Odd Mikael Holmesland Snaprud

• Snaprud, Mikael; Velazuez, Andrea C.; Vabo, Grete & Skibrekk, Kristian (2023). Verktøy for å kople leksikalske ressurser til tekster. LexicoNordica. ISSN 0805-2735. 30(Særtrykk), p. 137–157.
• Halbach, Till; Fuglerud, Kristin Skeide & Snaprud, Mikael (2022). User Insights for Better and More Inclusive Online Public Services: A Survey Study. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. p. 36–43. doi: 10.3233/SHTI220818.
• Fuglerud, Kristin Skeide; Halbach, Till & Snaprud, Mikael (2021). Involving Diverse Users for Inclusive Technology Development. In Blashki, Katherine (Eds.), IADIS International Conference on Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction 2021 (part of MCCSIS 2021). IADIS Press. ISSN 978-989-8704-31-3. Show summary

  This work discusses recommendations for including diverse users in universal and inclusive design of ICT and discusses some challenges and possibilities of remote user involvement. Related research recommends a user-centered design process, the involvement of individuals with a wide range of abilities and disabilities, and to have user participation in all development stages, such as needs assessment, co-creation sessions and trials. However, there is little guidance in the literature regarding tools and techniques for inclusive co-creation on equal means for all, especially when it comes to remote participation. The paper discusses various methods and techniques for inclusive design that can be performed remotely, including focus groups, workshops, personas, and scenarios. Our analysis suggests that, with the proper tools and techniques, performing such activities remotely can have other advantages than traditional approaches, such as reduced time and costs for both participants and researchers, as well as the potential for greater diversity since one can recruit from a greater geographic area. Finally, we present ongoing work to make use of remote feedback as a valuable tool for user involvement in inclusive design.

• Alarcon, Diane; Andreasson, Kim; Mucha, Justyna Magdalena; Nietzio, Annika; Sawicka, Agata & Snaprud, Mikael (2018). A public barrier tracker to support the web accessibility directive. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 10896 LNCS, p. 22–26. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-94277-3_4.
• Snaprud, Mikael; Radianti, Jaziar & Munkvold, Bjørn Erik (2017). SAMTERM: Terminologi for samordnet krisehåndtering, NORDTERM 20 Hvem er brukerne av terminologiske ressurser – og hvordan når vi ut til dem?. Språkrådet. ISSN 978-82-93424-07-9. p. 152–159.
• Snaprud, Mikael; Radianti, Jaziar & Svindseth, Dag (2017). Better Access to Terminology for Crisis Communications. In Murayama, Yuko; Velev, Dimiter; Zlateva, Plamena & Gonzalez, Jose J (Ed.), Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction First IFIP TC 5 DCITDRR International Conference, ITDRR 2016. Springer. ISSN 978-3-319-68485-7. p. 93–103. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-68486-4_8.
• Aboughonim, Ahmed Abdeltawab Abdelgawad S.; Radianti, Jaziar; Snaprud, Mikael & Krogstie, John (2016). Disabled People from Welfare to Jobs: An Interactive Learning Environment Experimental Investigation, 34th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society 2016. System Dynamics Society. ISSN 978-1-5108-3020-2. p. 1–27.
• Mucha, Justyna Magdalena; Snaprud, Mikael & Nietzio, Annika (2016). Web page clustering for more efficient website accessibility evaluations. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 9758, p. 259–266. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-41264-1_35.
• Aboughonim, Ahmed Abdeltawab Abdelgawad S.; Radianti, Jaziar; Snaprud, Mikael & Krogstie, John (2016). Experimentation with a System Dynamics Based Interactive Learning Environment: A Case Study of Accessibility of Norwegian Municipalities Websites. International Journal of Simulation. Systems, Science and Technology. ISSN 1473-8031. 17(35), p. 29.1–29.11. doi: 10.5013/IJSSST.a.17.35.29.
• Aboughonim, Ahmed Abdeltawab Abdelgawad S.; Radianti, Jaziar; Snaprud, Mikael & Krogstie, John (2016). Simulation Models in eGovernment using System Dynamics: A Literature Survey. In Cunningham, Paul & Cunningham, Miriam (Ed.), 2016 IST-Africa Conference. IEEE Press. ISSN 978-1-905824-55-7. doi: 10.1109/istafrica.2016.7530678. Show summary

