISASJON. In Fallmyr, Terje & Hjelmås, Erik (Ed.), Norsk Informatikkonferanse. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 978-82-519-2703-1. p. 109–122. Show summary

  Historier kan spille en viktig rolle for å oppnå effektiv kunnskapsdeling. Denne studien fokuserer på hvordan smidige verdier i en prosjektorganisasjon er med på å skape arenaer for kunnskapsdeling gjennom historiefortelling. En casestudie ble gjennomført i en prosjektorganisasjon som praktiserer Scrum utviklingsmetodikk. Artikkelen gjengir beskrevne prosjektsituasjoner fra fire prosjekter. Analysen bygger på narrativer identifisert gjennom observasjon, intervjuer og dokumentstudier. Funn fra denne studien viser at smidige praksiser har et potensial som kan bidra til en kunnskapsdelende kultur hvor historiefortelling er sentralt. Studien identifiserte historier som fokuserte på scenarioer, brukerhistorier og arbeidshistorier, samt ulike typer historier som bidro til erkjennelse av pågående problemer og refleksjon rundt egen innsats og resultat.

• Hustad, Eli; Olsen, Dag H. & Hartvedt, Erik (2010). Anskaffelsesprosessen i et ERP-prosjekt: en casestudie av en SMB. In Fallmyr, Terje & Hjelmås, Erik (Ed.), Norsk Informatikkonferanse. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 978-82-519-2703-1. p. 39–52. Show summary

  Denne studien fokuserer på preimplementeringsfasen i et ERP-prosjekt hvor anskaffelsesprosessen av et ERP-system er sentral. ERP-systemer er virksomhetsomspennende systemer som skal sikre integrasjon av funksjonelle forretningsområder og sømløs informasjonsflyt, men som også innebærer teknisk kompleksitet og organisatoriske utfordringer ved implementering. Artikkelen bygger på en utforskende casestudie som ble gjennomført i en SMB for å forstå hvordan utfordringer håndteres ved anskaffelse av et ERP-system. ERP pre-implementering er en kritisk prosess for SMB?er som vanligvis har begrensede ressurser og IT-kompetanse. Interessante funn viser at anskaffelsesprosessen var en langvarig og kompleks prosess som krevde høy systemkompetanse, samt evne til å håndtere tøffe forhandlinger med ERP-leverandører, forhandlere og konsulenter. Ved å bruke daglig leders forretningsnettverk kunne omdømme til forhandlere sjekkes, og forhandlere og konsulenter ble invitert til ?auditions? slik at deres evner til å løse ulike forretningsscenarioer kunne bedømmes. Det å bygge tillitt og langsiktige partnerforhold mellom bedriften, forhandler og konsulent, ble ansett som kritisk. Studien viser derfor at det å velge riktige aktører som kan støtte implementering og vedlikehold av et ERP-system, er vel så viktig som å velge den riktige ERP-løsningen.

• Hustad, Eli & Arntzen, Aurilla Aurelie (2010). From Classroom Learning to E-learning: An Actor-Network Perspective. The International Journal of the Computer, the Internet and Management. ISSN 0858-7027. Show summary

  This study examines the implementation of a learning management system (LMS) to support education of Norwegian athletic judges. The association that represents these judges (FDU) is the highest authority as regards authorization and control of sport judgers, and their operation is mainly based upon voluntary work. The athletic sport is getting increasingly popular, and there is a need to recruit more judges to be able to carry out athletics meetings. By offering courses online, the FDU hopes to reach and recruit new judges. The paper reports challenges, requirements and opportunities encountered while developing and deploying this LMS. We utilize an actor-network perspective to describe the complex socio-technical environment which unfolds while transferring from an offline to an online learning context.

• Hustad, Eli & Arntzen, Aurilla Aurelie (2010). A Framework to Understand Enablers and Inhibitors in a Learning Management System: Experiences from Fronter. The International Journal of the Computer, the Internet and Management. ISSN 0858-7027. Show summary

  Many universities have decided to use various learning Platforms in order to foster the learning capability for students and to improve the teaching processes for faculty staff. Based on qualitative case studies conducted at two Norwegian universities, this paper intends to delineate a general framework outlining the challenges, issues and opportunities in using a Learning Management System (LMS) and more specifically the Fronter platform.

• Hustad, Eli (2009). Exploring knowledge work practices and evolution in distributed networks of practice, Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Knowledge management, Edited by Ettore Bolisani, Università Degli Studi Di Padova, Italy. ACI Academic Conferences International. ISSN 9781906638399. p. 381–390. Show summary

  This paper derives from a longitudinal study conducted in a multinational company. Through an interpretive case study approach, we have explored the phenomenon of knowledge networking in distributed work. More specifically, we have focused on the evolution patterns in a particular knowledge networking structure denoted as distributed networks of practice. The paper conceptualizes this kind of network of practice as an ICT facilitated dynamic relationship of participants that are geographically and temporally dispersed from one another, and who are sharing and creating knowledge related to their daily work practices and business problems. Three different categories of networks were identified 1) problem solving networks, 2) business improvement networks, and 3) innovation networks. Findings demonstrate that the networks evolved differently over time, and the study identified four distinct evolution patterns comprising 1) devolution in terms of short life cycle and dissolution, 2) recursive patterns where new ad-hoc networks emerged from the mother network, 3) integration of knowledge practices through cross-network proposals, and 4) innovation and expansion in scope and size. While previous studies have suggested fixed models for how a life cycle of a community takes place, this study however identified four dissimilar evolution patterns. Thus, these findings challenge life cycles models suggested in traditional community of practice research. The paper utilizes an information infrastructure perspective to provide an improved understanding of the evolution patterns within these networks by viewing them as ecological social structures facilitated by a technological infrastructure. Through social lines of practice and effective knowledge sharing, the participants created an infrastructure of knowing within the organization and managed to alter organizational practices through evolution. The paper illustrates how a knowledge networking structure as such may facilitate distributed work practices and knowledge activities across temporal and spatial boundaries. Artikkelen bygger på casestudier av geografisk distribuerte kunnskapsnettverk i en multinasjonal bedrift. Fokus er arbeidspraksis, bruk av teknologi, samt evolusjon i disse nettverkene over tid. Funnene avdekker ulike evolusjonsmønstre hvor noen nettverk gjennomgår en negativ spiral og går i oppløsning, mens andre transformeres og blir en viktig brikke for organisasjonens kunnskapsutvikling og innovasjon.

• Hustad, Eli; Olsen, Dag H. & Päivärinta, Tero (2008). ENTERPRISE-WIDE SYSTEMS IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A THREE-DIMENSIONAL TEACHING FRAMEWORK, Proceedings of Pre-icis workshop on enterprise systems 2008, Editors & Co-chairs: Darshana Sedera, Bjorn Johansson and Mary Sumner, Paris, Des 13-17, 2008. Association for Information Systems (AIS). Show summary

  This research paper reports from teaching experiences in graduate courses in enterprise systems (ES). These systems embed technical complexity and imply organizational challenges when implemented in organizations. Thus, teaching good ES classes are both pedagogically challenging for faculty and difficult for students. To cope with these confronts we propose a generic three-fold teaching framework. This triangle comprises different contexts of learning in terms of traditional classroom, laboratory, and organizational settings. We advise three major pedagogical means that are in accordance with these contexts of learning to integrate different types of knowledge; 1) theory of ES, 2) hands-on experiences with ES software, and 3) project-based experiences by studying real-life ES implementations in organizations. We argue that an integrated teaching approach that includes practice-based learning loops facilitate and enrich a collaborative learning environment, and far superior to classroom learning. We implemented our teaching framework in both introductory and advanced courses in ES. We discuss lessons learned encompassing feedback from students, pedagogical challenges, and future development of teaching activities. Our research has implications. By proposing a diverse and innovative teaching approach we can better meet the pedagogical challenges that these systems entail. Additionally, other academic institutions may transfer and implement this teaching framework into their learning environment.