  System Dynamics (SD) is a method to build simulation models using computers, to study the behaviour of systems, and apply what-if scenarios aiming at achieving optimal policy design. To have an overview of the current state-of-the-art of SD use in the eGovernment field; we have surveyed related literature. Our main goal is to uncover the possibilities for future research by clarifying the shortages. The identified literature is not very large. In most of the literature, SD models use was limited to SD practitioners. We discovered low usage of Group Model Building and workshops despite their usefulness in involving non-SD practitioners in the model building process. Additionally, there is a large untapped potential in using Interactive Learning Environment, in spite of its importance in involving non-technical users in conducting what-if scenario testing, and changing users’ mental models by uncovering the underlying system structure.

• Aboughonim, Ahmed Abdeltawab Abdelgawad S.; Radianti, Jaziar; Snaprud, Mikael & Krogstie, John (2016). Accessibility of Norwegian Municipalities Websites: An Interactive Learning Environment Experimental Investigation. In Al-Dabass, David; Orsoni, Alessandra; Cant, Richard & Jenkins, Glenn (Ed.), 2016 UKSim-AMSS 18th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 978-1-5090-0887-2. p. 209–214. doi: 10.1109/UKSim.2016.16. Show summary

  Accessibility is an important aspect of websites generally and public websites particularly. Many ways could be proposed to enhance accessibility, however the impact of selected actions is hard to predict due to diversification and contradiction, in addition to the existence of the time factor. A System Dynamics simulation model including factors affecting the accessibility of Norwegian municipal websites was encapsulated in an Interactive Learning Environment (ILE). As the model promised to be able to change how users think and take decisions, this ILE was tested by users in an experiment. We have conducted α, β, and γ change analysis on the results of this experiment. Results showed that the ILE was successful in changing 50% of its users’ understanding and perceptions about the system’s causal relationships and policy options, and helping 30% redefining the standards they use to assess or evaluate these relationships and policy options.

• Bühler, Christian; Heck, Helmut; Nietzio, Annika; Snaprud, Mikael & Berker, Frank (2015). Better Questions, Better Answers: Structured Web Accessibility Evaluations for Non-Experts. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 217, p. 134–141. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-566-1-134.
• Snaprud, Mikael & Helmikstøl, Gerd Reidun (2015). A Socratic E-Learning Approach. International Journal of Advanced Corporate Learning. ISSN 1867-5565. 8(2), p. 44–46. doi: 10.3991/ijac.v8i2.4442.
• Andreasson, Kim & Snaprud, Mikael (2014). The European e-Government Web Accessibility Divide, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance (ICEGOV). ACM Digital Library. ISSN 978-1-60558-611-3. p. 391–394. doi: 10.1145/2691195.2691287.
• Snaprud, Mikael; Rasta, Kamyar; Andreasson, Kim & Nietzio, Annika (2014). Benefits and Challenges of Combining Automated and User Testing to Enhance e-Accessibility – The European Internet Inclusion Initiative. In Miesenberger, Klaus; Fels, Deborah; Archambault, Dominique; Peňáz, Petr & Zagler, Wolfgang (Ed.), Computers Helping People with Special Needs. Springer. ISSN 978-3-319-08595-1. p. 137–140. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-08596-8_20. Show summary

  The European Internet Inclusion Initiative (EIII) presents a new approach by combining the benefits of automated and user testing in order to improve both the quality and the coverage of evaluation results. This paper provides an overview of the challenges posed by online accessibility assessment and outlines the initial steps towards the combination of automated and user testing in the form of crowd sourcing.