• Hustad, Eli & Teigland, Robin (2008). Implementing Social Networking Media and Web 2.0 in Multinationals: Implications for Knowledge Management, Proceedings of the 9th European Conference of Knowledge Management edited by Deogratias Harorimana and David Watkins (ECKM 2008). Academic Conferences International (ACI). ISSN 9781906638115. p. 323–332. Show summary

  This paper reports the findings from an exploratory study investigating how MNCs are leveraging Web 2.0 applications to improve knowledge sharing and creation within and across their boundaries. As Web 2.0 and social networking are typically of a grassroots nature, the implementation of Web 2.0 applications may result in tensions in more traditional hierarchical organizations. For example, individuals may self-organize to participate in mass collaboration across temporal and spatial boundaries, thus facilitating the leakage of ¿private¿ organizational knowledge across the organization¿s boundaries, which may be contrary to more traditional organizational forms and management norms. To guide our investigation, we categorize multinationals into four quadrants according to their maturity of how they are utilizing Web 2.0 and social networking either within their intra-organizational boundaries or in an extended inter-organizational context. Interestingly, all the multinationals under investigation demonstrate curiosity towards experimenting with new social networking tools through pilot studies or other initiatives of different scales. Examples are 1) utilizing MS SharePoint platforms internally to take advantage of collaboration and knowledge sharing through wikis, blogs, and social tagging, 2) using social networking sites for recruiting purposes that may cause considerable savings, 3) using Facebook for connecting geographically dispersed employees, and 4) utilizing virtual worlds such as Second Life to support collaboration as well as co-creation and innovation across academic and public researcher groups through facilitating a rich collaborative space. The study identified challenges related to the implementation of Web 2.0 in multinationals including poor top management support and understanding of Web 2.0¿s benefits, potential for knowledge leakage, social overload, attracting individuals to participate in networking activities, and the ability to measure the value of implementing Web 2.0. Finally, we discuss the potential and the role of Web 2.0 and social networking in future knowledge management systems of multinational firms. When incorporated in an organization¿s routines, Web 2.0 applications may enable multinationals to more fully leverage the knowledge sharing and creation potential of its employees across distributed locations than traditional knowledge management has done in the past. The challenge is to manage the increasing fluidity between the boundaries of organizational and individual knowledge in addition to between the boundaries of organizational and individual activities. Furthermore, management must increasingly focus on communicating to individuals about the multinational¿s competitive landscape, such as which knowledge is required for sustainable competitive advantage now and in the future. Since few studies so far have focused on the role of Web 2.0 in knowledge management, we suggest that future research should pay attention to how multinationals proceed in their efforts of implementing new social networking tools and how this may influence their existing knowledge management strategy and practices. Artikkelen rapporterer fra en utforskende studie som fokuserer på hvordan multinasjonale selskaper kan utnytte Web 2.0 applikasjoner for å forbedre kunnskapsdeling internt og på tvers av organisasjonsgrenser. Siden Web 2.0 applikasjoner og sosiale nettverkssteder bidrar til økt sosial makt i form av brukergenerert informasjon og kunnskap, kan implementering av Web 2.0 applikasjoner skape spenninger i tradisjonelle organisasjoner med hierarkiske kontrollstrukturer. Selskapene som deltok i undersøkelsen hadde eksperimentert med Web 2.0 applikasjoner i en eller annen form, og flere hadde implementert pil

• Hustad, Eli (2007). Structural Diversity: The Case of Boundary Spanning Networks, Proceedings of The 8th European Conference on Knowledge Management 8th European Conference on Knowledge Management (ECKM 2007) Held at the Consorci Escola Industrial de Barcelona (CEIB), Barcelona, Spain 6-7 September 2007. ACI Academic Conferences International. ISSN 9781905305520. p. 492–498. Show summary

  This paper reports from an interpretive case study conducted in a multinational firm that operates in the marine insurance industry. The study focuses on how structural diversity influences on knowledge work activities performed by participants who are members of distributed networks of practice (DNoPs). In this paper, we define a DNoP as a loosely knit, geographically dispersed group of participants who share knowledge with the purpose of solving business problems and improve daily work practices within an organization. The paper takes the view that dimensions of structural diversity such as geographical dispersion, business functions and business divisions define internal organizational boundaries. Thus, knowledge sharing in structurally diverse networks may be less efficient due to the barriers that these internal boundaries may cause. Structural diversity, however, may also enhance creativity and innovation where radical new insights arise from different perspectives introduced by the participants. Consequently, diversity and its potential boundaries embed a duality of contradictive features. The interviewees in the study regarded diversity as a valuable resource. Different perceptions of business concepts, however, caused misunderstanding and conflicts between geographically dispersed participants working at different business divisions. Interesting findings demonstrated that the DNoPs under study went through an evolution where participants enacted in boundary spanning activities to overcome the barriers that structural diversity caused. The role of knowledge brokers and the use of boundary objects were critical in these activities. While some boundary objects acted as obstacles, unexpected and illogical objects emerged from practice and became the most efficient boundary objects in use. Different communication media such as video- and teleconferences, email and intranet supported the boundary spanning processes. The paper brings the insight that networks were transformed by the influence of diversity, and that knowledge practices within the networks supported a shift as the networks evolved through cross-network interactions.

• Hustad, Eli (2007). Managing Structural Diversity: The Case of Boundary Spanning Networks. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management (EJKM). ISSN 1479-4411. 5(4), p. 399–409. Show summary

  This paper reports from an interpretive case study conducted in a multinational firm that operates in the marine insurance industry. The study focuses on how structural diversity influences on knowledge work activities performed by participants who are members of distributed networks of practice (DNoPs). In this paper, we define a DNoP as a loosely knit, geographically dispersed group of participants who share knowledge with the purpose of solving business problems and improve daily work practices within an organization. The paper takes the view that dimensions of structural diversity such as geographical dispersion, business functions and business divisions define internal organizational boundaries. Thus, knowledge sharing in structurally diverse networks may be less efficient due to the barriers that these internal boundaries may cause. Structural diversity, however, may also enhance creativity and innovation where radical new insights arise from different perspectives introduced by the participants. Consequently, diversity and its potential boundaries embed a duality of contradictive features. The interviewees in the study regarded diversity as a valuable resource. Different perceptions of business concepts, however, caused misunderstanding and conflicts between geographically dispersed participants working at different business divisions. Interesting findings demonstrated that the DNoPs under study went through an evolution where participants enacted in boundary spanning activities to overcome the barriers that structural diversity caused. The role of knowledge brokers and the use of boundary objects were critical in these activities. While some boundary objects acted as obstacles, unexpected and illogical objects emerged from practice and became the most efficient boundary objects in use. Different communication media such as video- and teleconferences, email and intranet supported the boundary spanning processes. The paper brings the insight that networks were transformed by the influence of diversity, and that knowledge practices within the networks supported a shift as the networks evolved through cross-network interactions.

• Hustad, Eli (2007). A conceptual framework for knowledge integration in distributed networks of practice, Proceedings of the 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (CD-ROM). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 1530-1605. Show summary

  This paper presents a conceptual framework for understanding knowledge integration in distributed networks of practice. The framework builds upon Grant?s knowledge-based theory of organizational capability in terms of efficiency, flexibility and scope of knowledge integration. Due to challenges related to contextual characteristics in distributed networks of practice, the framework proposes boundary spanning activities in terms of boundary objects and knowledge brokers as critical to ensure knowledge integration and to build a shared repertoire and common ground of knowledge. The framework is applied as the basis for analyzing knowledge integration in distributed networks of practice in the marine insurance industry.

• Hustad, Eli (2006). Mediated Communication Behavior in Distributed Networks of Practice, Hassanaly. P., Herrman, T., Kunau, G., and Zacklad, M. (eds). Frontiers in Artifical Intelligence and Applicaitons: Cooperative Systems Design: Seamless Integration of Artifacts and Conversations- Enhanced Concepts of Infrastructure for Communication. IOS Press. Show summary

  This study examines mediated communication behavior in distributed networks of practice (DNoPs) in a multinational enterprise working in the marine insurance industry. The study describes and compares mediated communication behavior in five different distributed networks of practice as a combination of the knowledge activities that take place during communicative action, the media used to support communication, the networks perceptions of different media, and the contextual factors that influence both communication and media selection. The networks experienced several challenges in the communication process such as technological instabilities that excluded participation, complex and highly equivocal messages, physical and social-psychological distance between participants, and media limitations. Different theoretical perspectives for mediated communication provide a framework for discussion and integration of the empirical findings in this study.