• Aboughonim, Ahmed Abdeltawab Abdelgawad S.; Snaprud, Mikael; Krogstie, John & Brynn, Rudolph (2012). Disabled People from Welfare to Jobs: A Decision Support Tool. In Al-Dabass, David; Yunus, Jasmy; Giriantari, Dayu; Ibrahim, Zuwairie & Kumar, Satya (Ed.), Sixth Asia International Conference on Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 978-0-7695-4730-5. p. 132–137. doi: 10.1109/ams.2012.24. Show summary

  Despite repeated statements from successive governments in Norway, disabled people employment rate remains unchanged since 2000. A range of studies to describe and analyse the situation qualitatively and quantitatively have been performed, however we have not been able to find any study containing a decision support tool focusing on this issue. This paper presents a simulation model, built using the System Dynamics methodology. The model focuses on enabling disabled people to move from welfare to work, incorporating attitudes of disabled people and employers. The model is designed to cover selected factors that are believed to enable and encourage disabled people to take up jobs. It is intended to be used by policy makers, disability organisations, and individual citizens, and support more targeted discussions among them. To build the underlying model we have conducted an extensive literature review, and two surveys on attitudes of disabled people and employers. The paper contains a description of the model structure, and its behaviour.

• Nietzio, Annika; Eibegger, Mandana; Goodwin, Morten & Snaprud, Mikael (2012). Following the WCAG 2.0 Techniques: Experiences from Designing a WCAG 2.0 Checking Tool. In Miesenberger, Klaus; Karshmer, Arthur; Penaz, Petr & Zagler, Wolfgang (Ed.), Computers Helping People with Special Needs 13th International Conference, ICCHP 2012, Linz, Austria, July 11-13, 2012, Proceedings, Part I. Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. ISSN 978-3-642-31521-3. p. 417–424. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-31522-0_63. Show summary

  This paper presents a conceptual analysis of how the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 and its accompanying documents can be used as a basis for the implementation of an automatic checking tool and the definition of a web accessibility metric. There are two major issues that need to be resolved to derive valid and reliable conclusions from the output of individual tests. First, the relationship of Sufficient Techniques and Common Failures has to be taken into account. Second, the logical combination of the techniques related to a Success Criterion must be represented in the results. The eGovMon project has a lot of experience in specifying and implementing tools for automatic checking of web accessibility. The project is based on the belief that web accessibility evaluation is not an end in itself. Its purpose is to promote web accessibility and initiate improvements.

• Goodwin, Morten; Nietzio, Annika; Susar, Deniz; Snaprud, Mikael & Jensen, Christian S. (2011). Global Web Accessibility Analysis of National Government Portals and Ministry Web Sites. Journal of Information Technology & Politics (JITP). ISSN 1933-1681. 8(1), p. 41–67. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2010.508011. Show summary

  Equal access to public information and services for all is an essential part of the United Nations (UN) Declaration of Human Rights. Today, the Web plays an important role in providing information and services to citizens. Unfortunately, many government Web sites are poorly designed and have accessibility barriers that prevent people with disabilities from using them. This article combines current Web accessibility benchmarking methodologies with a sound strategy for comparing Web accessibility among countries and continents. Furthermore, the article presents the first global analysis of the Web accessibility of 192 United Nation Member States made publically available. The article also identifies common properties of Member States that have accessible and inaccessible Web sites and shows that implementing antidisability discrimination laws is highly beneficial for the accessibility of Web sites, while signing the UN Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities has had no such effect yet. The article demonstrates that, despite the commonly held assumption to the contrary, mature, high-quality Web sites are more accessible than lower quality ones. Moreover, Web accessibility conformance claims by Web site owners are generally exaggerated.

• Aboughonim, Ahmed Abdeltawab Abdelgawad S. & Snaprud, Mikael (2011). A Survey of Current Measurement Methods for eGovernment User-satisfaction. In Hussain, Abir; Tawfik, Hissam; Al-Jumeily, Dhiya; Nagar, Atulya K. & Abuelmaatti, Omar (Ed.), The Fourth International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE2011)Proceedings. IEEE conference proceedings. ISSN 978-0-7695-4593-6. p. 365 –369. doi: 10.1109/dese.2011.12. Show summary

  A survey on eGovernment user-satisfaction measurement methods was conducted to enable a comparison among them and to facilitate a discussion on good practices. The collected information is related to the methodology properties, tools, followed practices, implementation stage and challenges. The main findings are that the surveyed methods rarely refer to any established relevant standards, they are not regularly updated, and most of them do not have an open process for maintenance. We also note that software vendors are mostly not included in the intended group of users of the measurement results. A revision of methods and their maintenance processes can increase their accountability and enable more efficient

• Aboughonim, Ahmed Abdeltawab Abdelgawad S.; Snaprud, Mikael & Krogstie, John (2011). Accessibility of Norwegian Municipalities Websites: A Decision Support Tool. In Al-Dabass, David; Orsoni, Alessandra; Pantelous, Athanasios; Romero, Gregorio & Felez, Jesus (Ed.), UKSim 5th European Modelling Symposium On Computer Modelling and Simulation, EMS2011. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 978-0-7695-4631-5. p. 225–230. doi: 10.1109/ems.2011.61. Show summary

  Access to public websites is crucial to assure equal opportunities for all citizens to participate in society. Although, a range of studies to analyse the accessibility of websites have been carried out, we have not been able to find any study evaluating the effect of managerial decisions on the accessibility of websites. This paper presents a demonstrator simulation model, built using System Dynamics methodology. The model focuses on accessibility of Norwegian Municipal websites, and is intended to be used as a decision support tool, mainly for managers responsible for website development and maintenance. To build the underlying model we have used information collected from in-depth interviews with representatives from a group of Norwegian municipalities, and the outcomes of a review of the relevant literature. The paper contains a description of the model structure, and the behaviour from running the model using parameters of two Norwegian municipalities.

• Aboughonim, Ahmed Abdeltawab Abdelgawad S. & Snaprud, Mikael (2011). A Survey of Current Measurement Methods for eGovernment Impact. In Cunningham, Stuart; Houlden, Nigel; Grout, Vic; Oram, Denise & Picking, Rich (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Internet Technologies and Applications (ITA 11). The International Conference on Internet Technologies and Applications. ISSN 978-0946881680. p. 415–422. Show summary

  A survey on eGovernment impact measurement methods was conducted by the eGovMoNet project to enable a comparison among them and to facilitate a discussion on good practices. The collected information is related to the methodologies covering their properties and associated tools, practices, implementation stage and challenges. The main findings from the analysis based on the results compiled by this survey are that more effort is needed to standardise more measurement methods and to increase the accuracy of the measurement results. Also the ways in which measurements can support strategic decisions and support policy makers need more focus. Identifying bottlenecks and prioritise improvements are not frequent among surveyed methods. The majority of the surveyed methods do not have an open process, change management process or an open method document license. Only half of the surveyed methods are regularly updated and maintained in a transparent way.

• Nietzio, Annika; Olsen, Morten Goodwin & Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2010). Accessibility of eGovernment web sites: Towards a collaborative retrofitting approach. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 6179. Show summary

  Accessibility benchmarking is efficient to raise awareness and initiate competition. However, traditional benchmarking is of little avail when it comes to removing barriers from eGovernment web sites in practice. Regulations and legal enforcement may be helpful in a long-term perspective. For more rapid progress both vendors and web site maintainers are willing to take short-term action towards improvements, provided that clear advise is available. The approach of the eGovernment Monitoring project (eGovMon) integrates benchmarking as a central activity in a user-driven project. In addition to benchmarking results, several other services and background information are provided to enable the users - in this case a group of Norwegian municipalities who want to improve the accessibility of their web sites - to gain real added value from benchmarking.

• Olsen, Morten Goodwin; Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. & Nietzio, Annika (2010). Automatic Checking of Alternative Texts on Web Pages. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 6179. Show summary

  For people who cannot see non-textual web content, such as images, maps or audio files, the alternative texts are crucial to understand and use the content. Alternate texts are often automatically generated by web publishing software or not properly provided by the author of the content. Such texts may impose web accessibility barriers. Automatic accessibility checkers in use today can only detect the presence of alternative texts, but not determine if the text is describing the corresponding content in any useful way. This paper presents a pattern recognition approach for automatic detection of alternative texts that may impose a barrier, reaching an accuracy of more then 90%.