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• Elragal, Ahmed; Haddara, Moutaz & Hustad, Eli (2020). Rejuvenating enterprise systems. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (SJIS). ISSN 0905-0167. 32(2), p. 1–12. Show summary

  The technology landscape has drastically changed because of the various emerging technologies that are radically redefining how Enterprise Systems (ES) are offered, implemented, utilized, integrated, and maintained. Hence, businesses require high agility and flexibility, and this has become even more evident in the current outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, among others, ERP systems should respond to such dynamic needs of today’s businesses and the rapidly changing business settings. For example, new sourcing models for ES have recently been offered, and cloud sourcing has become a popular approach especially for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). New applications have been integrated with ES, forming the so-called hybrid systems. A hybrid system also incorporates systems from multiple vendors, as well as integrates data from on-premises with those on the cloud. Enterprises also seek to utilize ES in more intelligent ways by analyzing their transaction data to support decision making at both strategic and tactical levels. Future ES are expected to highly support digital transformation efforts and incorporate (big) data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) technology to a greater extent. Moreover, in response to the rapidly changing business and technological environments, modern ESs should be viewed as vehicles and enablers of collaborative innovation across organizations through value co-creation processes, platforms, and frameworks. The special issue includes five papers that focus on the future potential of ES in different ways.

• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2019). Digital Infrastructure for Sustainability: Benefits and Challenges of a Service-Oriented Environment.
• Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2016). Skybaserte ERP-løsninger i undervisning.
• Hustad, Eli (2016). ERP and Organizational Misfits: An ERP Customization Journey.
• Hustad, Eli (2016). Knowledge Networking in Distributed Work: A Boundary Management Approach.
• Hustad, Eli (2014). A Study of Knowledge Requirements for External Consultants in Enterprise Systems.
• Hustad, Eli (2014). Knowledge management in an academic context: A framework for successful Intranet 2.0 implementation.
• Hustad, Eli (2013). Critical Issues across the ERP Life Cycle in Small-and-Medium-Sized Enterprises: Experiences from a Multiple Case Study.
• Hustad, Eli (2013). Implementation of Intranet 2.0: Lessons Learned and Implications for Management.
• Hustad, Eli & Arntzen Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie (2012). Knowledge Café on the Gender-Related Issues in Knowledge Management: How to Promote Female Features and Qualities in KM Initiatives.
• Hustad, Eli (2012). ERP systems in knowledge-intensive companies: An illustrative case study of a publisher.
• Hustad, Eli (2012). Erfaringer fra Kif-prosjektet: Building a cross-disciplinary international network of female researchers to promote women in academic positions.
• Hustad, Eli & Arntzen Bechina, Aurilla Aurelie (2012). Knowledge Lunch: Factors preventing women in science to advance. Show summary

  The purpose of this project is to build a cross-disciplinary international network of women researchers who work particularly in the field of information systems (IS) and related research areas such as business management, organizational science, social science, knowledge management, innovation and organizational learning. The aim is twofold; firstly to promote women to put more emphasis on doing research which is publishable at higher level journals important for career advancement (e.g. starting and completing a PhD, advancing from assistant professor to associate professor, or advancing from associate professor to professor). Secondly, the aim is to set up forums to discuss gender issues within research to make people aware of the need for increasing the number of women in higher academic positions at universities. Currently, female researchers within for instance IS research, constitute a minority. In Norway, they are doing campaigns trying to recruit more women into IT studies (Andreassen 2009), and companies like NCE SMART Energy Markets try to recruit women to studies and high competence businesses within south-east regions of Norway (Sætre 2011). The Norwegian government aims to increase the percentage of women among the academic staff through funding offered by the Research Council of Norway (Gender Balance in Research 2010). However, to get an equal gender balance seems to be a slow process, as statistics show from “Women in Science” (Lindstad and Lie, 2010) International researchers have focused on reasons for this unbalance which creates “an unequal playing field” favoring the advancement of men (Bilen-Gree et al. 2008). The argument is that higher proportion of women particularly in strategic positions in academy can facilitate institutional change and improve recruitment and advancement of women towards professor positions. By creating a cross-disciplinary international network of women researchers, we will facilitate an arena for discussing these topics further. The purpose is to encourage more women to target higher positions within their own research institution or apply for new positions.