• Aboughonim, Ahmed Abdeltawab Abdelgawad S.; Snaprud, Mikael & Krogstie, John (2010). Accessibility of Norwegian Municipalities Websites: A Qualitative System Dynamics Approach. In Moon, Tae-Hoon (Eds.), Proceedings of The 28th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. System Dynamics Society. ISSN 978-1-935056-06-5.
• Ulltveit-Moe, Nils; Olsen, Morten Goodwin; Pillai, Anand Balachandran; Thomsen, Christian; Gjøsæter, Terje & Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2008). Architecture for large-scale automatic web accessibility evaluation based on the UWEM methodology, Norsk informatikkonferanse : NIK 2008. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. p. 95–106. Show summary

  The European Internet Accessibility Observatory (EIAO) project has developed an observatory for performing large scale automatic web accessibility evaluations of public sector web sites in Europe. The architecture includes a distributed web crawler that crawls web sites for links until either a given budget of web pages have been identified or the web site has been crawled exhaustively. Subsequently, a uniform random subset of the crawled web pages is sampled and sent for accessibility evaluation. The evaluation results are stored in a Resource Description Format (RDF) database that later is loaded into the EIAO data warehouse using an Extract-Transform-Load (ETL) tool. The aggregated indicator results in the data warehouse are finally presented in a Plone based online reporting tool. This paper describes the final version of the EIAO architecture and outlines some of the technical and architectural challenges that the project faced, and the solutions developed towards building a system capable of regular large-scale accessibility evaluations with sufficient capacity and stability. It also outlines some possible future architectural improvements.

• Duque, Rick; Collins, Martin; Abbate, Janet; Azambuja, Celso Canido & Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2007). History of information technology, Past, Present & Future of Research in the Information Society. Springer Science+Business Media B.V..
• Berntzen, Lasse; Berntzen, Lasse; Snaprud, Mikael Odd H.; Snaprud, Mikael Odd H.; Sawicka, Agata & Flak, Leif Skiftenes [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2007). Towards Automatic Assessment of e-Government Services, Expanding the Knowledge Economy : Issues, Applications, Case Studies. IOS Press. p. 223–229.
• Aslaksen, Finn; Fardal, Frank & Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2006). The Role of Benchmarking in Concerted Actions to Increase Accessibility. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 4061, p. 258–262. Show summary

  This paper covers ?soft measures? that can be used in a ?stick and carrot? strategy to improve accessibility to web sites. Two examples of benchmarking are presented. The first is the benchmarking of 700 Norwegian public web sites that has been carried out three times the last years, giving experiences on how to carry out the analyses and how to use the results for awareness raising and stimulation to improvement. The second is the planned European Internet Accessibility Observatory, EIAO1. This will be capable of large-scale web assessment and may speed up the effects of benchmarking as a tool for awareness raising.

• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H.; Ulltveit-Moe, Nils; Balachandran, Anand Pillai & Olsen, Morten Goodwin (2006). A proposed architecture for large scale web accessibility assessment. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 4061, p. 234–241. Show summary

  This paper outlines the architecture of a system designed to demonstrate large scale web accessibility assessment developed in a European research project. The system consists of a set of integrated software components designed to automatically evaluate accessibility metrics for a large number of websites and present results in a common report. The system architecture is designed to be maintainable, scalable, and extensible in order to facilitate further development of the tool. To meet these design criteria within a limited set of resources, an Open Source approach is adopted both for selecting, designing and developing the software.

View all works in Cristin

• Halbach, Till & Snaprud, Mikael (2022). La brukerstemmer bli hørt: Brukerinvolvering & tilbakemeldinger.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2016). Language technologies from the users perspective.
• Snaprud, Mikael & Radianti, Jaziar (2016). Better Access to Terminology for Crisis Communications.
• Snaprud, Mikael & Andreasson, Kim (2015). Benchmarking results and key findings from web accessibility on European public sector websites.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2015). Preliminary benchmarking results from 1000 European websites .
• Snaprud, Mikael (2015). Preliminary benchmarking results from 1000 European websites .
• Snaprud, Mikael; Andreasson, Kim & Ponder, Jaroslaw (2015). Internation Telecommunication Union webinar on web accessibility. [Internet]. Youtube.
• Snaprud, Mikael; Andreasson, Kim & Baldursdóttir, Halla Björg (2015). Registers Iceland webinar on web accessibility in Iceland. [Internet]. Youtube.
• Snaprud, Mikael; Andreasson, Kim & Gunnarsson, Birkir R (2015). Podcast - The future of EIII and accessibility. [Internet]. Tingtun AS.
• Snaprud, Mikael & Huber, Wolfram (2015). Vorläufige Benchmarking-Resultate von 1000 Europäischen Websites .
• Snaprud, Mikael & Hansen, Bjørnar (2015). Preliminary evaluation results from EIII for Norwegian municipalities.
• Snaprud, Mikael & Andreasson, Kim (2015). The European Internet Inclusion Initiative (EIII) - Preliminary results .
• Snaprud, Mikael (2015). Preliminary evaluation results from EIII for Norwegian municipalities.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2015). Better Questions, Better Answers: Structured Web Accessibility Evaluations for Non-Experts.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2014). Hvordan finne informasjon om H2020 – et løsningsforslag?
• Snaprud, Mikael (2014). Om Praktiske verktøy for sjekk av barrierar på nettsider og PDF- dokument i Norge og Europa.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2014). Kartlegging (kommunenettverk universell utforming).
• Snaprud, Mikael (2014). Trigger kommunen til nettsideløft.
• Andreasson, Kim & Snaprud, Mikael (2014). The European e-Government Web Accessibility Divide.
• Andreasson, Kim; Snaprud, Mikael & Nietzio, Annika (2014). The European Internet Inclusion Initiative.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2013). Innspill til Digitaliseringsprogrammet.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2013). eFAQ project kickoff.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2013). EIII kickoff.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2013). Demonstration of eGovMon checker tools.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2013). User Collaboration to Develop and Deploy Tools for Universal Design.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2013). Open Access An extended view.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2012). Accessibility evaluation of public web documents to drive quality improvements: The eGovMon project.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2012). Fueling the Implementation of eAccessibility across Europe: The eAccess+ Network.
• Snaprud, Mikael; Amble R., Christian & Goodwin, Morten (2012). 1) Data for tilgjengelighet for mennesker med nedsatt funksjonsevne til et utvalg av alle nettsteder til medlemsstatene i FN. 2) Avsnitt om resultatene fra våre målinger. In Hafez, Seema (Eds.), United Nations E-Government survey 2012: E-Government for the People. Printed at the United Nations. ISSN 978-92-1-123190-8. p. 93–93.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2012). Users move from navigation to search stationary to mobile Impact on services and measurements.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2012). eGovMon: how to improve accessibility.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2011). Forsker fra Lillesand i prestisjetung jury http://sok.lp.no/index/snaprud. [Newspaper]. Lillesand.
• Snaprud, Mikael & Eibegger, Mandana (2011). Web site checker for WCAG 1.0 http://accessibility.egovmon.no/en/sitecheck/. Show summary

  About the eAccessibility Checker The eAccessibility Checker is part of the eGovMon project. It offers three different services. The page and site checker evaluate web accessibility. The page checker automatically detects barriers in Web documents (HTML and XHTML) following the methodology defined in the Unified Web Evaluation Methodology (UWEM). It is intended to conform to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (WCAG1.0). The site checker evaluates the accessibility of a web site by selecting a random sample of pages. These pages are checked in the same way as in the page checker. The PDF checker checks the accessibility of PDF documents.

• Snaprud, Mikael & Pillai, Anand B. (2011). PDF Checker for WCAG 1.0 http://accessibility.egovmon.no/en/pdfcheck/. Show summary

  About the eAccessibility Checker The eAccessibility Checker is part of the eGovMon project. It offers three different services. The page and site checker evaluate web accessibility. The page checker automatically detects barriers in Web documents (HTML and XHTML) following the methodology defined in the Unified Web Evaluation Methodology (UWEM). It is intended to conform to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (WCAG1.0). The site checker evaluates the accessibility of a web site by selecting a random sample of pages. These pages are checked in the same way as in the page checker. The PDF checker checks the accessibility of PDF documents.