• Hustad, Eli & Staverløkk, Lene (2011). Implementing a Service-Oriented Architecture: A Technochange Approach.
• Arntzen, Aurilla Aurelie & Hustad, Eli (2010). Learning Capabilities Embedded in a Learning Management System: Experiences From an Online LMS at Two Universities in Norway. Show summary

  Over the last decade, the educational landscape has evolved from a traditional teaching environment to a highly open and dynamic knowledge-based environment. This is mainly due to the large adoption of computers, internet, intranet and instructional software applications on campus. Therefore, the traditional teaching styles and methods might need to evolve too. Lately, this issue has raised debates on how higher education could cope with the new changes and thus introduce a certain level of innovative approach in the way teaching and learning processes are performed. Numerous requirements and challenges need to be overcome such as providing lecture anytime, anywhere or to increase and to improve the communication between the faculty, staff and students. The use of Information and Communication Tools (ICT) provides a mean to fulfill these issues and to develop further the Learning Management System (LMS). Many universities have decided to use various learning Platforms in order to foster the learning capability for students and to improve the teaching processes for faculty staff. For example, In Norway, several learning platforms have been adopted by universities and college universities. The most used one is the Fronter platform that has been developed and used all over European countries by millions of teachers and learners. Although, it is claimed that this system provide excellent feature for the educational world, there are still too little research papers investigating if the usage of such learning management system will reach appreciable benefits. Based on both qualitative and quantitative data, the paper intends to delineate a general framework outlining the challenges, issues and opportunities in using such LMS and more specifically the Fronter platform, in the academic context. The data will be collected in two different college Universities that are using Fronter Platform. The second part of the paper will outline some theoretical frameworks on e-learning and learning management system. The third part will introduce the context of study and the adopted research methodology. Finally, section four analyses the set of collected data and defines a general framework encompassing the socio-technical factors that facilitate or hamper the implementation and usage of such Leaning management systems

• Hustad, Eli & Munkvold, Bjørn Erik (2009). Emerging forms of ICT-supported distributed work - overview and case example. Show summary

  The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for supporting distributed work is commonplace in contemporary organizations. A challenge for research in this area is the large variety of terms used for denoting various forms of virtual work, such as virtual teams, virtual projects and virtual organizations. In this paper we attempt to delineate some of these key terms through discussing characteristics of distributed organizations and different virtual entities. Further, we provide a brief overview of emerging technologies for supporting distributed work. This constitutes a foundation for the main form of virtual work focused in this article, which is distributed networks of practice. Findings from a longitudinal case study in a multinational company in the marine insurance industry illustrate how informal social networks in a distributed setting try to overcome boundary-crossing challenges. The paper discusses implications for distributed organizing and boundary anagement and provides suggestions for future research.

• Hustad, Eli & Teigland, Robin (2008). Using Web 2.0 in multinational corporations. ?. p. 1–4. Show summary

  The article of Eli Hustad and Robin Teigland focuses on how Multinational Corporations are using Web 2.0 to facilitate a better environment for knowledge intensive work. Examples of Web 2.0 applications that support knowledge sharing are blogs, sharing of bookmarks, Wikipedia, You Tube.com and Facebook.com. Recently virtual worlds such as Second Life in which individuals may immerse themselves through avatars in 3D computer-mediated environments have also received increasing interest. To experiment with Web 2.0 applications in traditional, hierarchical organizations may require a different way of thinking (mindset) among managers. To avoid, ignore, or forbid the use of Web 2.0 applications is probably not the solution. For instance, Web 2.0 applications may enable multinationals to more fully leverage the knowledge sharing and creation potential of its employees across distributed locations. However, attention should be paid to managing the increasing fluidity between the boundaries of organizational and individual knowledge and activities. Moreover, management should increasingly focus on communicating to employees about the multinational's competitive landscape, such as which knowledge is required for sustainable competitive advantage now and in the future, as well as whom the primary competitors are. When Web 2.0 practices are incorporated in an organization's routines, necessary norms and rules will protect the most sensitive organizational knowledge making the employees aware of it in their daily work.

• Hustad, Eli (2008). Implementing Web 2.0 in multinational corporations: Challenges and opportunities. Show summary