• Snaprud, Mikael & Amble, Christian Rødli (2011). Sjekk verktøy for WCAG 1.0. http://accessibility.egovmon.no/en/pagecheck/. Show summary

  About the eAccessibility Checker The eAccessibility Checker is part of the eGovMon project. It offers three different services. The page and site checker evaluate web accessibility. The page checker automatically detects barriers in Web documents (HTML and XHTML) following the methodology defined in the Unified Web Evaluation Methodology (UWEM). It is intended to conform to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (WCAG1.0). The site checker evaluates the accessibility of a web site by selecting a random sample of pages. These pages are checked in the same way as in the page checker. The PDF checker checks the accessibility of PDF documents.

• Snaprud, Mikael (2011). eGovMon results.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2011). eGovMon barrier reporting tool (eFix).
• Røed, Geir; Goodwin, Morten & Snaprud, Mikael (2011). Test av service i norske kommuner http://forbrukerportalen.no/filearchive/rapport_kommunetest_hosten_2011_07.12.2011.pdf. Show summary

  En test av servicenivået i 76 norske kommuner viser at flertallet av kommunene nå gir god service på publikumskontakt. 45 av de 76 kommunene (59 prosent) har et godkjent og godt nivå på sin service – og noen kommuner er svært gode. Aller best er de fire kommunene vest for Oslo: Bærum, Asker, Lier og Drammen, med Bærum som aller best. I disse kommunene får vi i de aller fleste tilfellene god hjelp, enten vi henvender oss på internett, chat, e-post eller på telefon. Bergen er best av de største byene, mens Oslo og Stavanger ikke har et godt nok servicenivå. Kommunene er testet på 16 forskjellige punkter, og undersøkelsen viser at de dårligste ikke er direkte dårlige. Oppdal, Harstad og Sømna kommuner er dårligst, men også i disse kommunene får vi hjelp i over halvparten av tilfellene når vi henvender oss til kommunen med spørsmål vi ønsker svar på. Forbrukerrådet ser en klar tendens i at servicenivået er blitt mye bedre siden vi startet å teste kommunene på service i 2004/2005. De 76 kommunene har fått totalt 1216 henvendelser. Vi fikk all informasjon om det vi lurte på i 56 prosent av tilfellene (683 ganger), mens vi fikk delvis hjelp i 20 prosent av tilfellene (246 ganger). Totalt betyr det at vi fikk hjelp, helt eller delvis, i 76 prosent av tilfellene da vi henvendte oss til kommunene (929 ganger av 1216). Kommunenes største utfordring ser ut til å være chat. Stadig flere kommuner har fått chat-løsninger slik at innbyggerne kan stille enkle spørsmål. Men i flere av kommunene fungerer ikke dette tilbudet.

• Snaprud, Mikael & Goodwin, Morten (2011). Quality on web - evaluations and web accessibility.
• Goodwin, Morten & Snaprud, Mikael (2011). Web site search and web accessibility to implement accessibility check results.
• Snaprud, Mikael (2011). Mikael Snaprud - helt åpent. [Newspaper]. Karrieredagen 2011.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2010). eGovernment Monitor.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2010). eGovernment Monitor.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H.; Nietzio, Annika & Olsen, Morten Goodwin (2010). eGovernment Monitor prosjekt.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2010). eGovernment Monitor.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2010). Nytt nettsted? Erfaringer etterlyses. ?.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. & Olsen, Morten Goodwin (2010). eGovernment Monitor prosjekt.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. & Olsen, Morten Goodwin (2010). eGovMon: 2nd UWEM 2.0 workshop.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2010). Automated accessibility measurements to improve public web sites.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2010). E-Government and open government how measurements can help.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2010). eGovMon project.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2009). eGovMoNet. Show summary

  Overview of the European thematic network and current capabilities of eGovMon tools to check public web sites.