  What do we put into the concept "globalization"? There is an increasing trend that our society became more integrated with respect to economic, political, technological and cultural issues. Degree of globalization is about to which extent individuals, organizations, markets and technologies are connected across geographical and cultural borders. There is a wide range of ICT that supports global communication and collaboration. It is becoming clear that application and use of social networks in global organizations can have impact on organizational effectiveness and efficiency. Although many employees use social networking technologies in their private lives, those in organizations still have to learn and find out how they can successfully apply social networking technologies. Successful application of social networks and social networking technologies might require changes to the way organizations are structured and managed. We see the Web 2.0 phenomenon as a further development of the networking model of knowledge management, also denoted as the second generation of KM, which focus on communities and networks of practice and ICT to support global knowledge networking. However, as Web 2.0 and social networking are typically of a more grassroots nature, the implementation of those in traditional and hierarchical organizations may result in tension. Both intra- and inter-organizational knowledge sharing increase, and competitive knowledge may "leak". Hva legger vi i globalisering? En økende tendens til at samfunn blir mer og mer sammenkoblet i forhold til økonomisk, politiske, teknologiske, og kulturelle aspekt. Grad av globalisering gjenspeiles i hvorvidt individer, organisasjoner, markeder, og teknologier er sammenkoblet på tvers av geografiske og kulturelle grenser. Vi vet at det eksisterer et vidt spekter av IKT som kan støtte global kommunikasjon og samhandling. Sosiale nettverk and sosial programvare får økende betydning for globale organisasjoner og kommunikasjonsmønstre kan endres. Implementering av sosiale medier i globale organisasjoner kan imidlertid skape utfordringer pga av tradisjonelle struktur og ledelsesformer - noe som kan skape spenninger mellom ansatte og ledelsen. Kunnskap deles i større grad, og kunnskap som skaper konkurransefortrinn kan "lekke".

• Ajer, Anne Kristin Sortehaug; Hustad, Eli & Vassilakopoulou, Polyxeni (2020). Institutional perspective on introducing enterprise architecture. The case of the Norwegian hospital sector. . Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 978-82-7117-973-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Elgazzar, Rania Fahim H.I.; Hustad, Eli & Olsen, Dag Håkon (2015). Adoption of Cloud Computing: Results from a Delphi Study. Universitetet i Agder. Show summary

  Topic: The adoption of cloud computing services is influenced by many issues perceived differently by clients and cloud service providers; providers may see the positive side of the cloud, whereas clients may perceive it otherwise. This report presents the results of a Delphi study and focuses on the following two questions: What issues confront enterprises when adopting cloud computing services? What is the relative importance of these issues? Method: Thirty-four experts from different industries and public institutions participated in a Delphi panel. It was divided into three subpanels that represent different stakeholders, namely, clients, providers, and academics. We started the study in 2013 and completed it in March 2015. The Delphi study procedure comprised three stages, namely, (1) brainstorming, (2) narrowing down, and (3) ranking. Follow-up interviews were also conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of the topics examined. Findings: The panelists identified 55 issues of concern in the first round, and these were analyzed and grouped into 10 categories: (1) security, (2) availability, (3) migration, (4) business, (5) legal and ethical concerns, (6) culture, (7) awareness, (8) impact, (9) strategy, and (10) IT governance. In the second round, most of the panelists’ votes went to security (104 votes), followed by legal and ethical (67 votes), impact (60 votes), and strategy (54 votes) issues. In the narrowing down phase, 33 issues were identified, and these were based on a threshold of 30%. In the first ranking round, 33 issues were ranked by the panelists. However, we could not reach an acceptable agreement (Kendall W was for clients=0.173, providers=0.069, and academics=0.270). In the second round of ranking, the top 18 issues of each subpanel were ranked, and the intrapanel agreement showed moderate consensus on the issues (Kendall W was for clients=0.392, providers=0.443, and academics=0.493). We found that the client panel ranked the issue “Data protection legislations are different and not strong in all countries” as number one, the provider panel ranked the issue “The risk of losing control over resources (data, software, hardware, and human resources) in private clouds is less than that in public clouds. However, risks are not absolute, and most of them can be addressed, but not all of them” as number one, and the academic panel ranked the issue “Enterprises are faced with weak undetailed Service Level Agreements (SLAs) from providers (e.g., providers may not be transparent about where and how do they store the data and the acknowledgement of security incidents whenever happen and how the cloud provider deals with it)” as number one. Follow-up interviews were also conducted. The insights of the panelists are shared in this report. Conclusions: The report highlights current cloud computing adoption issues. Security, strategy, legal and ethical concerns, and IT governance were among the highest-ranked issues by the participants in the study. The results show different perspectives across the subpanels, especially for the clients and providers. Clients need to understand well their business needs and what value cloud computing can add to their business. Cloud service providers need to fully comprehend the current needs of their market. More work needs to be done on increasing awareness regarding cloud computing and its benefits for businesses. Clients are particularly interested in hearing more about hybrid cloud solutions. The most important issues of concern are further discussed in this report.

• Hustad, Eli (2012). Building a cross-disciplinary international network of female researchers to promote women in academic positions. UiA, institutt for informasjonssystemer. Show summary

  Prosjektets formål har vært å etablere ett internasjonalt nettverk av kvinnelige forskere innen informasjonssystemer, IKT-fag og relaterte fagdisipliner. I den forbindelse ble det arrangert to nettverkstreff med inviterte foredragsholdere hvor aktuelle problemstillinger relatert til kvinners underrepresentasjon i akademiske posisjoner ble presentert og diskutert. Det første møte var lokalt, og var ment som en forberedelse/pilot for arrangement av en internasjonal Workshop som ble avholdt senere.

• Hustad, Eli (2007). A knowledge networking lens: Making sense of intra-organizational networks of practice. Unipub forlag. Show summary

  This dissertation is based on a longitudinal study in two multinational companies, exploring the phenomenon of knowledge networking and the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in a distributed work context. Grounded in the interpretive research tradition of philosophical hermeneutics, the thesis makes sense of a particular networking structure denoted as intra-organizational networks of practice. Through in-depth case studies of four networks, the thesis develops a theoretical framework for understanding these networks, elaborates, and compares their differentiating characteristics in terms of diversity dimensions, mediated communication behavior, boundary practices, and evolution patterns. Based upon this framework and thick descriptions, three different categories of networks were identified; problem solving networks, business improvement networks, and innovation networks. The study identified different impediments that together made knowledge sharing less effective: socio-psychological distance caused by geographical distribution, high degree of tacit knowledge, and limitations in ICT-based communication media. The study contributes by illustrating different effects of diversity on knowledge sharing, and by identifying four different evolution patterns for these networks: 1) short life cycle and dissolution, 2) innovation and expansion in scope and size 3) integration of knowledge practices through cross-network proposals, and 4) recursive patterns where new ad-hoc networks emerged from the mother network. The thesis contributes to the research on information infrastructures by conceptualizing the overlapping and heterogeneous structure of knowledge networks as an information infrastructure that may facilitate distributed collective work practices and utilize the organizational knowledge potential of multinational enterprises. The thesis provides implications for practice by elucidating the skills of spanning and managing boundaries within the distributed work context, and by suggesting a differentiated cultivation strategy that customizes and contextually adapts ICT artifacts into the idiosyncratic knowledge practices of a network. Forretningsverden preges mer enn noen gang av kunnskapsintensive og multinasjonale foretak som utfører sin virksomhet på tvers av geografiske og tidsmessige skillelinjer. Målsettingen med doktorgradsarbeidet har vært å undersøke distribuerte kunnskapsnettverk hvor geografisk spredte arbeidstakere kommuniserer og deler kunnskap ved å utfordre disse grensene hovedsakelig ved hjelp av informasjons- og kommunikasjonsteknologi (IKT). Uformelle sosiale relasjoner er antatt å være viktigere enn formaliserte arbeidsgrupper for å sikre effektiv kommunikasjon og kunnskapsdeling i organisasjoner. Avhandlingen bygger på disse forutsetningene og har adressert spørsmålet hvorvidt uformelle nettverk i en distribuert kontekst kan bidra til å utnytte kunnskapspotensialet i en multinasjonal organisasjon. Doktorgradsarbeidet som er utført ved Universitetet i Agder, omfatter casestudier av distribuerte kunnskapsnettverk og bruk av IKT i to multinasjonale foretak. Den longitudinelle studien stadfester eksistensen av ulike heterogene nettverkstrukturer som også viser forskjellige utviklingsmønstre og innflytelse på organisasjonspraksis over tid. Avhandlingen presenterer et teoretisk rammeverk for å kunne forstå distribuerte nettverksstrukturer bedre. Resultater fra de empiriske undersøkelsene tilsier at mangfold kan ha ulik innflytelse på effektiv kunnskapsdeling i distribuerte nettverk. Mangfold kan skape en gunstig innovasjonsarena, men kan på den annen side også medføre konflikter og kommunikasjonssvikt. Studien demonstrerer hvordan arbeidstakere som deltar i distribuerte kunnskapsnettverk h

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