• Olsen, Morten Goodwin & Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2009). Benchmarking and improving the quality of Norwegian municipality web sites. Show summary

  Automatic benchmarking can provide a reliable first insight into the accessibility status of a web site. The eGovMon project has developed a tool which can assess web sites according to a statistically sound sampling procedure. Additionally, the tool supports detailed evaluation of single web pages. This paper describes the process of data acquisition for the case of large scale accessibility benchmarking of Norwegian public web sites. An important contribution is the elaborated approach to communicate the results to the public web site owners which can help them to improve the quality of their web sites. An on-line interface enables them to perform evaluations of single web pages and receive immediate feedback. The close collaboration with the municipalities has lead to an overall higher quality both of Norwegian public web sites, the eGovMon tool and the underlying methodology. Automated evaluation alone can not capture the whole picture, and should rather be seen as a complement to manual web accessibility evaluations. The Norwegian Agency for Public Management and eGovernment (DIFI/ Norge.no) carries out an annual web quality survey that includes manual assessment of web accessibility. We present a comparison between the Norge.no results and the data collected by the eGovMon tool and verify the statistical correlation.

• Olsen, Morten Goodwin & Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2009). eGovernment: New chance or new barrier people with disabilities? Show summary

  Equal participation for people with disabilities is an important objective of the Information Society. The development of new technologies for eGovernment applications opens up opportunities but also bears the risk of creating new barriers. In this paper, we are looking at the di erent levels of eGoverment sophistication. For each level, we analyse the potential accessibility barriers. We also investigate how the problems can be identi ed and present some ndings from a survey of Norwegian eGovernment web sites. Apart from the technical perspective, a short overview of the legal background is given.

• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2008). eGovMoNet- eGovernment Monitor Network.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2008). eGovMon -måler kvalitet.
• Olsen, Morten Goodwin & Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2008). Monitoring Accessibility of Governmental Web Sites in Europe, Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer. p. 410–417.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2008). Åpne dokumentformater og Universell utforming.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. & Olsen, Morten Goodwin (2008). eGov evaluation and perspectives.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. & Sawicka, Agata (2008). Open Source tool to Monitor eGovernment,
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. & Sawicka, Agata (2008). Measuring Accessibility: The potential of large scale benchmarking.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. & Sawicka, Agata (2008). eGovMoNet, eGovernment Monitor Network.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H.; Snaprud, Mikael Odd H.; Sawicka, Agata; Berntzen, Lasse & Berntzen, Lasse (2008). An online monitor of e-Government services: The eGovMon project.
• Ulltveit-Moe, Nils; Snaprud, Mikael Odd H.; Nietzio, Annika; Olsen, Morten Goodwin & Thomsen, Christian (2006). Early results from automatic accessibility benchmarking of public European web sites from the European Internet Accessibility Observatory (EIAO).
• Sawicka, Agata & Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2006). eAccessibility Data for eInclusion Policy Making: Reports from a Large Scale Internet Observatory.
• Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. & Sawicka, Agata (2006). The European Internet accessibility observatory project.
• Gjøsæter, Terje & Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2006). Workshop on Web Accessibility and Metamodelling.
• Gjøsæter, Terje; Prinz, Andreas & Snaprud, Mikael (2015). Abstractions and Architecture for Language Specification. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 978-82-7117-809-3.
• Snaprud, Mikael & Aboughonim, Ahmed Abdeltawab Abdelgawad S. (2010). A survey of current measurement methods for eGovernment user-satisfaction (Position Paper). eGovMoNet eGovernment Monitoring Network.
• Vergi, Eleni; Berntzen, Lasse; Nietzo, Annika; Velleman, Eric; Strobbe, Christophe & Jarke, Juliane [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2010). Innovative measurement approaches. eGovMoNet. Show summary

  This paper gives an overview of selected Web 2.0 approaches, their use in eGovernment, and innovative measurements related to them. We also attempt to outline some of the pitfalls and opportunities in the Web 2.0 development for government, in particular concerning eInclusion, security, and privacy. The paper has been prepared by the eGovMoNet project, which is a thematic network designed to address user satisfaction and impact measurements for eGovernment. eGovMoNet is co-funded by the European Commission under the Competitiveness and Innovation Program (CIP)

• Berntzen, Lasse; Nietzio, Annika; Olsen, Morten Goodwin; Aboughonim, Ahmed Abdeltawab Abdelgawad S. & Snaprud, Mikael Odd H. (2009). State-of-the-art review: transparency indicators. eGovMon eGovernment Monitoring, Creative Commons.

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